Australian dental journal最新文献_第10页

A critical evaluation of physical and manufacturing properties of genuine and counterfeit rotary nickel–titanium endodontic instruments 真实和伪造的旋转镍钛根管器械的物理和制造性能的关键评估

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12964

B Madytianos, E Liu, A Marshall, E Mahony, K Liu, J Manogaran, HH Liu, P Parashos, M Evans

Background

Rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments are made to exacting standards and are costly to manufacture, and quality control is paramount. Consequently, unauthorized factories make counterfeit instruments that are less expensive and may therefore be attractive to dentists. Little information exists about the metallurgy and manufacturing quality of such instruments. There is the potential for counterfeit instruments to be at higher risk of fracture during treatment, thereby compromising clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate physical and manufacturing properties of genuine and counterfeit ProTaper Next™ and Mtwo® rotary NiTi instruments.

Methods

This study investigated the metallurgical properties, manufacturing quality, microhardness and number of cycles to failure of two commonly used rotary NiTi systems and compared them with counterfeit products purporting to be genuine articles.

Results

Counterfeit instruments were found to be inferior in manufacturing standards and were less resistant to cyclic fatigue when compared to genuine instruments.

Conclusions

Counterfeit rotary NiTi instruments may be less efficient at preparing root canals and may be at higher risk of fracture during endodontic treatment. Dentists must be aware that, although less expensive, counterfeit instruments may be of dubious manufacturing quality and at higher risk of fracture if used in patients. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

旋转镍钛(NiTi)仪器是按照严格的标准制造的，制造成本很高，质量控制至关重要。因此，未经授权的工厂制造的假冒器械价格较低，因此可能对牙医有吸引力。关于这种仪器的冶金和制造质量的资料很少。在治疗过程中，伪造的器械可能有更高的骨折风险，从而影响临床结果。本研究的目的是评估正品和假冒ProTaper Next™和Mtwo®旋转NiTi仪器的物理和制造特性。方法研究了两种常用的旋转镍钛系统的冶金性能、制造质量、显微硬度和失效循环次数，并与假冒伪劣产品进行了比较。结果与正品仪器相比，假冒仪器的制造标准较差，抗循环疲劳性能较差。结论假造的旋转NiTi器械在预备根管时效率较低，在根管治疗中骨折的风险较高。牙医必须意识到，尽管价格较低，但假冒器械的制造质量可能存在问题，如果用于患者，骨折的风险更高。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 0

ADJ Editorial June 23 形容词6月23日社论

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12962

Ivan Darby

引用次数: 0

Mental health, psychological distress and burnout in Australian dental practitioners 澳大利亚牙科医生的心理健康、心理困扰和倦怠

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12961

MS Hopcraft, R McGrath, N Stormon, G Parker

Background

Dental practitioners are known to experience a high level of stress, but little is known about the mental health of Australian dental practitioners. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mental health conditions among Australian dental practitioners.

Methods

A cross sectional survey of 1483 Australian dental practitioners was carried out from October to December 2021. Participants reported aspects of mental health including depression, anxiety disorder, burnout (Sydney Burnout Measure) and psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and General Health Questionnaire 12).

Results

Self-reported psychological distress was high, with 32.0% rated as having moderate or severe psychological distress and 59.4% a high likelihood of minor (or more severe) psychological distress. One in four participants (24.8%) were classified as likely to be experiencing burnout, with 25.9% reporting ever having a diagnosis of depression, 11.4% a current diagnosis of depression, 23.1% ever having a diagnosis of anxiety disorder and 12.9% a current diagnosis of anxiety disorder.

Conclusion

Australian dental practitioners reported a high burden of psychological distress, burnout and mental health issues, suggesting a need for education and programmes to support their mental health and wellbeing. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

众所周知，牙科医生承受着很高的压力，但人们对澳大利亚牙科医生的心理健康知之甚少。本研究的目的是调查心理健康状况的患病率在澳大利亚牙科医生。方法于2021年10月至12月对1483名澳大利亚牙科从业人员进行横断面调查。参与者报告了心理健康的各个方面，包括抑郁、焦虑症、倦怠(悉尼倦怠量表)和心理困扰(凯斯勒心理困扰量表和一般健康问卷12)。结果自述心理困扰的比例较高，32.0%的人自述有中度或重度心理困扰，59.4%的人自述有轻度或重度心理困扰。四分之一的参与者(24.8%)被归类为可能正在经历倦怠，25.9%的人报告曾被诊断为抑郁症，11.4%的人目前被诊断为抑郁症，23.1%的人曾被诊断为焦虑症，12.9%的人目前被诊断为焦虑症。结论:澳大利亚牙科从业人员报告说，心理困扰、倦怠和心理健康问题负担沉重，这表明需要开展教育和方案，以支持他们的心理健康和福祉。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 0

Positive impacts of oral health services provision by a student-led primary care clinic to an Australian rural indigenous community 由学生领导的初级保健诊所向澳大利亚农村土著社区提供口腔保健服务的积极影响

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-05-07 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12960

S March, C Mangoyana, P Oakley, R Lalloo, LJ Walsh

Background

This study aimed to determine whether oral health services provision by a dental student clinical outplacement embedded within a Community Controlled Health Service positively impacted a rural Indigenous community and to explore the nature of these benefits.

Methods

Aggregated and de-identified 2017, 2018 and 2019 student-led clinic services provision data were retrospectively analysed. The change in services mix over time was measured. Rural outplacement clinic operational costs to the university were estimated. Government-funded local public dental clinic waiting list and services provision data were used to identify any student clinic establishment effect.

Results

The student-led clinic services mix shifted over time from mainly acute care for toothache towards prevention of disease and tooth restoration, indicating an improvement in patient oral health and correspondingly reduced system costs. Imputed value of 2017–2019 student-led clinic services provision totalled almost AUD$1 million. Government public clinic waiting list times decreased after full establishment of the student-led clinic, indicating decreased pressure on the public system.

Conclusion

The Community Controlled Health Service and university partnership improved community oral health care access, its timely delivery and simultaneously provided valuable human capital development from the student training experience. The student-led clinic's targeted Indigenous community showed oral health improvement over time. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

本研究旨在确定社区控制健康服务中牙科学生临床实习提供的口腔健康服务是否对农村土著社区产生积极影响，并探讨这些益处的性质。方法回顾性分析2017年、2018年和2019年以学生为主导的诊所服务提供的汇总和去识别数据。测量了服务组合随时间的变化。估计了农村再就业诊所对大学的运营成本。使用政府资助的本地公立牙科诊所的等候名单和服务提供数据来确定学生诊所的建立效果。结果随着时间的推移，学生主导的临床服务组合从主要为牙痛的急性护理转向预防疾病和牙齿修复，表明患者口腔健康得到改善，相应降低了系统成本。2017-2019年学生主导的诊所服务提供的估算价值总计近100万澳元。学生主导诊所全面建立后，政府公共诊所的轮候次数减少，表明公共系统的压力减轻。结论社区控制卫生服务与大学合作提高了社区口腔卫生服务的可及性，提供了及时的服务，同时从学生培训经验中提供了宝贵的人力资本开发。这个由学生领导的诊所的目标是土著社区，随着时间的推移，他们的口腔健康状况有所改善。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 0

Debonding of LDSVs utilising Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with fractional technique: an in vitro study Er,Cr:YSGG激光辐照分离LDSVs的体外研究

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12958

SS Al-Karadaghi, Hussein A. Jawad

Background

The removal of porcelain laminate veneers with rotary instruments could be accompanied by microfractures because differentiation of the veneer from the dental structure and resin cement is not a highly selective procedure. This can lead to scratches and overheating of the enamel and patient discomfort. Therefore, this in vitro research aimed to examine the effectiveness of the 2790 nm Er,Cr:YSGG laser utilizing a fractional technique to debond lithium disilicate veneer.

Methods

Six groups of 30 extracted permanent bovine mandibular incisors were selected. Twenty-five samples, G1–5, (n = 5) laser-irradiated groups, and the last five samples (C) were considered the control group. The tested groups were irradiated with 3–5 W output power of Er,Cr:YSGG laser for time intervals of 50 s. During irradiation, the temperature in the pulp chamber was monitored using a thermocouple connected to a digital multilogger thermometer inside the sample's pulp chamber. Subsequently, the shear bond strength was measured for all groups. Furthermore, the remaining adhesive index was measured using a stereomicroscope, the area was analysed, and then transformed into scores. Finally, one untreated sample and two samples of the highest power value from laser-treated groups were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for their surface morphology.

Results

All debonding protocols were safe regarding intrapulpal temperature increment. The highest temperature elevation was recorded at 5 W, which increased by 1.7 °C. Considering the shear bond strength measurement, there was a significant reduction after laser irradiation for G1–5 compared with group C.

Conclusions

Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a fractional technique can be used successfully for veneer removal. Besides safe temperature rising, veneers can be reused because there was neither a fractured specimen during the whole study nor major irregularities or cracks shown in SEM pictures analysis for the veneer surfaces; thus, they can be removed quickly, safely, and comfortably using Er,Cr:YSGG. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

背景:由于瓷质贴面与牙体结构和树脂粘接体之间的分化不是一个高度选择性的过程，使用旋转器械去除瓷质贴面可能伴随着微骨折。这可能会导致牙釉质的划伤和过热，以及患者的不适。因此，本体外研究旨在检验2790 nm Er,Cr:YSGG激光利用分数技术去除二硅酸锂贴面的有效性。方法选取6组30颗牛下颌恒切牙。25个样品，G1-5， (n = 5)激光辐照组，最后5个样品(C)作为对照组。试验组用输出功率为3 ~ 5 W的Er,Cr:YSGG激光照射，照射时间间隔为50 s。在辐照过程中，使用热电偶连接到样品的纸浆腔内的数字多记录仪温度计来监测纸浆腔内的温度。随后，测量各组的剪切粘结强度。此外，使用体视显微镜测量剩余的粘附指数，分析面积，然后转化为分数。最后，使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检查未经处理的样品和激光处理组中功率值最高的两个样品的表面形貌。结果所有脱粘方法对牙髓内温升都是安全的。记录到的最高温度升高为5 W，升高1.7°C。从剪切结合强度测量来看，G1-5与c组相比，激光照射后明显降低。结论Er,Cr:YSGG激光配合分级技术可成功用于贴面去除。除了安全升温外，由于整个研究过程中没有出现断裂试样，也没有SEM图像分析显示贴面表面有明显的不规则或裂纹，贴面可以重复使用;因此，可以使用Er,Cr:YSGG快速，安全，舒适地去除它们。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 1

Comparison of natural and artificial root caries lesions using microcomputed tomography and microhardness test 自然与人工牙根龋病变的显微计算机断层扫描及显微硬度测试比较

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12957

Y Tsuda, JEA Palamara, R Hardiman, J Tagami, MF Burrow

Background

This study compared natural root caries lesions with artificial root caries lesions prepared with one of the two demineralising solutions.

Methods

Twelve natural root caries lesions on upper incisors and 24 artificial root lesions were prepared on sound root surfaces using 50 mM acetic acid, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 0.9 mM KH₂PO₄ at pH 5.0 or 80 mL/L Noverite K-702 polyacrylate solution, 500 mg/L hydroxyapatite, 0.1 mol/L lactic acid at pH 4.8 (n = 12/group) for 96 hours. Lesions were scanned using micro-CT. Inciso-gingival oriented images were analysed and mineral density calculated at 7.5 μm increments from the surface to 225-μm deep. Sectioned lesions were analysed by Knoop microhardness up to 250 μm from the lesion surface. Data were analysed by the Dunn's test with Bonferroni correction.

Results

Natural and artificial lesion mean mineral densities were not statistically different (P > 0.05). Mineral density from the surface to 75 μm was greater in natural lesions and from 150 to 225 μm was greater in artificial lesions (P < 0.05). Microhardness values were statistically higher in artificial lesions (P < 0.05); no difference was found among artificial lesions produced by the two solutions (P > 0.05). Mineral density and microhardness of natural and artificial root caries are different from each other. A greater mineralized surface layer existed on natural lesions.

本研究比较了用两种脱矿液中的一种制备的天然牙根龋和人工牙根龋。方法采用50 mM乙酸、1.5 mM CaCl2、0.9 mM KH2PO4 (pH 5.0)或80 mL/L Noverite K-702聚丙烯酸酯溶液、500 mg/L羟基磷灰石、0.1 mol/L乳酸(pH 4.8) (n = 12/组)在健全根表面制备12个天然牙根龋和24个人工牙根龋。用micro-CT扫描病变。分析了切牙牙龈定向图像，并计算了从表面到225-μm深度每7.5 μm的矿物质密度。从病变表面到250 μm，用Knoop显微硬度对切片病变进行分析。数据通过Dunn's测试和Bonferroni校正进行分析。结果自然病变与人工病变的平均矿物质密度差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。自然病变从表面到75 μm的矿物质密度较大，人工病变从150 μm到225 μm的矿物质密度较大(P < 0.05)。人工病变组显微硬度值较高，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两种溶液产生的人工病变无差异(P > 0.05)。天然和人工牙根龋的矿物质密度和显微硬度存在差异。自然损伤上存在较大的矿化表面层。

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引用次数: 1

Diagnostic and treatment preferences for cracked posterior teeth 后牙裂的诊断和治疗偏好

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12959

J. Fong, A. Tan, A. Ha, U. Krishnan

Background

Longitudinal cracks in teeth are common and often present challenges in diagnosis and management. This study investigated the preferred diagnostic process and treatment modalities for these cracked teeth.

Methods

Dentists currently registered with Dental Board of Australia and practising within Australia were invited to complete an online Qualtrics-based survey on their perspectives on the presentations, diagnosis, and treatment preferences for cracked teeth.

Results

Of respondents, 56.8% chose to place an indirect cuspal-coverage restoration on an asymptomatic cracked vital tooth. When the tooth was mildly cold sensitive, direct cuspal-coverage restoration was favoured (64.9%), while 36.8% preferred placing an orthodontic band in a tooth with biting pain. Respondents had higher odds of recommending indirect restoration when CAD–CAM milling was available on-site or magnification was routinely used, regardless of presenting symptoms. Almost half (46.8%) preferred to extract if the tooth undergoing root canal treatment had a crack with a 5 mm probing pocket depth. Most (71.4%) demonstrated a poor understanding of cracked tooth biomechanics.

Conclusion

Australian dentists varied in their diagnostic and treatment preferences for cracked teeth, reflecting a need for more well-controlled clinical studies in the diagnostic process, clinical biomechanics and treatment modalities for these teeth. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

牙齿纵裂是一种常见的疾病，在诊断和治疗方面具有挑战性。本研究探讨了这些牙裂的首选诊断过程和治疗方式。方法邀请目前在澳大利亚牙科委员会注册并在澳大利亚执业的牙医完成一项基于质量的在线调查，调查内容包括他们对开裂牙齿的表现、诊断和治疗偏好的看法。结果56.8%的应答者选择对无症状牙裂进行间接牙尖覆盖修复。当牙齿轻度冷敏感时，64.9%的人倾向于直接覆盖牙尖修复，36.8%的人倾向于在有咬痛的牙齿上放置正畸带。当现场可用CAD-CAM铣削或常规使用放大时，无论出现什么症状，应答者推荐间接修复的几率更高。如果接受根管治疗的牙齿有5毫米探袋深度的裂缝，几乎一半(46.8%)倾向于拔牙。大多数(71.4%)表现出对开裂牙齿生物力学的理解不佳。结论澳大利亚牙医对裂纹牙的诊断和治疗偏好存在差异，这反映了在这些牙齿的诊断过程、临床生物力学和治疗方式方面需要更多的临床对照研究。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 2

E-scooters and maxillofacial fractures: a seven-year multi-centre retrospective review 电动滑板车与颌面骨折:一项7年多中心回顾性研究

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12956

EZ Goh, N Beech, NR Johnson

Background

Standing electric scooters (e-scooters) are a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly transport alternative, but also elicit substantial concern regarding associated craniofacial injuries. This study aims to describe the patient factors, procedural factors and post-operative outcomes of maxillofacial fractures caused by e-scooter accidents.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of patients aged 18 years or older who were surgically treated for these injuries in 2014–2020 at two Australian tertiary hospitals.

Results

There were 18 cases included. Most cases were male (66%). The mean age was 35 years. Common risk factors were alcohol use (86%) and lack of helmet use (62%). The most common fracture pattern was zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures (50%). There were no associated systemic injuries. Mean operation timing was 12 days post-injury for ZMC fractures and 3 days post-injury for condyle fractures. For ZMC fractures, the most common method of fixation was 2-point fixation (66%). For condyle fractures, the most common surgical approach was arch bars only (83%). Post-operative complications were reported in six cases, with malocclusion being the most common (n = 3). Revision surgeries were performed in two cases.

Conclusions

Maxillofacial fractures associated with e-scooter accidents appear to be increasing in incidence. Robust longitudinal evaluations with larger sample sizes are required to better understand associated presentations, surgical approaches and post-operative complications.

站立式电动滑板车(e-scooters)是一种具有成本效益和环保的交通选择，但也引起了人们对相关颅面损伤的大量关注。本研究旨在探讨电动滑板车事故致颌面部骨折的患者因素、手术因素及术后结果。方法回顾性分析2014-2020年在澳大利亚两家三级医院接受手术治疗的18岁及以上患者。结果共纳入18例。大多数病例为男性(66%)。平均年龄为35岁。常见的危险因素是酒精使用(86%)和缺乏头盔使用(62%)。最常见的骨折类型是颧颌复合体(ZMC)骨折(50%)。没有相关的全身损伤。ZMC骨折平均手术时间为伤后12天，髁突骨折平均手术时间为伤后3天。对于ZMC骨折，最常见的固定方法是2点固定(66%)。对于髁突骨折，最常见的手术入路仅是弓棒(83%)。术后并发症6例，以错牙合最常见(n = 3)。2例行翻修手术。结论电动滑板车事故并发颌面骨折的发生率呈上升趋势。需要更大样本量的稳健纵向评估，以更好地了解相关的表现、手术入路和术后并发症。

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引用次数: 1

Evaluation of the significance of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant tissue health: a prospective clinical trial 评价角化粘膜对种植体周围组织健康的意义:一项前瞻性临床试验

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12955

E Gurbuz, E Ceylan, M Yurttas

Background

The effect of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant tissue health is still inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of keratinized mucosa and investigate the impact of the free gingival graft procedure on peri-implant health.

Methods

At prosthesis delivery, the implants were allocated into three groups, based on the width of keratinized mucosa (KM) and patients' agreement on the free gingival graft procedure: KMS (KM ≥2 mm), KMD (KM <2 mm), and FGG (KM <2 mm initially and having surgically increased keratinized mucosa). Modified plaque index (mPI), probing depth (PD), modified bleeding index (mBI), KM, and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed at the baseline, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up periods.

Results

Of the 47 patients, 17 belonged to the KMS group, 17 belonged to the KMD, and the remaining 13 patients belonged to the FGG. KMD demonstrated significantly fewer mPI and higher mBI than KMS and FGG at 6 and 12 months. At 24 months, MBL did not differ between the groups; however, PD was significantly greater in the KMD group.

Conclusions

Implants with inadequate keratinized mucosa had higher bleeding and pocket depth values despite less plaque accumulation. According to the results, soft tissue grafting should be performed as early as possible. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

背景角化黏膜对种植体周围组织健康的影响尚不明确。本研究旨在评估角化黏膜的重要性，并探讨游离牙龈移植手术对种植周健康的影响。方法在种植体交付时，根据角膜角质化粘膜宽度(KM)和患者对游离牙龈移植方式的同意程度将种植体分为三组:KMS组(KM≥2mm)、KMD组(KM + lt; 2mm)和FGG组(KM + lt; 2mm，初始角膜角质化粘膜已手术增加)。在基线、6个月、12个月和24个月的随访期间评估改良斑块指数(mPI)、探查深度(PD)、改良出血指数(mBI)、KM和边际骨质流失(MBL)。结果47例患者中，KMS组17例，KMD组17例，FGG组13例。在6个月和12个月时，KMD的mPI明显低于KMS和FGG, mBI明显高于KMS和FGG。在24个月时，两组间MBL没有差异;然而，PD在KMD组明显更大。结论角化黏膜不充分的种植体出血和种植袋深度值较高，但斑块积累较少。根据结果，应尽早进行软组织移植。©2023澳大利亚牙科协会。

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引用次数: 0

Ion release from oral piercings from in vitro acidic challenges 体外酸性挑战对口腔穿孔离子释放的影响

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Australian dental journal

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12954

M Masood, LJ Walsh, S Zafar

Objectives

This laboratory-based study measured ion release from metallic piercings when exposed to organic acids (lactic, citric) and inorganic acids (phosphoric, hydrochloric) that could be encountered in the oral cavity.

Methods

Barbell and ring oral piercings composed of stainless steel, titanium or gold-plated titanium were submerged in 2 mL volumes of 0.1% lactic acid, 10% citric acid, 0.2% phosphoric acid, and 0.1% hydrochloric acid for 7 and 34 days. Ion release into the liquid was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) and expressed in relationship to surface area. Surface changes from baseline were assessed using light and backscatter scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

ICPOES results showed that hydrochloric and phosphoric acid caused the greatest release of material per surface area. Released elements included (ranked highest to lowest): Fe, P, Ti, Na, Cr, S, Ni, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al, V, Mn, Ba, and Co. SEM imaging identified qualitative surface changes consistent with corrosion, for most piercing types examined.

Conclusions

Under the exposure conditions used, inorganic acids cause greater metal dissolution than organic acids. Inorganic acids could therefore pose a risk of corrosion and leaching of ions from metallic oral piercings.

目的:本研究以实验室为基础，测量金属孔暴露于口腔中可能遇到的有机酸(乳酸、柠檬酸)和无机酸(磷酸、盐酸)时的离子释放量。方法将不锈钢、钛或镀金钛组成的杠铃式和环形口腔穿环分别浸泡在体积为2 mL的0.1%乳酸、10%柠檬酸、0.2%磷酸和0.1%盐酸中7和34 d。利用电感耦合等离子体光学发射光谱(ICPOES)测量离子释放到液体中，并表示与表面积的关系。使用光和背散射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)评估从基线开始的表面变化。结果ICPOES结果显示，盐酸和磷酸的单位表面积释放量最大。释放的元素包括(从高到低):Fe、P、Ti、Na、Cr、S、Ni、Ca、Mg、K、Si、Al、V、Mn、Ba和Co。扫描电镜成像发现，大多数穿孔类型的表面都发生了与腐蚀一致的定性变化。结论在使用的暴露条件下，无机酸对金属的溶解作用大于有机酸。因此，无机酸可能会造成腐蚀和金属口腔穿孔中的离子浸出的风险。

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引用次数: 1