F. Nourbakhsh, Samaneh Borooni, E. Tajbakhsh, Dana Daneshmand
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile bacilli and is a common cause of a wide range of infections in humans and animals. In addition, it is one of the most prevalent enteric bacteria responsible for up to 10% of all nosocomial infections and is also involved in pneumonia and urinary tract infections causing severe morbidity and mortality (1). A recent report is also available regarding the highly invasive K. pneumoniae that causes primary liver abscesses in humans (2). These invasive, abscess forming strains of K. pneumoniae are associated with the so-called hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype, which is a bacterial colony trait identified by a positive string test. The HMV phenotype is found in K. pneumoniae expressing either the capsular serotypes K1 or K2. The K1 serotypes of K. pneumoniae have 2 potentially important genes of rmpA and magA. The first one is a transcriptional activator of colanic acid biosynthesis and the second one encodes a 43-kD outer membrane protein (3,). Further, the serotype capsules of K1 and K2 can cause intense diseases and based on the studies on these serotypes, magA and rmpA genes, related to HMV “in charge of the positive synthesis of outsidecapsule polysaccharide” are both useful tools in knowing such serotypes (4,5). Most K. pneumoniae isolates have a chromosomally encoded SHV-1 β-lactamase (6). Since 1983, plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) derived from the TEM and SHV families have been extensively reported in some Gram-positive bacilli such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae, especially in Klebsiella spp. (7). Furthermore, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant K. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection
{"title":"Frequency and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From Wound Samples in Isfahan, Iran","authors":"F. Nourbakhsh, Samaneh Borooni, E. Tajbakhsh, Dana Daneshmand","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2020.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2020.09","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile bacilli and is a common cause of a wide range of infections in humans and animals. In addition, it is one of the most prevalent enteric bacteria responsible for up to 10% of all nosocomial infections and is also involved in pneumonia and urinary tract infections causing severe morbidity and mortality (1). A recent report is also available regarding the highly invasive K. pneumoniae that causes primary liver abscesses in humans (2). These invasive, abscess forming strains of K. pneumoniae are associated with the so-called hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype, which is a bacterial colony trait identified by a positive string test. The HMV phenotype is found in K. pneumoniae expressing either the capsular serotypes K1 or K2. The K1 serotypes of K. pneumoniae have 2 potentially important genes of rmpA and magA. The first one is a transcriptional activator of colanic acid biosynthesis and the second one encodes a 43-kD outer membrane protein (3,). Further, the serotype capsules of K1 and K2 can cause intense diseases and based on the studies on these serotypes, magA and rmpA genes, related to HMV “in charge of the positive synthesis of outsidecapsule polysaccharide” are both useful tools in knowing such serotypes (4,5). Most K. pneumoniae isolates have a chromosomally encoded SHV-1 β-lactamase (6). Since 1983, plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) derived from the TEM and SHV families have been extensively reported in some Gram-positive bacilli such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae, especially in Klebsiella spp. (7). Furthermore, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant K. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80180015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gharekhani, M. Yakhchali, Reza Khaltabadi-Farahani
BackgroundNeosporosis is considered as a ubiquitous disease in Iran and other countries. This research was expected to determine the prevalence and related risk factors of Neospora caninum in household dogs in Hamadan Municipality, Iran.MethodsA total of 184 whole blood was evaluated for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All seropositive animals were affirmed by molecular techniques.ResultsBased on serology and molecular methods, N. caninum infection was detected in 4.9% (95% CI = 4.9 ± 3.1%) of animals. In addition, the highest infection rate was significantly recognized in female dogs (57.1%) with under 6 months old (54.4%). Additionally, the clinical signs of neosporosis were observed in 2 out of 4 positive dogs (P 0.05) with breeding, food regime, housing, and direct contact with infected animals.ConclusionsIn general, the serological and molecular outcomes were parallel together. It was concluded that this is a universal assessment of risk factors related to N. caninum in Iranian house dogs for the first time.
在伊朗和其他国家，新孢子虫病被认为是一种普遍存在的疾病。本研究旨在确定伊朗哈马丹市家庭犬中犬新孢子虫的流行情况和相关危险因素。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对184例全血进行检测。所有血清阳性动物均采用分子技术进行确认。结果血清学和分子检测结果显示，4.9% (95% CI = 4.9±3.1%)的动物检出犬奈尔菌感染。此外，感染率最高的是母犬(57.1%)和6月龄以下犬(54.4%)。此外，4只阳性犬中有2只出现新孢子病的临床症状(P < 0.05)，与饲养、饮食方式、住房和与感染动物直接接触有关。结论血清学指标与分子指标基本一致。结果表明，这是首次对伊朗家犬中犬奈瑟菌相关危险因素进行普遍评估。
{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated to Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatidae) in Pet Dogs From Hamadan, West of Iran, 2016","authors":"J. Gharekhani, M. Yakhchali, Reza Khaltabadi-Farahani","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.04","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundNeosporosis is considered as a ubiquitous disease in Iran and other countries. This research was expected to determine the prevalence and related risk factors of Neospora caninum in household dogs in Hamadan Municipality, Iran.MethodsA total of 184 whole blood was evaluated for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All seropositive animals were affirmed by molecular techniques.ResultsBased on serology and molecular methods, N. caninum infection was detected in 4.9% (95% CI = 4.9 ± 3.1%) of animals. In addition, the highest infection rate was significantly recognized in female dogs (57.1%) with under 6 months old (54.4%). Additionally, the clinical signs of neosporosis were observed in 2 out of 4 positive dogs (P 0.05) with breeding, food regime, housing, and direct contact with infected animals.ConclusionsIn general, the serological and molecular outcomes were parallel together. It was concluded that this is a universal assessment of risk factors related to N. caninum in Iranian house dogs for the first time.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"42 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73483009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arash Hasannezhad, Zahra Rezaie, Z. Kiani, A. Abolghazi
BackgroundMoney is one of the most commonly used microbial carriers. Parasites are no exception to this rule. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the presence of parasitic species in paper money collected from various sources in Fars Province and suggesting ways to improve community health.MethodsIn this study, banknotes were randomly collected from people from different rural and urban areas of Fars province between March 2018 and November 2019. In addition, these banknotes were gathered from various sources including butchers, bakers, supermarkets, gas stations, and vegetable shops and stored at Diluted Water (DW). Then, they were extracted from the water and the solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm. The surface water was drained and expanded from the remaining materials, stained with Giemsa color, and finally, observed under a microscope.ResultsIn the urban areas, 2 (3.7%), 22 (40.7%), 8 (14.8%), 4 (7.4%), 4 (7.4%), 12 (22.3%), and 2 (3.7%) contaminations were related to Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, unknown larvae, and Hymenolepis nana, respectively. In the rural areas, 4 (11.7%), 8 (23.5%), 6 (17.6%), 2 (5.8%), 4 (11.7%), and 10 (29.4%) infections were related to Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, and to unknown larvae, respectively.ConclusionsAccording to the results, hand hygiene is important for promoting community health since hands are largely in contact with money.
{"title":"Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Paper Money in Fars Province of Iran","authors":"Arash Hasannezhad, Zahra Rezaie, Z. Kiani, A. Abolghazi","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.05","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundMoney is one of the most commonly used microbial carriers. Parasites are no exception to this rule. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the presence of parasitic species in paper money collected from various sources in Fars Province and suggesting ways to improve community health.MethodsIn this study, banknotes were randomly collected from people from different rural and urban areas of Fars province between March 2018 and November 2019. In addition, these banknotes were gathered from various sources including butchers, bakers, supermarkets, gas stations, and vegetable shops and stored at Diluted Water (DW). Then, they were extracted from the water and the solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm. The surface water was drained and expanded from the remaining materials, stained with Giemsa color, and finally, observed under a microscope.ResultsIn the urban areas, 2 (3.7%), 22 (40.7%), 8 (14.8%), 4 (7.4%), 4 (7.4%), 12 (22.3%), and 2 (3.7%) contaminations were related to Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, unknown larvae, and Hymenolepis nana, respectively. In the rural areas, 4 (11.7%), 8 (23.5%), 6 (17.6%), 2 (5.8%), 4 (11.7%), and 10 (29.4%) infections were related to Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, and to unknown larvae, respectively.ConclusionsAccording to the results, hand hygiene is important for promoting community health since hands are largely in contact with money.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"59 1","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73676246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hussein, I. Naqid, Z. S. M. Saleem, Dildar H. Musa, Naswan Ibrahim
{"title":"The Impact of Breaching Lockdown on the Spread of COVID-19 in Kurdistan Region, Iraq","authors":"N. Hussein, I. Naqid, Z. S. M. Saleem, Dildar H. Musa, Naswan Ibrahim","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90150352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Beyzaei, Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S. Najafi, Fahime Heidari Sadegh
Background: New antimicrobial agents must be designed and synthesized for treating infectious diseases. In this study, antibacterial and antifungal activities of 6 potassium dithiocarbamates including three newly synthesized products were assessed on 10 bacterial and 3 fungal pathogens. Methods: To this end, some benzhydrazine derivatives were reacted with carbon disulfide to afford dithiocarbamates, followed by applying diethyl ether and potassium hydroxide as solvent and base. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, the minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration values. Results: The chemical structure of all synthesized dithiocarbamates were characterized with 1 H-, 13C-NMR (hydrogen-1 and 13-carbon nuclear magnetic resonance) and Fourier-transform infrared spectra. A variety of inhibitory effects was observed by the synthesized salts. Most synthetic dithiocarbamates affected bacterial strains and could efficiently block the proliferation of pathogenic fungi. Conclusions: In general, prepared dithiocarbamates as potent chelating agents are able to interact with cell wall sulfur-containing compounds and the essential enzymes of microorganisms. In addition, the design of new hydrazine-based ligands and their corresponding complexes in future research can improve therapeutic properties. The evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of synthesized dithiocarbamates can also help their antimicrobial usages. Thus, these sulfur-rich and water-soluble salts are potential agents for combating plant pests.
{"title":"Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Potassium Salts of Benzhydrazine Dithiocarbamates","authors":"H. Beyzaei, Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S. Najafi, Fahime Heidari Sadegh","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2020.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2020.03","url":null,"abstract":"Background: New antimicrobial agents must be designed and synthesized for treating infectious diseases. In this study, antibacterial and antifungal activities of 6 potassium dithiocarbamates including three newly synthesized products were assessed on 10 bacterial and 3 fungal pathogens. Methods: To this end, some benzhydrazine derivatives were reacted with carbon disulfide to afford dithiocarbamates, followed by applying diethyl ether and potassium hydroxide as solvent and base. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, the minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration values. Results: The chemical structure of all synthesized dithiocarbamates were characterized with 1 H-, 13C-NMR (hydrogen-1 and 13-carbon nuclear magnetic resonance) and Fourier-transform infrared spectra. A variety of inhibitory effects was observed by the synthesized salts. Most synthetic dithiocarbamates affected bacterial strains and could efficiently block the proliferation of pathogenic fungi. Conclusions: In general, prepared dithiocarbamates as potent chelating agents are able to interact with cell wall sulfur-containing compounds and the essential enzymes of microorganisms. In addition, the design of new hydrazine-based ligands and their corresponding complexes in future research can improve therapeutic properties. The evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of synthesized dithiocarbamates can also help their antimicrobial usages. Thus, these sulfur-rich and water-soluble salts are potential agents for combating plant pests.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"1 1","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89428790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Safi, Laila Al-Hallab, Rasha Al-Abras, Marwa Khawajkiah, Heba Kherbik, A. Al-Mariri
Background and ObjectiveAcinetobacter baumannii is considered as a main opportunistic pathogen in hospitals and exhibit high resistance against most antibiotic groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of some antibiotics and essential oils against this bacterium, in vitro.Materials and MethodsTwo hundred and one clinical samples were collected from the Children’s Hospital of Damascus. The polymerase chain reaction was conducted to identify the genus and type of bacteria. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibiotics and essential oils, including Thymus syriacus, Origanum syriacum, Citrus aurantium, Cinnamomum verum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cupressus macrocarpa, Myristica fragrans, Biota orientalis, and Zingiber officinale, were investigated on Luria-Bertani broth agar.ResultsFifty-nine isolates of A. baumannii were identified and the results showed that the DNA fragments of 16S rRNA and the blaOXA-51_like gene were approximately equal to 280 bp and 350 bp, respectively. In addition, most effective antibiotics against 50% of bacteria in each isolate of A. baumannii were rifampicin, linezolid, and levofloxacin whereas most effective essential oils included Cupressus macrocarpa, Citrus aurantium, Myristica fragrans, and Biota orientalis.
{"title":"Efficacy of Some Antibiotics and Essential Oils Against Acinetobacter baumannii: An in Vitro Study","authors":"M. Safi, Laila Al-Hallab, Rasha Al-Abras, Marwa Khawajkiah, Heba Kherbik, A. Al-Mariri","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.01","url":null,"abstract":"Background and ObjectiveAcinetobacter baumannii is considered as a main opportunistic pathogen in hospitals and exhibit high resistance against most antibiotic groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of some antibiotics and essential oils against this bacterium, in vitro.Materials and MethodsTwo hundred and one clinical samples were collected from the Children’s Hospital of Damascus. The polymerase chain reaction was conducted to identify the genus and type of bacteria. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibiotics and essential oils, including Thymus syriacus, Origanum syriacum, Citrus aurantium, Cinnamomum verum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cupressus macrocarpa, Myristica fragrans, Biota orientalis, and Zingiber officinale, were investigated on Luria-Bertani broth agar.ResultsFifty-nine isolates of A. baumannii were identified and the results showed that the DNA fragments of 16S rRNA and the blaOXA-51_like gene were approximately equal to 280 bp and 350 bp, respectively. In addition, most effective antibiotics against 50% of bacteria in each isolate of A. baumannii were rifampicin, linezolid, and levofloxacin whereas most effective essential oils included Cupressus macrocarpa, Citrus aurantium, Myristica fragrans, and Biota orientalis.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"120 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73008967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zana Sidiq Mohammed Saleem, I. Naqid, N. Hussein, Sidrah Mohammad, Jajeen Shaaban Noaman, Rajeen Salih Haji, Vin Ahmed Haji, Zainnab Muhsin Hussein, P. Mohammed
Background and aimHepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections are considered as major global public health concerns. Chronic infections may lead to liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and on regular hemodialysis in Duhok located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Duhok, Iraq between January 2019 and October 2019. During this period, a total of 143 patients within the age range of 9-72 years old with ESKD visited the Duhok dialysis center for regular hemodialysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to test HBV and HCV positivity and then HBV viral load was tested by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Finally, HCV positivity was confirmed by the Xpert HCV quantification assay.ResultsAmong the recruited samples, 5 out of 143 (3.49%) patients were positive for HBV while HBV viral load for those patients was undetected. On the other hand, 3/143 (2.1%) patients tested positive for HCV Ab. All these 3 patients were also confirmed positive by the RT-PCR.ConclusionsESKD patients on regular analysis showed a low prevalence of HBV and HCV in the Duhok dialysis center. An effective infection control program, vaccination, and treatment of HCV make the elimination of HBV and HCV feasible in such a group
{"title":"The Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Regular Hemodialysis in Duhok, Iraq: A Brief Report","authors":"Zana Sidiq Mohammed Saleem, I. Naqid, N. Hussein, Sidrah Mohammad, Jajeen Shaaban Noaman, Rajeen Salih Haji, Vin Ahmed Haji, Zainnab Muhsin Hussein, P. Mohammed","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.06","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aimHepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections are considered as major global public health concerns. Chronic infections may lead to liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and on regular hemodialysis in Duhok located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Duhok, Iraq between January 2019 and October 2019. During this period, a total of 143 patients within the age range of 9-72 years old with ESKD visited the Duhok dialysis center for regular hemodialysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to test HBV and HCV positivity and then HBV viral load was tested by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Finally, HCV positivity was confirmed by the Xpert HCV quantification assay.ResultsAmong the recruited samples, 5 out of 143 (3.49%) patients were positive for HBV while HBV viral load for those patients was undetected. On the other hand, 3/143 (2.1%) patients tested positive for HCV Ab. All these 3 patients were also confirmed positive by the RT-PCR.ConclusionsESKD patients on regular analysis showed a low prevalence of HBV and HCV in the Duhok dialysis center. An effective infection control program, vaccination, and treatment of HCV make the elimination of HBV and HCV feasible in such a group","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"139 1","pages":"31-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86541030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BackgroundNatural products derived from medicinal plants are a major source of drug preparation and the main basis for the development of pharmaceutical leads. We have aimed at investigating in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Citrus medica L. against a number of human pathogenic bacteria.MethodsThe plant samples of C. medica L were collected from Ramsar province, Iran. The gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae were prepared from Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. Agar diffusion assay was applied, and the antioxidant properties of extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as some compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, and tannin were further analyzed.ResultsResults indicated that C. medica extracts possessed antibacterial activity, and that root, seed, and leaf exhibited the highest activities against human pathogens, especially M. luteus. Roots contained the highest total phenolics (106.1 mgGA/g), while leaves contained the highest total flavonoids (3.24 mgQ/g). Leaf methanol extract also contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins.ConclusionsThe antibacterial activities of C. medica extracts could be explained by synthesizing such compounds. Moreover, seed and root extracts of C. medica showed strong radical scavenging activities
{"title":"Investigation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Citrus medica L Extract on Human Pathogenic Bacteria","authors":"Mohadeseh Shojaemehr, M. Alamholo, J. Soltani","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2020.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2020.02","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundNatural products derived from medicinal plants are a major source of drug preparation and the main basis for the development of pharmaceutical leads. We have aimed at investigating in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Citrus medica L. against a number of human pathogenic bacteria.MethodsThe plant samples of C. medica L were collected from Ramsar province, Iran. The gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae were prepared from Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. Agar diffusion assay was applied, and the antioxidant properties of extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as some compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, and tannin were further analyzed.ResultsResults indicated that C. medica extracts possessed antibacterial activity, and that root, seed, and leaf exhibited the highest activities against human pathogens, especially M. luteus. Roots contained the highest total phenolics (106.1 mgGA/g), while leaves contained the highest total flavonoids (3.24 mgQ/g). Leaf methanol extract also contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins.ConclusionsThe antibacterial activities of C. medica extracts could be explained by synthesizing such compounds. Moreover, seed and root extracts of C. medica showed strong radical scavenging activities","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"34 4 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83760781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens that produces a wide range of toxins and causes various diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxin is the most common cause of food poisoning. In addition, S. aureus enterotoxins are classified into 18 serotypes A to U based on serological and biological properties. Methods: The samples were isolated from clinical specimens and identified by routine bacteriological methods. The isolated S. aureus was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the genes encoding SEA and SEA. Results: Based on the PCR results, 3 isolates possessed the enterotoxins B (SEB) gene while none of them showed enterotoxins A (SEA) gene. Conclusions: The obtained results revealed that the clinical samples might be a potential source of the enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Frequency of Enterotoxin A (SEA) and Enterotoxin B (SEB) Genes in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Rafsanjan, Iran","authors":"Afsaneh Mozafarianari, A. Kariminik, M. Tashakori","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2019.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2019.21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens that produces a wide range of toxins and causes various diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxin is the most common cause of food poisoning. In addition, S. aureus enterotoxins are classified into 18 serotypes A to U based on serological and biological properties. Methods: The samples were isolated from clinical specimens and identified by routine bacteriological methods. The isolated S. aureus was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the genes encoding SEA and SEA. Results: Based on the PCR results, 3 isolates possessed the enterotoxins B (SEB) gene while none of them showed enterotoxins A (SEA) gene. Conclusions: The obtained results revealed that the clinical samples might be a potential source of the enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"39 1","pages":"118-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88871220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omid Pouresmaeil, H. Zandi, D. Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Sahel Safaei, M. Fatahi-Bafghi, M. Vakili
Enterococci are gram-positive bacteria and the source of recurrent nosocomial infections with high levels of antibiotic resistance (1), of which we can name resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, monobactams, penicillinase resistance penicillins, and most importantly, vancomycin (2). Between 85% to 90% of the enterococci infections are caused by Enterococcus faecium (2), and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin is an antibiotic, which can be useful for treating enterococcal infections (1). M phenotype refers to a resistance mechanism to macrolides (such as erythromycin) and includes activedrug efflux pumps that are encoded by mef genes (3,4). For the first time, bacterial antibiotic efflux was reported in 1970 (3). The presence of mef genes have been reported in previous studies (6). In the current study, we reported mefE gene in E. faecium ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 51559. Acinetobacter baumannii is a gramnegative bacterium that has turned into a great concern in the health care centers especially in intensive care units (4). The name Acinetobacter is originated from akinetos, a Greek word meaning non-motile (4). A. baumannii is a member of “ESKAPE” (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) group which consist of multi-drug resistant organisms (4). It is one of the important causes of nosocomial infections (5). Among these multi-drug resistance traits, chromosomal AmpC, a non-inducible cephalosporinase, was already reported in A. baumannii genome (4). In this study, we reported AmpC resistance gene in A. baumannii ATCC 19606. The mentioned ATCC bacteria, which were isolated from clinical samples for the first time (6,7), were bought commercially. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were followed for the determination of resistance phenotypes (8). Suspensions of both A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and E. faecium ATCC 51559 were prepared with an opacity equivalent to 0.5 McFarland solution, and subsequently cultured on separate Mueller-Hinton agar plates. An ampicillin (10 μg) disc was used to check the phenotypic resistance in A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and an erythromycin (15 μg) disc for E. faecium ATCC 51559. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35 ̊C. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used for the quality control of both discs. Both A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and E. faecium ATCC 51559 exhibited resistance to the above-mentioned antibiotic discs as shown in Figure 1. In the next step, DNA was extracted using boiling method (9); a loopful of each bacterium was suspended in 1 mL of distilled water and boiled for 15 minutes. Then each microtube was centrifuged at 15 000 g for 10 minutes. The DNA containing supernatants were used for PCR. The primers F: 5’-CAATATGGGCAGGGCAAG-3’ and R: 5’-AAGCTGTTCCAATGCTACGG-3’ were utilized for MefE gene detection (10), and the primers F: 5’TAAACACCACATATGTTCCG-3’ and R: 5’ACTTA
{"title":"Molecular Identification of MefE and AmpC Resistance Genes in ATCC Bacteria","authors":"Omid Pouresmaeil, H. Zandi, D. Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Sahel Safaei, M. Fatahi-Bafghi, M. Vakili","doi":"10.34172/AJCMI.2019.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/AJCMI.2019.26","url":null,"abstract":"Enterococci are gram-positive bacteria and the source of recurrent nosocomial infections with high levels of antibiotic resistance (1), of which we can name resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, monobactams, penicillinase resistance penicillins, and most importantly, vancomycin (2). Between 85% to 90% of the enterococci infections are caused by Enterococcus faecium (2), and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin is an antibiotic, which can be useful for treating enterococcal infections (1). M phenotype refers to a resistance mechanism to macrolides (such as erythromycin) and includes activedrug efflux pumps that are encoded by mef genes (3,4). For the first time, bacterial antibiotic efflux was reported in 1970 (3). The presence of mef genes have been reported in previous studies (6). In the current study, we reported mefE gene in E. faecium ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 51559. Acinetobacter baumannii is a gramnegative bacterium that has turned into a great concern in the health care centers especially in intensive care units (4). The name Acinetobacter is originated from akinetos, a Greek word meaning non-motile (4). A. baumannii is a member of “ESKAPE” (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) group which consist of multi-drug resistant organisms (4). It is one of the important causes of nosocomial infections (5). Among these multi-drug resistance traits, chromosomal AmpC, a non-inducible cephalosporinase, was already reported in A. baumannii genome (4). In this study, we reported AmpC resistance gene in A. baumannii ATCC 19606. The mentioned ATCC bacteria, which were isolated from clinical samples for the first time (6,7), were bought commercially. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were followed for the determination of resistance phenotypes (8). Suspensions of both A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and E. faecium ATCC 51559 were prepared with an opacity equivalent to 0.5 McFarland solution, and subsequently cultured on separate Mueller-Hinton agar plates. An ampicillin (10 μg) disc was used to check the phenotypic resistance in A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and an erythromycin (15 μg) disc for E. faecium ATCC 51559. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35 ̊C. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used for the quality control of both discs. Both A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and E. faecium ATCC 51559 exhibited resistance to the above-mentioned antibiotic discs as shown in Figure 1. In the next step, DNA was extracted using boiling method (9); a loopful of each bacterium was suspended in 1 mL of distilled water and boiled for 15 minutes. Then each microtube was centrifuged at 15 000 g for 10 minutes. The DNA containing supernatants were used for PCR. The primers F: 5’-CAATATGGGCAGGGCAAG-3’ and R: 5’-AAGCTGTTCCAATGCTACGG-3’ were utilized for MefE gene detection (10), and the primers F: 5’TAAACACCACATATGTTCCG-3’ and R: 5’ACTTA","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"126 1","pages":"142-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89614343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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