Esport is a growing form of entertainment because of technological advancements, increased online gaming participation and competition, and technology access. Esport shares traditional sport characteristics, with players, spectators, competition, and entertainment. As the esport industry continues to grow, career offerings in esport-specific and traditional positions has demonstrated an increase in need for trained and prepared individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) an individual seeking employment in the esport industry should possess. Subject matter experts were interviewed to identify the KSAs one should possess for an esport career. Ten themes appeared: Business Acumen & Strategic Approach; Human Relations Skills; Relationship Management; Effective Communication; Technology Management; Legal and Ethical Practices; Research and Creative Problem Solving; Global and Cultural Orientation; Leadership; and Critical Evaluation and Analytical Skills. Additionally, esport specific KSAs and competencies aligned with three broad organization categories: people, structure, and goals. Traditional workplace knowledge is required as well as discipline specific knowledge. There is an expectation with industry evolution, functional areas (domains) within esport will continue to emerge. Lifelong learning skills, passion, and a desire to acquire advanced knowledge will be integral to success and sustainability of an esport career. Keywords: esport knowledge, skills, abilities, employment
{"title":"Esport Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities: Perspectives from Subject Matter Experts","authors":"K. Karadakis, Maria Manus Painchaud","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Esport is a growing form of entertainment because of technological advancements, increased online gaming participation and competition, and technology access. Esport shares traditional sport characteristics, with players, spectators, competition, and entertainment. As the esport industry continues to grow, career offerings in esport-specific and traditional positions has demonstrated an increase in need for trained and prepared individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) an individual seeking employment in the esport industry should possess. Subject matter experts were interviewed to identify the KSAs one should possess for an esport career. Ten themes appeared: Business Acumen & Strategic Approach; Human Relations Skills; Relationship Management; Effective Communication; Technology Management; Legal and Ethical Practices; Research and Creative Problem Solving; Global and Cultural Orientation; Leadership; and Critical Evaluation and Analytical Skills. Additionally, esport specific KSAs and competencies aligned with three broad organization categories: people, structure, and goals. Traditional workplace knowledge is required as well as discipline specific knowledge. There is an expectation with industry evolution, functional areas (domains) within esport will continue to emerge. Lifelong learning skills, passion, and a desire to acquire advanced knowledge will be integral to success and sustainability of an esport career. Keywords: esport knowledge, skills, abilities, employment","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83385870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the 1990s, decision making (DM) in sports has been extensively investigated, particularly through expert players' decisions made mostly in standardized contexts but also, to a lesser extent, in naturalistic settings. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the teaching/learning of decision making in invasion team sports in light of the contemporary research conducted with high-level performers. First, following a brief overview of the situation awareness (SA) construct, three decision making (DM) perspectives are presented: information processing (IP), naturalistic DM, and ecological dynamics (EcoD). In a second major section, invasion-team-sports (ITS) SA in PE is examined with regard to SA components and the differentiation of five SA facets. In a third major section, presenting implications for ITS DM learning in PE, the teaching/learning of ITS-DM is discussed with regard to beginner- and novice-level players in Physical Education. Constructing a shared reference-framework for DM through team reflection on game-play situations is also considered, namely with regard to critical-incidents analysis and unexpected play-occurrences. In a context of the teaching/learning of DM in ITS in school, the authors submit that precedence should be given to information processing and to recognition-primed perspectives. Resort to mental representation networks and recognition of familiar configurations of play is critical to establish situation awareness and learn to make appropriate decisions. Such an option fits well with a social constructivist view of DM learning. Keywords: invasion team sports, decision making, situation awareness, information processing, recognition-primed process
{"title":"Making Sense of Decision Making in Invasion Team Sports - A Teaching/Learning Perspective in Physical Education","authors":"P. Godbout, J. Gréhaigne","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1990s, decision making (DM) in sports has been extensively investigated, particularly through expert players' decisions made mostly in standardized contexts but also, to a lesser extent, in naturalistic settings. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the teaching/learning of decision making in invasion team sports in light of the contemporary research conducted with high-level performers. First, following a brief overview of the situation awareness (SA) construct, three decision making (DM) perspectives are presented: information processing (IP), naturalistic DM, and ecological dynamics (EcoD). In a second major section, invasion-team-sports (ITS) SA in PE is examined with regard to SA components and the differentiation of five SA facets. In a third major section, presenting implications for ITS DM learning in PE, the teaching/learning of ITS-DM is discussed with regard to beginner- and novice-level players in Physical Education. Constructing a shared reference-framework for DM through team reflection on game-play situations is also considered, namely with regard to critical-incidents analysis and unexpected play-occurrences. In a context of the teaching/learning of DM in ITS in school, the authors submit that precedence should be given to information processing and to recognition-primed perspectives. Resort to mental representation networks and recognition of familiar configurations of play is critical to establish situation awareness and learn to make appropriate decisions. Such an option fits well with a social constructivist view of DM learning. Keywords: invasion team sports, decision making, situation awareness, information processing, recognition-primed process","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85183734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender inequality is a major challenge to tackle in the world of sports and has adverse effects on success in women’s sports. Previous studies provide empirical evidence regarding these adverse effects yet they do not take the stereotyping in sports into consideration. This study acknowledges the presence of gender-typing in sports and investigates its influence on success in team sports. The results of a panel data estimation suggest that the impact of gender inequality differs both in magnitude and direction depending on the type of sports. In sports that are considered more feminine, gender inequality is actually positively influential on sporting success. Keywords: gender-typing in sports, determinants of success in sports, European team sports
{"title":"The Impact of Gender Inequality on Women’s Team Sports – Evidence from Europe","authors":"Selçuk Özaydın","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Gender inequality is a major challenge to tackle in the world of sports and has adverse effects on success in women’s sports. Previous studies provide empirical evidence regarding these adverse effects yet they do not take the stereotyping in sports into consideration. This study acknowledges the presence of gender-typing in sports and investigates its influence on success in team sports. The results of a panel data estimation suggest that the impact of gender inequality differs both in magnitude and direction depending on the type of sports. In sports that are considered more feminine, gender inequality is actually positively influential on sporting success. Keywords: gender-typing in sports, determinants of success in sports, European team sports","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78083295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A problem exists with the lack of mandated health and safety training for youth sport coaches in the United States. Youth sport organizations rely heavily on volunteers to staff their programs, and lack of education leaves coaches unprepared to handle health and safety situations that arise. This study explored current practices in safety education for youth sport coaches in northwestern Pennsylvania. Youth sport coaches and administrators at three sites were interviewed. The results of the study showed an overall lack of consistency in health and safety education in the region. Youth sport coaches whose sport has a governing body or with additional coaching experiences had more health and safety education than those who did not. Administrators cited concerns that additional required training would deter volunteers from coaching, citing financial and management barriers. The coaches unanimously indicated additional education would not deter them from coaching. The participants viewed health and safety education as important and valuable for youth sport coaches to possess, as it increases the overall safety of youth sports. Keywords: youth sports, coach education, sports injuries, sports administration, injury prevention
{"title":"Financial and Management Barriers to Safety Education in Youth Sports in the United States","authors":"Amy S. Eperthener","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"A problem exists with the lack of mandated health and safety training for youth sport coaches in the United States. Youth sport organizations rely heavily on volunteers to staff their programs, and lack of education leaves coaches unprepared to handle health and safety situations that arise. This study explored current practices in safety education for youth sport coaches in northwestern Pennsylvania. Youth sport coaches and administrators at three sites were interviewed. The results of the study showed an overall lack of consistency in health and safety education in the region. Youth sport coaches whose sport has a governing body or with additional coaching experiences had more health and safety education than those who did not. Administrators cited concerns that additional required training would deter volunteers from coaching, citing financial and management barriers. The coaches unanimously indicated additional education would not deter them from coaching. The participants viewed health and safety education as important and valuable for youth sport coaches to possess, as it increases the overall safety of youth sports. Keywords: youth sports, coach education, sports injuries, sports administration, injury prevention","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80334958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender equality should be a necessity in every developed economy of the world. Despite this assumption, this is not the case. The field of sports is no exception. This study addresses the relationship between gender equality, institutions and football performance of national teams. Correlation and regression analysis is used to determine the relationship between variables. The results suggest that higher gender equality leads to better performance for footballers on the fields. Countries with higher gender equality perform better (more FIFA points). The economic condition of the country has a similar effect on performance. Estimates have shown a statistically significant positive relationship between economic prosperity and performance on the pitch. Climate and age of players do not affect the performance of national teams. Institutional factors significantly affect players’ performance. Members of the European Union perform significantly higher than those that are not in the EU. As well as countries in which there was no communist regime in the past . Keywords: gender inequality index, FIFA ranking, men, women, institutions
{"title":"Gender Equality and Institutions as the Driving Force of Football Performance: Women vs Men","authors":"J. Harman","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Gender equality should be a necessity in every developed economy of the world. Despite this assumption, this is not the case. The field of sports is no exception. This study addresses the relationship between gender equality, institutions and football performance of national teams. Correlation and regression analysis is used to determine the relationship between variables. The results suggest that higher gender equality leads to better performance for footballers on the fields. Countries with higher gender equality perform better (more FIFA points). The economic condition of the country has a similar effect on performance. Estimates have shown a statistically significant positive relationship between economic prosperity and performance on the pitch. Climate and age of players do not affect the performance of national teams. Institutional factors significantly affect players’ performance. Members of the European Union perform significantly higher than those that are not in the EU. As well as countries in which there was no communist regime in the past . Keywords: gender inequality index, FIFA ranking, men, women, institutions","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86206239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The motivation for youth sport involvement may differ for single-sport (non-specialists), multi-sport, and single-sport specialized athletes. To investigate differences between adolescent single-sport athletes (NSSA), multi-sport athletes (MSA), and single-sport specialized athletes (SSSA) on measures of sport enjoyment and motivation. A secondary aim was to compare these variables between age groups. Adolescent sport participants in 6th, 7th, and 8th grade from the Western United States (n=306, age=13.0±1.0 yrs) completing the Sources of Enjoyment in Youth Sport Questionnaire (SEYSQ) that assesses sport enjoyment in the subscales of self-referenced competency (SRC), other-referenced competency and recognition (ORCR), effort expenditure (EE), competitive excitement (CE), affiliation with peers (AP), and positive parental involvement (PPI). The participants also reported their age, gender, grade, years of sport participation and sport status (NSSA, MSA, SSSA). SSSA reported significantly more enjoyment in all subscales except PPI when compared to NSSA (p<0.05; ES 0.4 – 0.99). MSA and SSSA showed significant differences in the subscales of SRC and EE; however, effect size was small (0.37 and 0.33, respectively). Overall scores for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were significantly lower among NSSA compared to MSA and SSSA (p<0.01) with no differences between MSA and SSSA (p>0.05). Results revealed no significant differences in the SEYSQ’s subscales for age (p>0.05). Within the parameters of this study, adolescents that specialize in a single sport or those who compete in multiple sport both rely on intrinsic and extrinsic sources of enjoyment for motivation in very similar ways; whereas adolescent NSSA are less motivated and experience less enjoyment from sport participation compared to MSA and SSSA. Keywords: adolescent, enjoyment, SEYSQ, motivation, sport psychology
{"title":"Motivation Differences between Youth Single-Sport, Multi-Sport, and Single-Sport Specialized Athletes in the Western United States","authors":"K. L. Crouch, A. Larson, M. DeBeliso","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"The motivation for youth sport involvement may differ for single-sport (non-specialists), multi-sport, and single-sport specialized athletes. To investigate differences between adolescent single-sport athletes (NSSA), multi-sport athletes (MSA), and single-sport specialized athletes (SSSA) on measures of sport enjoyment and motivation. A secondary aim was to compare these variables between age groups. Adolescent sport participants in 6th, 7th, and 8th grade from the Western United States (n=306, age=13.0±1.0 yrs) completing the Sources of Enjoyment in Youth Sport Questionnaire (SEYSQ) that assesses sport enjoyment in the subscales of self-referenced competency (SRC), other-referenced competency and recognition (ORCR), effort expenditure (EE), competitive excitement (CE), affiliation with peers (AP), and positive parental involvement (PPI). The participants also reported their age, gender, grade, years of sport participation and sport status (NSSA, MSA, SSSA). SSSA reported significantly more enjoyment in all subscales except PPI when compared to NSSA (p<0.05; ES 0.4 – 0.99). MSA and SSSA showed significant differences in the subscales of SRC and EE; however, effect size was small (0.37 and 0.33, respectively). Overall scores for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were significantly lower among NSSA compared to MSA and SSSA (p<0.01) with no differences between MSA and SSSA (p>0.05). Results revealed no significant differences in the SEYSQ’s subscales for age (p>0.05). Within the parameters of this study, adolescents that specialize in a single sport or those who compete in multiple sport both rely on intrinsic and extrinsic sources of enjoyment for motivation in very similar ways; whereas adolescent NSSA are less motivated and experience less enjoyment from sport participation compared to MSA and SSSA. Keywords: adolescent, enjoyment, SEYSQ, motivation, sport psychology","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"62 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81786154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the effects of the Olympic Games of 2004 hosted in Athens on Greece’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as estimated in Papanikos (1999). The estimates were made in 1997 for a period of fourteen years, 1998-2011, based on various scenarios. During this period two events have had a great impact on GDP that could have been predicted in 1997. Firstly, Greece adopted the euro in 2002, and even though this was pretty much a possibility in 1997, but not of course a certainty, the most important effect of the euro would have come from its exchange value vis-a-vis major currencies of countries with Greece was trading. This included tourism. Despite what many economists thought at the time, the introduction of the euro was not accompanied by a devaluation, but by unprecedented overvaluation. This had a negative impact on Greek GDP. Secondly, the Great Recession hit the Greek economy hard starting in 2008. These two effects had a negative impact on Greek GDP, wiping out the expected positive effects of the Olympic Games. Keywords: Olympic Games, GDP, Athens 2004, euro, great recession
{"title":"An Ex-Post Analysis of the 2004 Olympic Effect","authors":"G. Papanikos","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the effects of the Olympic Games of 2004 hosted in Athens on Greece’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as estimated in Papanikos (1999). The estimates were made in 1997 for a period of fourteen years, 1998-2011, based on various scenarios. During this period two events have had a great impact on GDP that could have been predicted in 1997. Firstly, Greece adopted the euro in 2002, and even though this was pretty much a possibility in 1997, but not of course a certainty, the most important effect of the euro would have come from its exchange value vis-a-vis major currencies of countries with Greece was trading. This included tourism. Despite what many economists thought at the time, the introduction of the euro was not accompanied by a devaluation, but by unprecedented overvaluation. This had a negative impact on Greek GDP. Secondly, the Great Recession hit the Greek economy hard starting in 2008. These two effects had a negative impact on Greek GDP, wiping out the expected positive effects of the Olympic Games. Keywords: Olympic Games, GDP, Athens 2004, euro, great recession","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91074979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globalization has given new life to previously benign leisures and vices, allowing states and their respective cultural industries to export (and import) their agenda and visibility. Cultural industries have long played an important role in exercising soft power, and the advent of new communication technologies and newfound spending power amongst the world’s working class has only strengthened and opened opportunities on this front. Sports, particularly ones that translate well to global competition, have become a new frontier for states to leverage assets and wealth to construct more prominent messaging surrounding their larger diplomatic work around the globe. By examining Qatari investment in football, track & field, and other international sports — especially through vehicles like the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the Qatar Investment Authority, Aspire Academy, Paris Saint-Germain, etc. — we are offered a clear understanding as to how Qatar uses its wealth to exploit the global cultural marketplace and entrench itself as an important component of global sporting culture, and the diplomatic utility they aim to reap with such investments. Keywords: Qatar, FIFA, diplomacy, football, capital
{"title":"Top Bins: An Exploration of Qatar’s Use of Sport and Capital to Strengthen Diplomatic Visibility","authors":"Anay Katyal","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.8-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.8-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization has given new life to previously benign leisures and vices, allowing states and their respective cultural industries to export (and import) their agenda and visibility. Cultural industries have long played an important role in exercising soft power, and the advent of new communication technologies and newfound spending power amongst the world’s working class has only strengthened and opened opportunities on this front. Sports, particularly ones that translate well to global competition, have become a new frontier for states to leverage assets and wealth to construct more prominent messaging surrounding their larger diplomatic work around the globe. By examining Qatari investment in football, track & field, and other international sports — especially through vehicles like the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the Qatar Investment Authority, Aspire Academy, Paris Saint-Germain, etc. — we are offered a clear understanding as to how Qatar uses its wealth to exploit the global cultural marketplace and entrench itself as an important component of global sporting culture, and the diplomatic utility they aim to reap with such investments. Keywords: Qatar, FIFA, diplomacy, football, capital","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74685585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Chuang, Ching-Hung Lin, Cheng-Wen Wu, Kuo-Chuan Lin
The purpose of this study was to explore reliability and differences of jump kinetics related to different training load in college male athletes. The subjects were required to perform countermovement jump (CMJ) and loaded countermovement jump (LCMJ-0%, LCMJ-20% and LCMJ-80% of one-repetition maximum squat) three times for each load which were recorded by a force plate. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and the LSD post hoc method were employed to evaluate the results. The results reveled that jump kinetics-related parameters increased/decreased by the load. Compared with the loading jumps, the CMJ incorporate with an arm swing directly led to an increase in eccentric contraction duration during jumping. Most of the jump mechanical parameters under substantially different load conditions fall within the good to excellent reliability. It appears that the CMJ and CMJ with extra load were reliable in explore the kinetics related parameters. Keywords: countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum, arm swing, eccentric contraction
{"title":"Reliability and Differences of Jump Kinetics Related to Different Load in College Male Athletes","authors":"C. Chuang, Ching-Hung Lin, Cheng-Wen Wu, Kuo-Chuan Lin","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.8-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.8-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to explore reliability and differences of jump kinetics related to different training load in college male athletes. The subjects were required to perform countermovement jump (CMJ) and loaded countermovement jump (LCMJ-0%, LCMJ-20% and LCMJ-80% of one-repetition maximum squat) three times for each load which were recorded by a force plate. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and the LSD post hoc method were employed to evaluate the results. The results reveled that jump kinetics-related parameters increased/decreased by the load. Compared with the loading jumps, the CMJ incorporate with an arm swing directly led to an increase in eccentric contraction duration during jumping. Most of the jump mechanical parameters under substantially different load conditions fall within the good to excellent reliability. It appears that the CMJ and CMJ with extra load were reliable in explore the kinetics related parameters. Keywords: countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum, arm swing, eccentric contraction","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84345615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coaches have a profound and long-lasting impact on the athletes they coach. Coaches’ behavior affects athlete anxiety, stress levels, burnout, and eventually, their mental health. This study aimed at gathering relevant information on coaches’ use of inappropriate behaviors towards athletes as reported by athletes and to make comparisons between the responses of the athletes in this study with those of coaches in a previous study. Participants were 251 college students from ten midwestern states who completed a 25-item survey that included a listing of coaching actions described as bullying. Three specific research questions guided the study: 1) has your coach ever done the identified action to you, 2) do you think this is an inappropriate coaching action, and 3) do you consider this bullying. Results indicate that athletes and coaches’ interpretation of the frequency of inappropriate actions, if the actions are considered inappropriate, and if the actions are considered bullying are markedly different. Athletes were more likely to report that the various physical, relational, and verbal actions occurred than were coaches. Keywords: coaching, bullying, athletes, inappropriate
{"title":"Athletes’ and Coaches’ Impressions of Questionable Coaching Practices and Bullying (Emotional Abuse)","authors":"Brad Strand","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.8-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.8-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"Coaches have a profound and long-lasting impact on the athletes they coach. Coaches’ behavior affects athlete anxiety, stress levels, burnout, and eventually, their mental health. This study aimed at gathering relevant information on coaches’ use of inappropriate behaviors towards athletes as reported by athletes and to make comparisons between the responses of the athletes in this study with those of coaches in a previous study. Participants were 251 college students from ten midwestern states who completed a 25-item survey that included a listing of coaching actions described as bullying. Three specific research questions guided the study: 1) has your coach ever done the identified action to you, 2) do you think this is an inappropriate coaching action, and 3) do you consider this bullying. Results indicate that athletes and coaches’ interpretation of the frequency of inappropriate actions, if the actions are considered inappropriate, and if the actions are considered bullying are markedly different. Athletes were more likely to report that the various physical, relational, and verbal actions occurred than were coaches. Keywords: coaching, bullying, athletes, inappropriate","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81194959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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