O. Jaiyeoba, Solomon B. Oguntuase, Jephtah O. Ogunsanya, Abiola A. Adereti
Resilience is an important psychological factor in sport that contributes greatly to the ability to overcome and adapt positively to difficult and challenging situations. Elite athletes face a lot of pressure, stressor and adversity from sport and non-sport milieu which affect their psychological well-being and sport performance. Ability of the elite athletes to cope, overcome and adapt to various sources of pressures, stressors, adversities and recover quickly will make them to attain optimal health, peak performance and achieve success. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of resilience on stress and recovery of elite athletes in Nigeria. Participants were 187 subjects (118 males; 69 females), age ranged between 18years and 42years (mean=26.4; SD=4.82) were selected from various sports using purposive sampling technique to select elite athletes who participated in 2021 National Sports Festival in Nigeria. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10) and Stress-Recovery Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-52 Sport) were used for data collection. Shapiro-Wilk Test, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were employed for data analysis. Results of the study showed that resilience correlated with the factors of stress and recovery. Structural equation modelling results showed that resilience had significant direct effect on stress and recovery with variability of 26% and 55% respectively. Resilience negatively predicted stress and positively predicted recovery. The model invariant was not significant to gender and sport-type of the participants. It was therefore concluded that resilience plays an immense role in coping, overcoming and positively adapting to situations of stress and recovery of elite athletes. Keywords: resilience, stress, recovery, adversity, elite athlete
{"title":"The Role of Resilience on Stress and Recovery of Elite Athletes in Nigeria","authors":"O. Jaiyeoba, Solomon B. Oguntuase, Jephtah O. Ogunsanya, Abiola A. Adereti","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience is an important psychological factor in sport that contributes greatly to the ability to overcome and adapt positively to difficult and challenging situations. Elite athletes face a lot of pressure, stressor and adversity from sport and non-sport milieu which affect their psychological well-being and sport performance. Ability of the elite athletes to cope, overcome and adapt to various sources of pressures, stressors, adversities and recover quickly will make them to attain optimal health, peak performance and achieve success. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of resilience on stress and recovery of elite athletes in Nigeria. Participants were 187 subjects (118 males; 69 females), age ranged between 18years and 42years (mean=26.4; SD=4.82) were selected from various sports using purposive sampling technique to select elite athletes who participated in 2021 National Sports Festival in Nigeria. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10) and Stress-Recovery Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-52 Sport) were used for data collection. Shapiro-Wilk Test, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were employed for data analysis. Results of the study showed that resilience correlated with the factors of stress and recovery. Structural equation modelling results showed that resilience had significant direct effect on stress and recovery with variability of 26% and 55% respectively. Resilience negatively predicted stress and positively predicted recovery. The model invariant was not significant to gender and sport-type of the participants. It was therefore concluded that resilience plays an immense role in coping, overcoming and positively adapting to situations of stress and recovery of elite athletes. Keywords: resilience, stress, recovery, adversity, elite athlete","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81707699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The popular press is filled with articles chronicling the challenges that many elite athletes encounter while adapting to life after completing their playing days. Do their organizations and leagues owe them a duty of care and help to ensure they can transfer effectively to a different life and career once their competing days are finished? This paper reviews the literature surrounding this transition. The authors examine the recent literature surrounding high-performance athletes’ challenges during and after their sporting careers end. In addition to documenting the potentially adverse experiences, and in the spirit of providing contextual balance, the authors highlight some of the positive outcomes related to high-performance sport involvement and the leadership qualities that can be honed and tempered through the experience. The authors conclude the paper with a series of recommendations to assist future players, team and league officials, and players unions to help reduce the problem. Keywords: high-performance sport, career and life transitions
{"title":"Does High-Performance Sport have an Obligation to Help Former Athletes with their Career and Life Transition?","authors":"Daryl Waud, W. J. Weese","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"The popular press is filled with articles chronicling the challenges that many elite athletes encounter while adapting to life after completing their playing days. Do their organizations and leagues owe them a duty of care and help to ensure they can transfer effectively to a different life and career once their competing days are finished? This paper reviews the literature surrounding this transition. The authors examine the recent literature surrounding high-performance athletes’ challenges during and after their sporting careers end. In addition to documenting the potentially adverse experiences, and in the spirit of providing contextual balance, the authors highlight some of the positive outcomes related to high-performance sport involvement and the leadership qualities that can be honed and tempered through the experience. The authors conclude the paper with a series of recommendations to assist future players, team and league officials, and players unions to help reduce the problem. Keywords: high-performance sport, career and life transitions","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78961070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the underrepresentation of minority fundraisers and diversity related concerns in the NCAA Division-I intercollegiate athletics. In addition, the study sought out the opinions of ten racial or gender minority fundraisers (25% of return rate) about departments’ strategical initiative in expanding donor base and creating giving society through recruitment of diverse fundraising candidates. Each participant (fundraiser) participated in a 45-60 minute phone interview covering one’s background and demographic information, challenges and diversity concerns in the workplace, potential strategies for improving diversity hiring and creation of certain specific giving societies. The results showed that D-I athletics still have room to improve minority hiring. However, factors such as race and gender did not affect these fundraisers’ career advancement much. Participants also expressed that athletic departments need to be intentional with their commitment in diversity and inclusion initiatives. By committing to minority hiring, there could be potential for solving the issue of underrepresentation of marginalized groups in athletic fundraising and diversifying the donor base, thus increasing the overall size of gifts. Keywords: athletic fundraising, collegiate athletics, fundraising officer, philanthropy officer, and athletic donation
{"title":"Dominant Types of Multiple Intelligences in Oman: Sport Practitioners vs Non-Practitioners","authors":"Kashef N. Zayed, S. Al-Adawi, Qusai Al-Kalbani","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the underrepresentation of minority fundraisers and diversity related concerns in the NCAA Division-I intercollegiate athletics. In addition, the study sought out the opinions of ten racial or gender minority fundraisers (25% of return rate) about departments’ strategical initiative in expanding donor base and creating giving society through recruitment of diverse fundraising candidates. Each participant (fundraiser) participated in a 45-60 minute phone interview covering one’s background and demographic information, challenges and diversity concerns in the workplace, potential strategies for improving diversity hiring and creation of certain specific giving societies. The results showed that D-I athletics still have room to improve minority hiring. However, factors such as race and gender did not affect these fundraisers’ career advancement much. Participants also expressed that athletic departments need to be intentional with their commitment in diversity and inclusion initiatives. By committing to minority hiring, there could be potential for solving the issue of underrepresentation of marginalized groups in athletic fundraising and diversifying the donor base, thus increasing the overall size of gifts. Keywords: athletic fundraising, collegiate athletics, fundraising officer, philanthropy officer, and athletic donation","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85871311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The popular press is filled with articles chronicling the challenges that many elite athletes encounter while adapting to life after completing their playing days. Do their organizations and leagues owe them a duty of care and help to ensure they can transfer effectively to a different life and career once their competing days are finished? This paper reviews the literature surrounding this transition. The authors examine the recent literature surrounding high-performance athletes’ challenges during and after their sporting careers end. In addition to documenting the potentially adverse experiences, and in the spirit of providing contextual balance, the authors highlight some of the positive outcomes related to high-performance sport involvement and the leadership qualities that can be honed and tempered through the experience. The authors conclude the paper with a series of recommendations to assist future players, team and league officials, and players unions to help reduce the problem. Keywords: high-performance sport, career and life transitions
{"title":"Race and Gender Hiring and Expansion of Minority Donor Base in Division-I Athletic Fundraisin","authors":"Bryan Duby, S. Chen","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"The popular press is filled with articles chronicling the challenges that many elite athletes encounter while adapting to life after completing their playing days. Do their organizations and leagues owe them a duty of care and help to ensure they can transfer effectively to a different life and career once their competing days are finished? This paper reviews the literature surrounding this transition. The authors examine the recent literature surrounding high-performance athletes’ challenges during and after their sporting careers end. In addition to documenting the potentially adverse experiences, and in the spirit of providing contextual balance, the authors highlight some of the positive outcomes related to high-performance sport involvement and the leadership qualities that can be honed and tempered through the experience. The authors conclude the paper with a series of recommendations to assist future players, team and league officials, and players unions to help reduce the problem. Keywords: high-performance sport, career and life transitions","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90794465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, we have witnessed the establishment of a professionalization process in Morocco. Thus, the multiple problems of the Federations push the managers to raise questions relating to management. However, the interest of Moroccan researchers in management sciences has not been focused on this type of organization. Having said that, performance management is a powerful lever for companies’ success. It is based on the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system via measurement indicators. This makes it possible to evaluate the activity and trigger corrective measures in the event of failure of the strategies laid down, ineffectiveness and non-achievement of goals. Nevertheless, measuring the organizational performance of Sports Federations is complex because of their thorny and paradoxical nature. Based on this observation, we consider it useful to go through an intermediate analysis which will subsequently simplify the establishment of a performance measurement system by these organizations. Thus, we adopt a classification study. The latter allows us a simpler presentation of the profiles of the organizations studied, by bringing together, on the one hand, those seeking to achieve financial, sporting or societal goals. And on the other hand, those who have the necessary resources allow it to achieve these objectives, which guides us to adopt this study of hierarchical classification through the use of Ward’s method. Keywords: performance, taxonomy of performance, sports federations, sport organizations, Morocco
{"title":"Development of a Taxonomy of Performance for Moroccan Sports Federations","authors":"Zineb Jibraili, Sanae Biaz, Said Ouhadi","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, we have witnessed the establishment of a professionalization process in Morocco. Thus, the multiple problems of the Federations push the managers to raise questions relating to management. However, the interest of Moroccan researchers in management sciences has not been focused on this type of organization. Having said that, performance management is a powerful lever for companies’ success. It is based on the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system via measurement indicators. This makes it possible to evaluate the activity and trigger corrective measures in the event of failure of the strategies laid down, ineffectiveness and non-achievement of goals. Nevertheless, measuring the organizational performance of Sports Federations is complex because of their thorny and paradoxical nature. Based on this observation, we consider it useful to go through an intermediate analysis which will subsequently simplify the establishment of a performance measurement system by these organizations. Thus, we adopt a classification study. The latter allows us a simpler presentation of the profiles of the organizations studied, by bringing together, on the one hand, those seeking to achieve financial, sporting or societal goals. And on the other hand, those who have the necessary resources allow it to achieve these objectives, which guides us to adopt this study of hierarchical classification through the use of Ward’s method. Keywords: performance, taxonomy of performance, sports federations, sport organizations, Morocco","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85756656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For some nations where these events cannot be facilitated, Olympic success would be more significant. Governments often believe that winning medals enhances their image globally, which is their reason to invest and intervene in elite sports. Based on this belief, the researchers tried to determine how sports actors perceive the relationship between elite sporting success and prestige and its reflection on their related policies. To achieve this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian sports officials and sport managers in charge of elite sports. The results identified four themes in interviewees' speeches related to the objective of the study, including (1) sporting success at the Olympic Games and international prestige, (2) fairness and international prestige, (3) sport and diplomatic relations, (4) media coverage and international prestige. Taken together, these results suggest that the concept of international prestige is notably essential when it comes to the country where the international image might not be positive toward that particular country. Sports as a soft power tool can play this role and build a positive image for that country in different ways. The findings contribute to elite sporting success, sports and country image research, sports international prestige, and sports diplomacy in Iran. Keywords: Olympic success
{"title":"Perceived Effects of Olympic Success on International Policies and Prestige: A Case Study of Sports Actors from Iran","authors":"F. Zare, G. Géczi","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"For some nations where these events cannot be facilitated, Olympic success would be more significant. Governments often believe that winning medals enhances their image globally, which is their reason to invest and intervene in elite sports. Based on this belief, the researchers tried to determine how sports actors perceive the relationship between elite sporting success and prestige and its reflection on their related policies. To achieve this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian sports officials and sport managers in charge of elite sports. The results identified four themes in interviewees' speeches related to the objective of the study, including (1) sporting success at the Olympic Games and international prestige, (2) fairness and international prestige, (3) sport and diplomatic relations, (4) media coverage and international prestige. Taken together, these results suggest that the concept of international prestige is notably essential when it comes to the country where the international image might not be positive toward that particular country. Sports as a soft power tool can play this role and build a positive image for that country in different ways. The findings contribute to elite sporting success, sports and country image research, sports international prestige, and sports diplomacy in Iran. Keywords: Olympic success","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83981179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos, D. J. Lopes da Silva, A. Pizarro
Background: Sports performance, besides the mental and emotional features of the athlete, is the outcome from the correct combination of training load, rest/ recovery and nutrition. Nutritional deficits or excesses can be deleterious for sports performance, particularly in sports that rely on high power output as 1000m kayak paddler. Objective: To describe the nutritional intake habits of a highly performing kayaker, and its adequacy for training, as only few studies have focused on this type of sports. Methods: An elite male kayaker specialized in 1000m flat-water races, World Champion, European Champion and Silver medallist in the London Olympic Games (35 years) reported his food intake for 7 consecutive days during a specific preparation period. Results: Daily average energy intake was 3174 ± 306 kcal; the intake of carbohydrates was 47.8 ± 9.3% (4.4 ± 1.2 g.kg-1. body weight. day-1), protein 20.8 ± 4.3% (1.9 ± 0.3 g.kg-1body weight. day) and fat intake was 31.4 ± 5.2% (1.3 ± 0.2 g. kg-1 body weight day. d-1). Fiber average consumption was 23.6 ± 9.2 g/day and cholesterol 638 ± 218 g/day. While water-soluble vitamins were within the recommended levels, fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene were below athletes’ recommendations. All macro minerals intake was within the Dietary References Intake (DRI) for general population values as well as the trace elements with exception of iodine and molybdenum. Also, an unbalanced ratio between omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was observed. Conclusion: This kayaker had a caloric intake adequate to the training requirement of the analyzed week. However, a reduction in fat intake and an increment in carbohydrate should be promoted in order to achieve dietary recommendations for athletes. The low intake of fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene found may justify the use supplementation. Keywords: kayaking, nutrition, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals
背景:运动成绩除了体现运动员的心理和情绪特征外，还是训练负荷、休息/恢复和营养正确结合的结果。营养缺乏或过量可能对运动表现有害，特别是在像1000米皮划艇那样依赖高功率输出的运动中。目的:描述一名高性能皮划艇运动员的营养摄入习惯，以及其是否适合训练，因为目前很少有研究关注这类运动。方法:某男子1000米平水皮划艇优秀运动员，世界冠军、欧洲冠军、伦敦奥运会银牌得主(35岁)，在特定的备战期，连续7天记录其摄食量。结果:日平均能量摄入3174±306千卡;碳水化合物摄取量为47.8±9.3%(4.4±1.2 g.kg-1)。体重。第1天)，蛋白质20.8±4.3%(1.9±0.3 g.kg-1体重)。脂肪摄入量为31.4±5.2%(1.3±0.2 g. kg-1体重日)。d 1)。纤维平均摄入量为23.6±9.2 g/天，胆固醇平均摄入量为638±218 g/天。虽然水溶性维生素在推荐水平内，但脂溶性维生素和β -胡萝卜素低于运动员的推荐水平。除碘和钼外，所有宏量矿物质摄入量均在人群膳食参考摄入量(DRI)范围内。此外，还观察到omega-6/omega-3脂肪酸的比例不平衡。结论:这名皮划艇运动员的热量摄入足以满足分析周的训练要求。然而，减少脂肪摄入和增加碳水化合物的摄入应该得到促进，以达到运动员的饮食建议。脂溶性维生素和β -胡萝卜素的低摄入量可能证明使用补充剂是合理的。关键词:皮划艇，营养，常量营养素，维生素，矿物质
{"title":"Nutritional Status and Adequacy of Dietary Intake of an Elite 1000m Flat Water Kayak Paddler","authors":"José Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos, D. J. Lopes da Silva, A. Pizarro","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sports performance, besides the mental and emotional features of the athlete, is the outcome from the correct combination of training load, rest/ recovery and nutrition. Nutritional deficits or excesses can be deleterious for sports performance, particularly in sports that rely on high power output as 1000m kayak paddler. Objective: To describe the nutritional intake habits of a highly performing kayaker, and its adequacy for training, as only few studies have focused on this type of sports. Methods: An elite male kayaker specialized in 1000m flat-water races, World Champion, European Champion and Silver medallist in the London Olympic Games (35 years) reported his food intake for 7 consecutive days during a specific preparation period. Results: Daily average energy intake was 3174 ± 306 kcal; the intake of carbohydrates was 47.8 ± 9.3% (4.4 ± 1.2 g.kg-1. body weight. day-1), protein 20.8 ± 4.3% (1.9 ± 0.3 g.kg-1body weight. day) and fat intake was 31.4 ± 5.2% (1.3 ± 0.2 g. kg-1 body weight day. d-1). Fiber average consumption was 23.6 ± 9.2 g/day and cholesterol 638 ± 218 g/day. While water-soluble vitamins were within the recommended levels, fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene were below athletes’ recommendations. All macro minerals intake was within the Dietary References Intake (DRI) for general population values as well as the trace elements with exception of iodine and molybdenum. Also, an unbalanced ratio between omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was observed. Conclusion: This kayaker had a caloric intake adequate to the training requirement of the analyzed week. However, a reduction in fat intake and an increment in carbohydrate should be promoted in order to achieve dietary recommendations for athletes. The low intake of fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene found may justify the use supplementation. Keywords: kayaking, nutrition, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83325675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the official regulatory credit screening procedures of Basel II and Basel III in Europe, credit is now more difficult to obtain. As a consequence, alternative financial mechanisms, such as crowdfunding, that focus on sports clubs’ supporters have become more important. The aim of the present study is to evaluate crowdfunding related to sports clubs using a choice-based conjoint analysis (CBCA) to detect project- and participant-related success factors in successful financing. Therefore, two fictitious crowdfunding projects with the offered return and the price are chosen as features and two German sports clubs – one ice hockey club and one football club – are selected for the analysis. Using segmentation techniques, the study also examines the types of crowdfunders and their preferences. The results show that the offered return and the price are the two most important features for potential crowdfunders. They prefer either a club-related return containing a certain economic value or the donation as representative of a more altruistic return. The findings also indicate that crowdfunding can be a financial instrument for both semi-professional and professional clubs. Keywords: crowdfunding, financial instrument, sports clubs, semi-professional clubs, professional clubs
{"title":"Crowdfunding as Financing Tool of Semi-professional Sports Clubs: Evidence on Funders’ Preferences and Typologies","authors":"Christophe Huth","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the official regulatory credit screening procedures of Basel II and Basel III in Europe, credit is now more difficult to obtain. As a consequence, alternative financial mechanisms, such as crowdfunding, that focus on sports clubs’ supporters have become more important. The aim of the present study is to evaluate crowdfunding related to sports clubs using a choice-based conjoint analysis (CBCA) to detect project- and participant-related success factors in successful financing. Therefore, two fictitious crowdfunding projects with the offered return and the price are chosen as features and two German sports clubs – one ice hockey club and one football club – are selected for the analysis. Using segmentation techniques, the study also examines the types of crowdfunders and their preferences. The results show that the offered return and the price are the two most important features for potential crowdfunders. They prefer either a club-related return containing a certain economic value or the donation as representative of a more altruistic return. The findings also indicate that crowdfunding can be a financial instrument for both semi-professional and professional clubs. Keywords: crowdfunding, financial instrument, sports clubs, semi-professional clubs, professional clubs","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84781386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is sadly ironic that in ancient Greece, wars were stopped for the Olympics, whereas during the period of the Olympic Truce for the 2022 Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, Russia began an armed incursion into Ukraine. For some time to come, Russia will suffer serious sanctions against competing in the Olympics and in many other international competitions. When Russia is again allowed to compete in the Olympics, there will remain the issue of insuring that the Russian athletes are no longer gaining an advantage by taking performance- enhancing drugs. Although it would seem that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has been punishing Russia for its past doping transgressions, most of the IOC actions were not sanctions at all, based on the Olympic Charter. However, some previous actions were punitive and could force compliance if reinstituted and increased. The Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) should be disenfranchised. Russian athletes should compete simply as Olympic Athletes with no mention of Russia and no medal table should include Russian-earned medals. The IOC should exercise its ability to screen all Russian athletes for past and present use of performance-enhancing drugs. Further, Russia should not compete in team sports until there is compliance with anti-drug standards. Keywords: anti-doping, Russian sports doping, medals stripped, IOC sanctions
{"title":"Evaluation of Pre-conflict International Olympic Committee Actions against Russia for Doping Violations","authors":"R. Stefani","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"It is sadly ironic that in ancient Greece, wars were stopped for the Olympics, whereas during the period of the Olympic Truce for the 2022 Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, Russia began an armed incursion into Ukraine. For some time to come, Russia will suffer serious sanctions against competing in the Olympics and in many other international competitions. When Russia is again allowed to compete in the Olympics, there will remain the issue of insuring that the Russian athletes are no longer gaining an advantage by taking performance- enhancing drugs. Although it would seem that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has been punishing Russia for its past doping transgressions, most of the IOC actions were not sanctions at all, based on the Olympic Charter. However, some previous actions were punitive and could force compliance if reinstituted and increased. The Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) should be disenfranchised. Russian athletes should compete simply as Olympic Athletes with no mention of Russia and no medal table should include Russian-earned medals. The IOC should exercise its ability to screen all Russian athletes for past and present use of performance-enhancing drugs. Further, Russia should not compete in team sports until there is compliance with anti-drug standards. Keywords: anti-doping, Russian sports doping, medals stripped, IOC sanctions","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81872895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study explores the failure response and coping skills of 37 female collegiate athletes. All athletes completed the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory (ACSI-28) the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and four athletes were interviewed. Descriptive statistics for the five subscales of the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (Form A) for the entire sample showed that fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment was the highest fear (M=3.27, SD=0.80), followed by fear of upsetting important others (M=2.77, SD=0.89). Descriptive statistics for the seven subscales of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory for the entire sample showed that coachability had the highest score (M=10.06, SD=1.51), followed by confidence and achievement motivation (M=8.63, SD=1.74). Comparisons were also made based on athlete status (underclassman vs upperclassman) and by team status (team vs individual). Based on athlete status, a significance difference (p=0.05) on the PFAI inventory was found for fear of shame and embarrassment (under 3.5 mean, upper 2.89 mean, p=0.02), fear of uncertain future (under 1.26 mean, upper 0.60 mean, p=0.02), and overall score (under 2.61 mean, upper 2.15 mean, p=0.03). For all of these categories, upperclassmen were less likely than underclassmen to describe themselves as feeling fear of shame and embarrassment, fear of an uncertain future, and overall score. On the ACSI inventory, a significance difference was found for freedom from worry (under 4.8 mean, upper 6.84 mean, p=0.05). As indicated, upperclassmen are free from worry more than are underclassmen. Based on team status, no significant differences were found between team vs individual sport athletes on the PFAI inventory. On the ACSI inventory, a difference was found for peaking under pressure (team 7.84 mean, 5.66 individual mean, p=0.02). This finding indicates that team sport athletes, more so than individual sport athletes, feel challenged rather than threatened under pressure situations and perform well under pressure. Keywords: coping, athletes, coaches, failure
{"title":"Failure Response and Coping among Female Collegiate Athletes","authors":"Brad Strand, Laurynn Lauer, Morgan Paige","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.9-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"The current study explores the failure response and coping skills of 37 female collegiate athletes. All athletes completed the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory (ACSI-28) the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and four athletes were interviewed. Descriptive statistics for the five subscales of the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (Form A) for the entire sample showed that fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment was the highest fear (M=3.27, SD=0.80), followed by fear of upsetting important others (M=2.77, SD=0.89). Descriptive statistics for the seven subscales of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory for the entire sample showed that coachability had the highest score (M=10.06, SD=1.51), followed by confidence and achievement motivation (M=8.63, SD=1.74). Comparisons were also made based on athlete status (underclassman vs upperclassman) and by team status (team vs individual). Based on athlete status, a significance difference (p=0.05) on the PFAI inventory was found for fear of shame and embarrassment (under 3.5 mean, upper 2.89 mean, p=0.02), fear of uncertain future (under 1.26 mean, upper 0.60 mean, p=0.02), and overall score (under 2.61 mean, upper 2.15 mean, p=0.03). For all of these categories, upperclassmen were less likely than underclassmen to describe themselves as feeling fear of shame and embarrassment, fear of an uncertain future, and overall score. On the ACSI inventory, a significance difference was found for freedom from worry (under 4.8 mean, upper 6.84 mean, p=0.05). As indicated, upperclassmen are free from worry more than are underclassmen. Based on team status, no significant differences were found between team vs individual sport athletes on the PFAI inventory. On the ACSI inventory, a difference was found for peaking under pressure (team 7.84 mean, 5.66 individual mean, p=0.02). This finding indicates that team sport athletes, more so than individual sport athletes, feel challenged rather than threatened under pressure situations and perform well under pressure. Keywords: coping, athletes, coaches, failure","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83144618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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