{"title":"On The Number of Top Sport Teams in a Town","authors":"Seppo Suominen","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72833226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Batista, R. Garganta, Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho
This study aimed to compare the flexibility level in Portuguese rhythmic gymnasts across competitive levels, investigate possible functional asymmetries in gymnasts across the competitive levels, and determine which flexibility variables better explain performance. Participants included young gymnasts (n=157) in three competitive levels (Base, 1 st division and Elite), who performed ten specific passive and active flexibility tests were used. The asymmetry index was calculated and a limit of 15% bilateral difference was established as normal flexibility difference in the lower limbs. Upper and lower limbs, as well as multi-joint flexibility increased with higher competition level, although these differences were not significant between 1 st division and Elite in upper limbs and multi-joint tests. All groups showed differences in passive and active flexibility between preferred and non-preferred lower limb. In addition, the higher the competition level, the lower the asymmetry level. Functional asymmetry was found in 69% and 71% of the gymnasts in passive and active flexibility, respectively. Finally, active flexibility with preferred lower limb explained 21.8% of the variance in performance with some differences in the variables explaining performance across levels.
{"title":"Flexibility and Functional Asymmetry in Rhythmic Gymnastics","authors":"Amanda Batista, R. Garganta, Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to compare the flexibility level in Portuguese rhythmic gymnasts across competitive levels, investigate possible functional asymmetries in gymnasts across the competitive levels, and determine which flexibility variables better explain performance. Participants included young gymnasts (n=157) in three competitive levels (Base, 1 st division and Elite), who performed ten specific passive and active flexibility tests were used. The asymmetry index was calculated and a limit of 15% bilateral difference was established as normal flexibility difference in the lower limbs. Upper and lower limbs, as well as multi-joint flexibility increased with higher competition level, although these differences were not significant between 1 st division and Elite in upper limbs and multi-joint tests. All groups showed differences in passive and active flexibility between preferred and non-preferred lower limb. In addition, the higher the competition level, the lower the asymmetry level. Functional asymmetry was found in 69% and 71% of the gymnasts in passive and active flexibility, respectively. Finally, active flexibility with preferred lower limb explained 21.8% of the variance in performance with some differences in the variables explaining performance across levels.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88153922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia in the Competition of Professional Football League in Indonesia","authors":"Eko Noer Kristiyanto, Y. Suparman","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76795669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Elite of “Kalos Kagathos” in Poland","authors":"Małgorzata Tomecka","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.6-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.6-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"1943 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is expected athletes to be more satisfied with their life than non-athletes, because sport plays an important role for health, life satisfaction and well-being, as sports activities give satisfaction because being recreational. Life satisfaction was studied in Bulgarian athletes and non-athletes as overall life satisfaction by means of the Satisfaction with Life-Scale and as satisfaction with different life domains measured by several single items. The results indicated that there were not any significant differences in general life satisfaction between the participants practicing sport regularly and the participants who did not practice any sport. However, the athletes were more satisfied with their health status, their relationships with their friends, and their performance than the non-athletes. For all the participants, general life satisfaction correlated significantly and positively with satisfaction with different life domains – own financial situation, own achievements, personal growth, familial financial situation, own health status, own performance, relationships with friends, relationships with family, and relationships with colleagues. As some other authors have also found, the results on the Satisfaction with Life-Scale correlate positively with some other measures of life satisfaction.
{"title":"Athletes and Non-Athletes’ Life Satisfaction","authors":"Nikolay Ivantchev, S. Stoyanova","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"It is expected athletes to be more satisfied with their life than non-athletes, because sport plays an important role for health, life satisfaction and well-being, as sports activities give satisfaction because being recreational. Life satisfaction was studied in Bulgarian athletes and non-athletes as overall life satisfaction by means of the Satisfaction with Life-Scale and as satisfaction with different life domains measured by several single items. The results indicated that there were not any significant differences in general life satisfaction between the participants practicing sport regularly and the participants who did not practice any sport. However, the athletes were more satisfied with their health status, their relationships with their friends, and their performance than the non-athletes. For all the participants, general life satisfaction correlated significantly and positively with satisfaction with different life domains – own financial situation, own achievements, personal growth, familial financial situation, own health status, own performance, relationships with friends, relationships with family, and relationships with colleagues. As some other authors have also found, the results on the Satisfaction with Life-Scale correlate positively with some other measures of life satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81926849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Chen, Yun-Kuang Lee, Chie-der Dongfang, Cao-Yen Chen, Tsung-chih Chiu
Hosting mega sporting events has been viewed as a great method to provide the host city and nation publicity, recognition, pride, and even economic benefits. This study aims to investigate the perceptions of Taiwanese residents on the social, economic, recreational, and political impact for hosting 2017 World University Games. The researchers used a self-created 7-point Likert survey to collect 1,021 responses from February to April of 2017. The survey covered four main constructs: (1) National and Cultural Spirit and Hospitality, (2) Financial and Recreational Factor, (3) Negative Social Consequences, and (4) Support for the Events and Political Concern. The results of the study showed the perceived positive benefits also outweighed the negative concerns associated with the events. Participants’ game attending willingness was best predicted by the rating of “national and cultural spirt and hospitality.” However, the notion of using this sporting event as a tool to bring peace and to ease the political tension between China and Taiwan was not observed. Finally, recommendations for promoting future large sporting events in Taiwan were offered. Strategies included targeting young individuals under 30 years of age, as well as emphasizing the potential growth of tourism and recreational benefits.
{"title":"Taiwanese Residents’ Perceived Social, Economic, Recreational and Political Benefits for Hosting the 2017 Universiade Games","authors":"S. Chen, Yun-Kuang Lee, Chie-der Dongfang, Cao-Yen Chen, Tsung-chih Chiu","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Hosting mega sporting events has been viewed as a great method to provide the host city and nation publicity, recognition, pride, and even economic benefits. This study aims to investigate the perceptions of Taiwanese residents on the social, economic, recreational, and political impact for hosting 2017 World University Games. The researchers used a self-created 7-point Likert survey to collect 1,021 responses from February to April of 2017. The survey covered four main constructs: (1) National and Cultural Spirit and Hospitality, (2) Financial and Recreational Factor, (3) Negative Social Consequences, and (4) Support for the Events and Political Concern. The results of the study showed the perceived positive benefits also outweighed the negative concerns associated with the events. Participants’ game attending willingness was best predicted by the rating of “national and cultural spirt and hospitality.” However, the notion of using this sporting event as a tool to bring peace and to ease the political tension between China and Taiwan was not observed. Finally, recommendations for promoting future large sporting events in Taiwan were offered. Strategies included targeting young individuals under 30 years of age, as well as emphasizing the potential growth of tourism and recreational benefits.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90705917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
America is getting older. The first of the Baby Boom Generation (those born from 1945 to 1964) – 76 million strong – reached the age of retirement in 2011. This mass of people, combined with longer lives and lower birth rates, is changing the demographics of the United States and impacting our society. Between now and 2029, the population over age 65 will increase from 13% of the population to 20%, growing at a rate 7 times faster than the rest of the population. This will not be a temporary shift. Long range estimates are for the percentage of the total population over the age of 65 to remain above 20% for the next 50 years. Dire forecasts are already being heard for the long-term sustainability of Social Security and Medicare and the impact on economic growth and businesses from the retirement of skilled workers. Beyond the workplace and healthcare, this shift will require sport organizations – both recreational and professional – to adjust in order to meet the needs and desires of this formidable market.
{"title":"Recreation, Sport and an Aging Population","authors":"Steven R. Carney, H. Walker","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.6-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"America is getting older. The first of the Baby Boom Generation (those born from 1945 to 1964) – 76 million strong – reached the age of retirement in 2011. This mass of people, combined with longer lives and lower birth rates, is changing the demographics of the United States and impacting our society. Between now and 2029, the population over age 65 will increase from 13% of the population to 20%, growing at a rate 7 times faster than the rest of the population. This will not be a temporary shift. Long range estimates are for the percentage of the total population over the age of 65 to remain above 20% for the next 50 years. Dire forecasts are already being heard for the long-term sustainability of Social Security and Medicare and the impact on economic growth and businesses from the retirement of skilled workers. Beyond the workplace and healthcare, this shift will require sport organizations – both recreational and professional – to adjust in order to meet the needs and desires of this formidable market.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89273641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electric racing series of Formula E is the motor sport‟s governing body‟s latest initiative to promote and generate more sustainable transport. The question remains however if its attempt to go “green” is simply a smokescreen for yet another commodity spectacle. By means of a mixed method approach, this study investigates the selfrepresentation of Formula E in relation to environmental sustainability and factors of commodification. Results suggest that Formula E makes use of marketing and educational advantages that come with adopting an environmentally sustainable approach to motor sport. Although this means Formula E does not escape the grasp of commodification, much like Formula One, it also implies that, probably for the first time ever, motor sport has taken a significant initiative to become more environmentally and socially sustainable.
{"title":"Towards an Understanding of Side-Lining Environmental Sustainability in Formula E: Traditional Values and the Emergence of eSports","authors":"Timothy Robeers, H. V. D. Bulck","doi":"10.30958/AJSPO.5-4-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJSPO.5-4-7","url":null,"abstract":"The electric racing series of Formula E is the motor sport‟s governing body‟s latest initiative to promote and generate more sustainable transport. The question remains however if its attempt to go “green” is simply a smokescreen for yet another commodity spectacle. By means of a mixed method approach, this study investigates the selfrepresentation of Formula E in relation to environmental sustainability and factors of commodification. Results suggest that Formula E makes use of marketing and educational advantages that come with adopting an environmentally sustainable approach to motor sport. Although this means Formula E does not escape the grasp of commodification, much like Formula One, it also implies that, probably for the first time ever, motor sport has taken a significant initiative to become more environmentally and socially sustainable.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87560473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Video drones not only offer new perspectives but also an extension of the ways in which stories can be told in sports and event communication can be operated. On the one hand perceptual psychological mechanisms, which are already well-known from the production of films (such as, for example, the power and overview suggestive from the top to bottom view), have an effect. On the other hand, the view from the top of a sports event also provides new information that cannot be generated otherwise and whose use significantly changes the staging of sports, sports reporting and sports training. On selected examples from different sports we show that the exploitation of surplus values in the sense mentioned above does not only depend on the increased camera position. Rather it is crucial to capture and understand the domain-specific peculiarities of a sport in order to profitably exploit the freedom degrees of a drone deployment, taking into account the respective profile of requirements and the intended communication target. It is a question of whether a sporting event should unfold below a drone hovering on a fixed position or the drone should follow an athlete or an overall situation. It depends on the extent and distance of the drone deployment, whether and in which angle a movement path is crossed or an event is encircled, etc. An up-to-date education in media management as well as in sports journalism must not only enable students to tap and understand the profile of requirements in sports and their concretization in the competition but also to take into account the possibilities of communication extended with the use of video drones as well as for spectators, for a live audience and for media-mediated communication. In doing so, aesthetic, journalistic and economic aspects must be taken into account as well as dataand security-legal concerns and psychological effects.
{"title":"Drones in Academic Apprenticeship. Regarding to Expectations and Consequences for an Up-To-Date Education in Sports Journalism and Media Management","authors":"Andreas Hebbel-Seeger, Thomas Horky","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.5-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.5-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"Video drones not only offer new perspectives but also an extension of the ways in which stories can be told in sports and event communication can be operated. On the one hand perceptual psychological mechanisms, which are already well-known from the production of films (such as, for example, the power and overview suggestive from the top to bottom view), have an effect. On the other hand, the view from the top of a sports event also provides new information that cannot be generated otherwise and whose use significantly changes the staging of sports, sports reporting and sports training. On selected examples from different sports we show that the exploitation of surplus values in the sense mentioned above does not only depend on the increased camera position. Rather it is crucial to capture and understand the domain-specific peculiarities of a sport in order to profitably exploit the freedom degrees of a drone deployment, taking into account the respective profile of requirements and the intended communication target. It is a question of whether a sporting event should unfold below a drone hovering on a fixed position or the drone should follow an athlete or an overall situation. It depends on the extent and distance of the drone deployment, whether and in which angle a movement path is crossed or an event is encircled, etc. An up-to-date education in media management as well as in sports journalism must not only enable students to tap and understand the profile of requirements in sports and their concretization in the competition but also to take into account the possibilities of communication extended with the use of video drones as well as for spectators, for a live audience and for media-mediated communication. In doing so, aesthetic, journalistic and economic aspects must be taken into account as well as dataand security-legal concerns and psychological effects.","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89832925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sports journalism has been characterized by a series of ethical deficiencies that have challenged the normative standards of the profession. These widespread questionable practices include the blurring of the frontiers between journalistic genres; the pervasiveness of rumour; sensationalism; the use of warlike language; the inequalities in relation to gender, race and disability and the lack of variation in the news sources employed. All these ethical shortcomings have diminished the credibility of the professionals working in the sports journalism field. To address these ethical shortcomings, sports journalists must gain awareness of their accountability to answer for their practice to society at large. Accountability instruments can play an invaluable role in offering guidance and helping journalists and users monitor and criticize the quality of sports content. Thus far, the majority of studies on accountability have focused on the description of traditional and innovative tools but no study to date has provided a map of the existing instruments in sports journalism. To fill this gap, the objective of this investigation has been to identify and analyse the most relevant accountability instruments in sports journalism. The fieldwork consisted of monitoring the internet during a timeframe of 18 months (October 2015 – March 2017) to locate the most relevant instruments in the field. Once these were identified, the researchers proceeded to examine them using the qualitative content analysis technique. Among the instruments that have been implemented within companies, we highlight the ones produced inside the media (inhouse stylebooks promoted by major sports media, recommendations for sports journalists in news agencies and general information outlets, ombudsmen and online chats), and instruments produced outside media companies (external codes, recommendations issued by key stakeholders in the world of sport, the largest publications related to media criticism, as well as several scholars’ and citizens’ blogs).All these instruments are compiled on the platform “Accountable Sports Journalism”. 1
{"title":"Accountable Sports Journalism: Creating a Gateway to Showcase Ethical Codes, Stylebooks, Ombudsmen and Beyond","authors":"José Luis Rojas Torrijos, Xavier Ramon-Vegas","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.5-4-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.5-4-8","url":null,"abstract":"Sports journalism has been characterized by a series of ethical deficiencies that have challenged the normative standards of the profession. These widespread questionable practices include the blurring of the frontiers between journalistic genres; the pervasiveness of rumour; sensationalism; the use of warlike language; the inequalities in relation to gender, race and disability and the lack of variation in the news sources employed. All these ethical shortcomings have diminished the credibility of the professionals working in the sports journalism field. To address these ethical shortcomings, sports journalists must gain awareness of their accountability to answer for their practice to society at large. Accountability instruments can play an invaluable role in offering guidance and helping journalists and users monitor and criticize the quality of sports content. Thus far, the majority of studies on accountability have focused on the description of traditional and innovative tools but no study to date has provided a map of the existing instruments in sports journalism. To fill this gap, the objective of this investigation has been to identify and analyse the most relevant accountability instruments in sports journalism. The fieldwork consisted of monitoring the internet during a timeframe of 18 months (October 2015 – March 2017) to locate the most relevant instruments in the field. Once these were identified, the researchers proceeded to examine them using the qualitative content analysis technique. Among the instruments that have been implemented within companies, we highlight the ones produced inside the media (inhouse stylebooks promoted by major sports media, recommendations for sports journalists in news agencies and general information outlets, ombudsmen and online chats), and instruments produced outside media companies (external codes, recommendations issued by key stakeholders in the world of sport, the largest publications related to media criticism, as well as several scholars’ and citizens’ blogs).All these instruments are compiled on the platform “Accountable Sports Journalism”. 1","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84143599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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