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Online Esports Engagement: Motivational Antecedents and Marketing Outcomes 在线电子竞技参与度:激励因素和营销结果
Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-3-2
Zeynep İrem Erdoğmuş, Gökhan Esen, Melisa Karakaya Arslan
Esport is becoming one of the fastest-growing sports branches and providing remarkable advertising and sponsorship opportunities for brands. This research aims to understand what motivates online esports spectators to engage in esports and the way that motivations and engagement influence their purchase intention toward advertised and sponsored products during esports events. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling with 436 esports spectators. The results imply that esports engagement has mainly been driven by parasocial interaction between online esports spectators and players. Various motivations were found to act upon the emersion of different esports engagement dimensions, among which a hierarchy of effects existed. Affective and behavioral esports engagement positively influenced advertising sponsorship effectiveness during esports events. Along with providing a definition of esports engagement, this research creates a theoretical linkage between uses and gratifications theory, sports consumption motivations, and esports engagement; and explores how esports engagement leads to the willingness to buy products advertised during esports events and/or products of official esports sponsors. Keywords: esports, motivation, sponsorship, uses and gratifications, parasocial interaction
电子竞技正在成为发展最快的体育分支之一,并为品牌提供了出色的广告和赞助机会。本研究旨在了解在线电子竞技观众参与电子竞技的动机,以及动机和参与度如何影响他们在电子竞技活动中对广告和赞助产品的购买意愿。采用结构方程模型对436名电子竞技观众进行了验证。结果表明,电子竞技参与度主要是由在线电子竞技观众和玩家之间的准社交互动驱动的。研究发现,不同的动机对不同电子竞技参与维度的出现起作用,其中存在层次效应。情感和行为电子竞技参与积极影响电子竞技赛事期间的广告赞助效果。除了提供电子竞技参与度的定义外,本研究还在使用和满足理论、体育消费动机和电子竞技参与度之间建立了理论联系;并探讨了电子竞技参与度如何导致人们愿意购买电子竞技赛事期间宣传的产品和/或官方电子竞技赞助商的产品。关键词:电子竞技,动机,赞助,使用和满足,副社会互动
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Sustainability and the National Hockey League: A Review of the Seven Canadian Teams 环境可持续性与国家冰球联盟:对加拿大七支球队的回顾
Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-3-4
Carla Colomba, W. J. Weese
Environmentalists consistently note that the way we live and work is having devastating impacts on the environment, and immediate change is required if the planet is to be saved. Legislation is being enacted to force industries and companies to change their business practices so the impact of their programs and services is less damaging to the environment. Some organizations, including professional sports teams and facilities, have implemented environmentally friendly programs and practices to reduce their environmental impact. They have subsequently celebrated these developments as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate environmental responsibility (CER) programs. The researchers reviewed the programs and practices of the seven National Hockey League (NHL) teams based in Canada and, based on these assessments, offered suggestions for improvement based on the best practices of teams and facilities from other sports and facilities across the globe. These environmental programs should serve as the most critical component of their corporate social responsibility program. Keywords: corporate environmental responsibility, National Hockey League, Canada
环保主义者一直指出,我们的生活和工作方式正在对环境造成毁灭性的影响,如果要拯救地球,就必须立即改变。正在制定立法,迫使工业和公司改变他们的商业行为,以减少他们的项目和服务对环境的破坏。一些组织,包括专业运动队和设施,已经实施了环保项目和实践,以减少对环境的影响。随后,他们将这些发展作为企业社会责任(CSR)和企业环境责任(CER)计划的一部分来庆祝。研究人员回顾了位于加拿大的七支国家冰球联盟(NHL)球队的项目和实践,并在这些评估的基础上,根据全球其他体育项目和设施的最佳实践,提出了改进建议。这些环保项目应该成为企业社会责任项目中最重要的组成部分。关键词:企业环境责任,国家冰球联盟,加拿大
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引用次数: 0
The Competitive Balance of the Ryder Cup: The Key Factor for the Success of the Modern Era of this Competition 莱德杯的竞技平衡:莱德杯现代赛事成功的关键因素
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-2-3
Patrice Bouvet
The objective of this article, using the example of recent editions of the Ryder Cup, is to discuss the importance of the concept of competitive balance as a factor explaining the interest shown by spectators and TV viewers in sports competitions. To this end, after having constructed indicators to calculate the ex-ante competitive balance of the last 20 editions of this competition, a comparison is made with the results (gaps) observed on the course. The conclusion, which may be of interest to sports economists, future organisers and technicians (captains), is that "the competitive balance does not explain everything". Other concepts need to be developed. Keywords: Ryder Cup, competitive balance, annual performance indicator, current performance indicator, competitive exceptionality
本文的目的,以最近几届莱德杯为例,讨论竞争平衡概念的重要性,这是解释观众和电视观众对体育比赛感兴趣的一个因素。为此,在构建了指标来计算过去20届比赛的赛前平衡后,与在球场上观察到的结果(差距)进行了比较。结论是“竞争平衡并不能解释一切”,这可能会引起体育经济学家、未来的组织者和技术人员(队长)的兴趣。还需要发展其他概念。关键词:莱德杯,竞技平衡,年度绩效指标,当前绩效指标,竞技异常
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引用次数: 0
The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup 2022年卡塔尔世界杯的全球媒体报道
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-4
G. Papanikos
Mega sporting events attract global media attention such as the Olympic Games and the World Football Cup. Countries bid to host such events for a number of reasons which include favourable global media coverage serving economic, political, national, and cultural purposes. Qatar, following a long strategy of establishing itself on the world stage as a pioneer country in the Middle East, showcased its national economic achievements by organizing the World Football Cup from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. The purpose of this paper is to look at the extent of media coverage demonstrated by the international media attention that is officially licenced by FIFA to cover the games: tv, radio, mobile and internet. Keywords: Qatar, Qatargate, Middle East, media, sports, football, FIFA, public funds
大型体育赛事吸引了全球媒体的关注,如奥运会和世界杯。各国申办此类赛事的原因有很多,其中包括有利于经济、政治、国家和文化目的的全球媒体报道。作为中东地区的先锋国家,卡塔尔遵循了在世界舞台上建立自己的长期战略,通过组织2022年11月20日至2022年12月18日的世界杯,展示了其国家经济成就。本文的目的是研究国际足联官方授权的国际媒体对奥运会的关注程度,包括电视、广播、手机和互联网。关键词:卡塔尔,卡塔尔门,中东,媒体,体育,足球,国际足联,公共基金
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引用次数: 0
Phenomenological Body Schema as Motor Habit in Skill Acquisition – Intentionality is in Action 现象学身体图式作为技能习得中的运动习惯——意向性在起作用
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-2-2
M. Kosma
The purpose of this concept-based paper was to showcase the importance of Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition and perception of the world and contrast it with the standard information processing models that are solely based on cognition. Examples of disability cases are used, including Schneider’s brain damage and instances of apraxia, to exhibit that difficulty in executing certain motor skills is based on lack of body schema/motor habit and not on some gnostic disorder that inhibits representation as proposed in information processing. Habitual body movement is essential in understanding body schema as motor habit, which is a pre-reflective consciousness, an inter-sensorial unity. Motor skills are learned only via body movement because the body “grasps” and “conceives” movement by throwing itself into meaningful significations without calculating the distance between body parts and external objects. Motor skill execution is done tacitly via body schema that may involve essential external apparatus like a blind man’s cane or aerial silks in aerial practice. Constant engagement with concrete, functional movements and different ways to perform abstract movements (e.g., use of preparatory actions and vision), can improve body schema/motor habit, and thus mobility, skill performance, and understanding of the world. Keywords: body schema, motor habit, skill acquisition and learning, Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology
这篇基于概念的论文的目的是展示梅洛-庞蒂(1945/2014)现象学身体图式作为技能习得和感知世界的运动习惯的重要性,并将其与完全基于认知的标准信息处理模型进行对比。书中使用了一些残疾案例,包括施耐德的脑损伤和失用症,来说明执行某些运动技能的困难是基于缺乏身体图式/运动习惯,而不是基于某种在信息处理中抑制表征的灵知障碍。习惯性的身体运动是理解作为运动习惯的身体图式的必要条件,运动习惯是一种前反射意识,是一种感官间的统一。运动技能只能通过身体运动来学习,因为身体通过将自己投入到有意义的意义中来“掌握”和“构思”运动,而无需计算身体部位与外部物体之间的距离。运动技能的执行是通过身体图式进行的,身体图式可能涉及必要的外部器械,如盲人手杖或空中练习中的空中丝绸。持续参与具体的、功能性的动作和不同的抽象动作(例如,使用准备动作和视觉),可以改善身体图式/运动习惯,从而改善机动性、技能表现和对世界的理解。关键词:身体图式,运动习惯,技能习得与学习,梅洛-庞蒂,现象学
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引用次数: 2
Phenomenological Body Schema as Motor Habit in Skill Acquisition – Intentionality is in Action 现象学身体图式作为技能习得中的运动习惯——意向性在起作用
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-2
Maria Kosma
The purpose of this concept-based paper was to showcase the importance of Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition and perception of the world and contrast it with the standard information processing models that are solely based on cognition. Examples of disability cases are used, including Schneider’s brain damage and instances of apraxia, to exhibit that difficulty in executing certain motor skills is based on lack of body schema/motor habit and not on some gnostic disorder that inhibits representation as proposed in information processing. Habitual body movement is essential in understanding body schema as motor habit, which is a pre-reflective consciousness, an inter-sensorial unity. Motor skills are learned only via body movement because the body “grasps” and “conceives” movement by throwing itself into meaningful significations without calculating the distance between body parts and external objects. Motor skill execution is done tacitly via body schema that may involve essential external apparatus like a blind man’s cane or aerial silks in aerial practice. Constant engagement with concrete, functional movements and different ways to perform abstract movements (e.g., use of preparatory actions and vision), can improve body schema/motor habit, and thus mobility, skill performance, and understanding of the world. Keywords: body schema, motor habit,
这篇基于概念的论文的目的是展示梅洛-庞蒂(1945/2014)现象学身体图式作为技能习得和感知世界的运动习惯的重要性,并将其与完全基于认知的标准信息处理模型进行对比。书中使用了一些残疾案例,包括施耐德的脑损伤和失用症,来说明执行某些运动技能的困难是基于缺乏身体图式/运动习惯,而不是基于某种在信息处理中抑制表征的灵知障碍。习惯性的身体运动是理解作为运动习惯的身体图式的必要条件,运动习惯是一种前反射意识,是一种感官间的统一。运动技能只能通过身体运动来学习,因为身体通过将自己投入到有意义的意义中来“掌握”和“构思”运动,而无需计算身体部位与外部物体之间的距离。运动技能的执行是通过身体图式进行的,身体图式可能涉及必要的外部器械,如盲人手杖或空中练习中的空中丝绸。持续参与具体的、功能性的动作和不同的抽象动作(例如,使用准备动作和视觉),可以改善身体图式/运动习惯,从而改善机动性、技能表现和对世界的理解。关键词:身体图式;运动习惯;
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引用次数: 0
The Competitive Balance of the Ryder Cup: The Key Factor for the Success of the Modern Era of this Competition 莱德杯的竞技平衡:莱德杯现代赛事成功的关键因素
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-3
Patrice Bouvet
The objective of this article, using the example of recent editions of the Ryder Cup, is to discuss the importance of the concept of competitive balance as a factor explaining the interest shown by spectators and TV viewers in sports competitions. To this end, after having constructed indicators to calculate the ex-ante competitive balance of the last 20 editions of this competition, a comparison is made with the results (gaps) observed on the course. The conclusion, which may be of interest to sports economists, future organisers and technicians (captains), is that "the competitive balance does not explain everything". Other concepts need to be developed. Keywords: Ryder Cup, competitive balance, annual performance indicator
本文的目的,以最近几届莱德杯为例,讨论竞争平衡概念的重要性,这是解释观众和电视观众对体育比赛感兴趣的一个因素。为此,在构建了指标来计算过去20届比赛的赛前平衡后,与在球场上观察到的结果(差距)进行了比较。结论是“竞争平衡并不能解释一切”,这可能会引起体育经济学家、未来的组织者和技术人员(队长)的兴趣。还需要发展其他概念。关键词:莱德杯,竞争平衡,年度绩效指标
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引用次数: 0
How do Graduate Students’ Perceptions of Gamesmanship Change when exposed to a Sport Ethics Course? 在体育伦理课程中,研究生对游戏技巧的认知如何改变?
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-1
Brad Strand, Kelsey Slater
An important responsibility of coaches is teaching their athletes to make appropriate ethical decisions. One aspect of ethical decision-making involves gamesmanship. Making appropriate gamesmanship decisions is often influenced by the importance of winning. Coaches and athletes recognize what is appropriate but have a difficult time acting appropriately when winning and losing are on the line. This study used a pre-class post-class gamesmanship inventory to determine if an ethics course had an impact on the gamesmanship beliefs of graduate students enrolled in a leadership-focused master’s degree program. It was noted that a shift in gamesmanship beliefs occurred as a result of the sport ethics course. Keywords: gamesmanship, ethics, morals, coaches, education
教练的一项重要职责是教导他们的运动员做出适当的道德决定。道德决策的一个方面涉及游戏技巧。做出恰当的游戏决策通常会受到获胜重要性的影响。教练和运动员知道什么是合适的,但当输赢在即时,他们很难采取适当的行动。本研究使用课前课后的游戏技巧量表来确定伦理课程是否对参加以领导力为重点的硕士学位课程的研究生的游戏技巧信念有影响。值得注意的是,由于体育道德课程的开设,人们对游戏技巧的看法发生了转变。关键词:竞技,伦理,道德,教练,教育
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引用次数: 0
The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup 2022年卡塔尔世界杯的全球媒体报道
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-2-4
Gregory T. Papanikos
Mega sporting events attract global media attention such as the Olympic Games and the World Football Cup. Countries bid to host such events for a number of reasons which include favourable global media coverage serving economic, political, national, and cultural purposes. Qatar, following a long strategy of establishing itself on the world stage as a pioneer country in the Middle East, showcased its national economic achievements by organizing the World Football Cup from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. The purpose of this paper is to look at the extent of media coverage demonstrated by the international media attention that is officially licenced by FIFA to cover the games: tv, radio, mobile and internet. Keywords: Qatar, Qatargate, Middle East, media, sports, football, FIFA, public funds
大型体育赛事吸引了全球媒体的关注,如奥运会和世界杯。各国申办此类赛事的原因有很多,其中包括有利于经济、政治、国家和文化目的的全球媒体报道。作为中东地区的先锋国家,卡塔尔遵循了在世界舞台上建立自己的长期战略,通过组织2022年11月20日至2022年12月18日的世界杯,展示了其国家经济成就。本文的目的是研究国际足联官方授权的国际媒体对奥运会的关注程度,包括电视、广播、手机和互联网。关键词:卡塔尔,卡塔尔门,中东,媒体,体育,足球,国际足联,公共基金
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引用次数: 0
How do Graduate Students’ Perceptions of Gamesmanship Change when exposed to a Sport Ethics Course? 在体育伦理课程中,研究生对游戏技巧的认知如何改变?
Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.30958/ajspo.10-2-1
Brad Strand, Kelsey Slater
An important responsibility of coaches is teaching their athletes to make appropriate ethical decisions. One aspect of ethical decision-making involves gamesmanship. Making appropriate gamesmanship decisions is often influenced by the importance of winning. Coaches and athletes recognize what is appropriate but have a difficult time acting appropriately when winning and losing are on the line. This study used a pre-class post-class gamesmanship inventory to determine if an ethics course had an impact on the gamesmanship beliefs of graduate students enrolled in a leadership-focused master’s degree program. It was noted that a shift in gamesmanship beliefs occurred as a result of the sport ethics course. Keywords: gamesmanship, ethics, morals, coaches, education
教练的一项重要职责是教导他们的运动员做出适当的道德决定。道德决策的一个方面涉及游戏技巧。做出恰当的游戏决策通常会受到获胜重要性的影响。教练和运动员知道什么是合适的,但当输赢在即时,他们很难采取适当的行动。本研究使用课前课后的游戏技巧量表来确定伦理课程是否对参加以领导力为重点的硕士学位课程的研究生的游戏技巧信念有影响。值得注意的是,由于体育道德课程的开设,人们对游戏技巧的看法发生了转变。关键词:竞技,伦理,道德,教练,教育
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引用次数: 0
期刊
ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS
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