S. Fatima, Mustafeed Uddin, P.L. Tapasya Rao, S. Rao
Aim: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common infection acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU). Bacteriological profiles cause VAP and their susceptibility patterns vary in different institutions. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from June 2017 to May 2018 in a tertiary care hospital as per the recent NHSN guidelines in finding the incidence of VAP and further determining the etiological agents by both conventional and automated methods. The combination disk method (Phenotypic confirmatory test), ampicillin C (AmpC) disk test, modified carbapenem inactivation method, imipenem/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid combined disc test, and cefoxitin disk test were performed for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamases, carbapenemases, metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Results: Among 104 patients, 31 cases developed PVAP (possible VAP) during their ICU stay; of these cases, two patients had two episodes of VAP each, and the incidence of VAP was 32%. The most common isolate was Acinetobacter baumannii (38%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), and Escherichia coli (13.51%). Twenty (54%) of the 37 VAP pathogens were multidrug resistant. ESBL was produced by 40% and 67% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. MBL was produced by 25% of P. aeruginosa. In addition, AmpC beta-lactamases were produced by 18% each of the Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters, respectively. One of the two S. aureus isolates was methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: The majority of VAP cases in our setting were caused by highly resistant strains. The frequency of specific multidrug resistance pathogens causing VAP may vary due to hospital, patient population, exposure to antibiotics, type of ICU patients, and changes over time, emphasizing the need for timely local surveillance data.
{"title":"Role of Multidrug-resistant Pathogens in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India","authors":"S. Fatima, Mustafeed Uddin, P.L. Tapasya Rao, S. Rao","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.08","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common infection acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU). Bacteriological profiles cause VAP and their susceptibility patterns vary in different institutions. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from June 2017 to May 2018 in a tertiary care hospital as per the recent NHSN guidelines in finding the incidence of VAP and further determining the etiological agents by both conventional and automated methods. The combination disk method (Phenotypic confirmatory test), ampicillin C (AmpC) disk test, modified carbapenem inactivation method, imipenem/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid combined disc test, and cefoxitin disk test were performed for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamases, carbapenemases, metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Results: Among 104 patients, 31 cases developed PVAP (possible VAP) during their ICU stay; of these cases, two patients had two episodes of VAP each, and the incidence of VAP was 32%. The most common isolate was Acinetobacter baumannii (38%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), and Escherichia coli (13.51%). Twenty (54%) of the 37 VAP pathogens were multidrug resistant. ESBL was produced by 40% and 67% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. MBL was produced by 25% of P. aeruginosa. In addition, AmpC beta-lactamases were produced by 18% each of the Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters, respectively. One of the two S. aureus isolates was methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: The majority of VAP cases in our setting were caused by highly resistant strains. The frequency of specific multidrug resistance pathogens causing VAP may vary due to hospital, patient population, exposure to antibiotics, type of ICU patients, and changes over time, emphasizing the need for timely local surveillance data.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84850057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The rapid spread of the virus around the world is raising alarms among scientists to identify vulnerable people who are at greater risk of infection. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in different blood groups. Methods: To find relevant studies, a comprehensive and systematic search was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines in international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar by December 31, 2020. Results: After the audit and exclusion of double and unrelated studies, 19 articles were included in the analysis. The most prevalent blood types in alive patients were A and O which calculated the aggregate prevalence at - 39.06 (95% CI: 36.22-41.94) and 35.60 (95% CI: 32.48-38.79). In addition, patients with blood groups B and AB were less than two other groups. The aggregated/estimated prevalence was 7.72 (95% CI: 5.06-10.88) and 16.23 (95% CI: 12.86-19.91) for AB and B, respectively. The results for the deceased had a similar pattern that was high for blood types A and O. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis validated different prevalence rates of blood group types in patients with COVID-19, confirming that types A and O blood groups are the most prevalent types of deaths and live patients.
{"title":"Prevalent ABO Blood Groups in Alive and Dead COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"A. Emami, F. Javanmardi, A. Akbari, N. Pirbonyeh","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.07","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The rapid spread of the virus around the world is raising alarms among scientists to identify vulnerable people who are at greater risk of infection. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in different blood groups. Methods: To find relevant studies, a comprehensive and systematic search was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines in international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar by December 31, 2020. Results: After the audit and exclusion of double and unrelated studies, 19 articles were included in the analysis. The most prevalent blood types in alive patients were A and O which calculated the aggregate prevalence at - 39.06 (95% CI: 36.22-41.94) and 35.60 (95% CI: 32.48-38.79). In addition, patients with blood groups B and AB were less than two other groups. The aggregated/estimated prevalence was 7.72 (95% CI: 5.06-10.88) and 16.23 (95% CI: 12.86-19.91) for AB and B, respectively. The results for the deceased had a similar pattern that was high for blood types A and O. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis validated different prevalence rates of blood group types in patients with COVID-19, confirming that types A and O blood groups are the most prevalent types of deaths and live patients.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74029548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Eshraghi, R. Norouzi, B. Aghili, Marzieh Hendijani Fard, Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus, is a common human and animal disease that occurs worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of patients with hydatid cyst in surgical cases from 2001 to 2019 in Qom hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Qom province, the center of Iran, from 2001 to 2019. The study population included all cases with hydatid cyst who operated in governmental and private hospitals. The participants’ characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, place of residence, organ involved, clinical signs and, diagnosis and treatment methods were collected using a questionnaire. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 23) software package. Results: The results revealed that 53.21% and 46.79% of patients were females and males, respectively. Most cases were uban residents (57.69%), and 62.18% of them were housewives. Liver involvement was the most common localization of hydatid cysts reported in 73.7% of patients. The main diagnostic procedures were computed tomography scanning and indirect hemagglutination (IHA). Abdominal pain was reported in 62.2% of cases, and the most common treatment method for the disease was surgical (84.6%). Further, recurrence occurred in 13.47% of patients. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the majority of patients with CE were housewives. Therefore, proper washing of fruits and vegetables is very important. To prevent the occurrence of CE, the public awareness level should be increased. In addition, educational programs must be conducted by the Ministry of Health to identify whether the control measures are needed in the high risk population.
{"title":"Epidemiological Characteristics of Patients With Hydatid Cysts in Qom Province Hospitals From 2001 to 2019","authors":"M. Eshraghi, R. Norouzi, B. Aghili, Marzieh Hendijani Fard, Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.06","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus, is a common human and animal disease that occurs worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of patients with hydatid cyst in surgical cases from 2001 to 2019 in Qom hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Qom province, the center of Iran, from 2001 to 2019. The study population included all cases with hydatid cyst who operated in governmental and private hospitals. The participants’ characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, place of residence, organ involved, clinical signs and, diagnosis and treatment methods were collected using a questionnaire. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 23) software package. Results: The results revealed that 53.21% and 46.79% of patients were females and males, respectively. Most cases were uban residents (57.69%), and 62.18% of them were housewives. Liver involvement was the most common localization of hydatid cysts reported in 73.7% of patients. The main diagnostic procedures were computed tomography scanning and indirect hemagglutination (IHA). Abdominal pain was reported in 62.2% of cases, and the most common treatment method for the disease was surgical (84.6%). Further, recurrence occurred in 13.47% of patients. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the majority of patients with CE were housewives. Therefore, proper washing of fruits and vegetables is very important. To prevent the occurrence of CE, the public awareness level should be increased. In addition, educational programs must be conducted by the Ministry of Health to identify whether the control measures are needed in the high risk population.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75860496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Recently, the rate of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter has been reported to be increasing and the mechanism of this resistance has been reported to be related to the activity of efflux pumps. The purpose of this study was to isolate Campylobacter strains from domestic animals such as poultry and cows and evaluate the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance property of them. Methods: A total of 300 fecal samples were collected from poultry and cows and subjected to isolation of Campylobacter by preT-KB method. The isolates were identified and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods and their antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Efflux pump activity in the isolates was assessed by EtBr-agar cartwheel method and the presence of efflux pump cmeABC was evaluated in all isolates. Finally, the correlation between efflux pump activity and antibiotic resistance was evaluated in the isolates using inhibition of efflux pump activity of Phe-Arg β-naphthylamide. Results: Of all samples, 10 (3.3%) Campylobacter strains were isolated. Seven (70%) and three (30%) strains were isolated from poultry and cows, respectively. Of all isolates, 9 belonged to Campylobacter jejuni and 1 belonged to Campylobacter coli. The isolates were resistant to three antibiotics, namely Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Cefotaxime. Efflux pump activity was observed in all isolates; however, cmeABC genes were not present in all of them. In addition, resistance to Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin was associated with efflux pump activity. Conclusions: All Campylobacter isolates in the current study showed antibiotic resistance and the activity of efflux pumps could induce antibiotic resistance and decrease the antibacterial activity of many drug families in Campylobacter. In addition, the activity of efflux pumps can be considered a mechanism of antibiotic resistance and elimination of this activity might increase the effectiveness of antibiotics.
{"title":"The Role of Efflux Pumps in the Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter spp. Isolated From Domestic Animals and Poultry","authors":"Parviz Moradi, M. Baserisalehi","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.05","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Recently, the rate of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter has been reported to be increasing and the mechanism of this resistance has been reported to be related to the activity of efflux pumps. The purpose of this study was to isolate Campylobacter strains from domestic animals such as poultry and cows and evaluate the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance property of them. Methods: A total of 300 fecal samples were collected from poultry and cows and subjected to isolation of Campylobacter by preT-KB method. The isolates were identified and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods and their antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Efflux pump activity in the isolates was assessed by EtBr-agar cartwheel method and the presence of efflux pump cmeABC was evaluated in all isolates. Finally, the correlation between efflux pump activity and antibiotic resistance was evaluated in the isolates using inhibition of efflux pump activity of Phe-Arg β-naphthylamide. Results: Of all samples, 10 (3.3%) Campylobacter strains were isolated. Seven (70%) and three (30%) strains were isolated from poultry and cows, respectively. Of all isolates, 9 belonged to Campylobacter jejuni and 1 belonged to Campylobacter coli. The isolates were resistant to three antibiotics, namely Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Cefotaxime. Efflux pump activity was observed in all isolates; however, cmeABC genes were not present in all of them. In addition, resistance to Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin was associated with efflux pump activity. Conclusions: All Campylobacter isolates in the current study showed antibiotic resistance and the activity of efflux pumps could induce antibiotic resistance and decrease the antibacterial activity of many drug families in Campylobacter. In addition, the activity of efflux pumps can be considered a mechanism of antibiotic resistance and elimination of this activity might increase the effectiveness of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74797390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehdi Mohammadi, M. Khaleghi, Shahriyar Shakeri, M. Askari Hesni, Mohammad Rasoul Samandari-Bahraseman, Ava Dalvand
Background: Actinobacteria are widespread and live in a variety of habitats. Today, these bacteria are very important due to the production of various secondary metabolites with different biological activities. The present study aimed to isolate strains of Actinobacteria from different habitats (the Persian Gulf, Gandom Beryan area in the Lut Desert, and some plant roots). The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolites of these isolates were also investigated. Methods: Samples were taken from water of the Persian Gulf, soil of Gandom Beryan area in the Lut Desert, and plant roots. For isolation of Actinobacteria, samples were cultured in ISP2, ISP4, AIA, Gauze, M1, ISP3, and GYP media. Bacterial strains were identified based on the colony and bacterial morphology and confirmed using the specific primers for Actinobacteria. The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of crude metabolite extracts and supernatant of the isolates were evaluated on MCF-7 and Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 112 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1214 strains. Results: The results showed that the supernatants of 7 isolates (ga31, ez, sa, mar2, rz, ga33, and ga5) and the metabolite extracts of 4 strains (ga31, ga5, rz, and ez) had anticancer activity. Overall, ga31 was the best strain with anticancer activity of more than 75%. When evaluating the antimicrobial activity of bacterial secondary metabolites, we found that only two strains (ga31 and ga5) had antimicrobial activity against S. aureus PTCC 1112. Conclusions: In general, strain ga31, which has high anticancer and antimicrobial activities, could be a good candidate for new trials in the pharmaceutical industry.
{"title":"Isolation of Actinobacteria Strains From Environmental Samples and Assessment of Their Bioactivity","authors":"Mehdi Mohammadi, M. Khaleghi, Shahriyar Shakeri, M. Askari Hesni, Mohammad Rasoul Samandari-Bahraseman, Ava Dalvand","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.03","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Actinobacteria are widespread and live in a variety of habitats. Today, these bacteria are very important due to the production of various secondary metabolites with different biological activities. The present study aimed to isolate strains of Actinobacteria from different habitats (the Persian Gulf, Gandom Beryan area in the Lut Desert, and some plant roots). The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolites of these isolates were also investigated. Methods: Samples were taken from water of the Persian Gulf, soil of Gandom Beryan area in the Lut Desert, and plant roots. For isolation of Actinobacteria, samples were cultured in ISP2, ISP4, AIA, Gauze, M1, ISP3, and GYP media. Bacterial strains were identified based on the colony and bacterial morphology and confirmed using the specific primers for Actinobacteria. The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of crude metabolite extracts and supernatant of the isolates were evaluated on MCF-7 and Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 112 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1214 strains. Results: The results showed that the supernatants of 7 isolates (ga31, ez, sa, mar2, rz, ga33, and ga5) and the metabolite extracts of 4 strains (ga31, ga5, rz, and ez) had anticancer activity. Overall, ga31 was the best strain with anticancer activity of more than 75%. When evaluating the antimicrobial activity of bacterial secondary metabolites, we found that only two strains (ga31 and ga5) had antimicrobial activity against S. aureus PTCC 1112. Conclusions: In general, strain ga31, which has high anticancer and antimicrobial activities, could be a good candidate for new trials in the pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75103182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Yousefimanesh, M. Robati, Atefeh Piri, Azardokht Khosravi Boroujeni, M. Sirous
Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard chemical agent against oral pathogenic bacteria and is widely used for plaque/gingivitis control. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of alcohol-based and alcohol-free CHX mouthwashes on oral microorganisms. Methods: In the present in vitro study, the standard strains of four microorganisms present in the oral cavity were prepared, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei. The serial dilutions of CHX antimicrobial agents were obtained, and the level of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Finally, data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and SPSS-16. Results: The MIC values of 0.12% and 0.2% alcohol-free CHX and 0.2% alcohol-based CHX for S. mutans were 1.17, 0.48, and 0.24 µg/mL, respectively. The MBC values of 0.12% and 0.2% alcohol-free CHX and 0.2% alcohol-based CHX for S. mutans were 18.78, 7.81, and 7.81 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of the tested CHX mouthwashes for S. mutans were significant (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the 0.2% alcohol-based CHX mouthwash had the highest antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria.
{"title":"The Antibacterial Analysis of Alcohol-Free and Alcohol-Based Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes Against Oral Bacteria","authors":"H. Yousefimanesh, M. Robati, Atefeh Piri, Azardokht Khosravi Boroujeni, M. Sirous","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard chemical agent against oral pathogenic bacteria and is widely used for plaque/gingivitis control. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of alcohol-based and alcohol-free CHX mouthwashes on oral microorganisms. Methods: In the present in vitro study, the standard strains of four microorganisms present in the oral cavity were prepared, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei. The serial dilutions of CHX antimicrobial agents were obtained, and the level of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Finally, data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and SPSS-16. Results: The MIC values of 0.12% and 0.2% alcohol-free CHX and 0.2% alcohol-based CHX for S. mutans were 1.17, 0.48, and 0.24 µg/mL, respectively. The MBC values of 0.12% and 0.2% alcohol-free CHX and 0.2% alcohol-based CHX for S. mutans were 18.78, 7.81, and 7.81 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of the tested CHX mouthwashes for S. mutans were significant (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the 0.2% alcohol-based CHX mouthwash had the highest antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80159691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abera Abdeta, A. Bitew, Surafel Fentaw, Estifanos Tsige, D. Assefa, E. Tigabu, T. Lejisa, Yordanos Kefyalew, Ebisa Fekede
Background: Early detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria is critical for infection prevention and control. Numerous phenotypic approaches and automated systems have been developed for detecting ESBL bacteria. However, there is a scarcity of data in Ethiopia regarding the most reliable, simple, and cost-effective methods for detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of three phenotypic approaches for detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. Methods: In this study, 117 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Proteus mirabilis were examined. Cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg) were used for screening ESBL enzymes. A screening breakpoints of≤27 mm and≤22 mm were used for cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg), respectively, as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. All 117 strains were further confirmed by the Vitek 2 compact, double disk synergy, ESBL Epsilometer test, and combined disk method. The combined disk method was adopted as the reference method. Results: Out of 117 isolates, 90 (86%) had zone diameters of≤27 mm and≤22 mm for cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg), respectively. The reference method detected 76 (65%) ESBL isolates out of 117 ones. From among the three techniques (i.e., double disk synergy, Vitek 2 compact, and ESBL Epsilometer test), the double disk synergy method demonstrated overall sensitivity and specificity of 97.4% and 97.6%, respectively. Vitek-2, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime Epsilometer test indicated indeterminate results of 6.8%, 6.8%, and 5.1% respectively. Conclusion: Double disk synergy was found to have the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting ESBL isolates with no indeterminate results.
{"title":"The Diagnostic Capacity of Three Phenotypic Techniques of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Detection","authors":"Abera Abdeta, A. Bitew, Surafel Fentaw, Estifanos Tsige, D. Assefa, E. Tigabu, T. Lejisa, Yordanos Kefyalew, Ebisa Fekede","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.01","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Early detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria is critical for infection prevention and control. Numerous phenotypic approaches and automated systems have been developed for detecting ESBL bacteria. However, there is a scarcity of data in Ethiopia regarding the most reliable, simple, and cost-effective methods for detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of three phenotypic approaches for detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. Methods: In this study, 117 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Proteus mirabilis were examined. Cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg) were used for screening ESBL enzymes. A screening breakpoints of≤27 mm and≤22 mm were used for cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg), respectively, as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. All 117 strains were further confirmed by the Vitek 2 compact, double disk synergy, ESBL Epsilometer test, and combined disk method. The combined disk method was adopted as the reference method. Results: Out of 117 isolates, 90 (86%) had zone diameters of≤27 mm and≤22 mm for cefotaxime (30 µg) and ceftazidime (30 µg), respectively. The reference method detected 76 (65%) ESBL isolates out of 117 ones. From among the three techniques (i.e., double disk synergy, Vitek 2 compact, and ESBL Epsilometer test), the double disk synergy method demonstrated overall sensitivity and specificity of 97.4% and 97.6%, respectively. Vitek-2, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime Epsilometer test indicated indeterminate results of 6.8%, 6.8%, and 5.1% respectively. Conclusion: Double disk synergy was found to have the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting ESBL isolates with no indeterminate results.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77112522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharareh Shamloei, Ali Nabavi-Rad, H. Nazem, A. Yadegar
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state is defined as an adaptive mechanism for microorganisms adjusting to stressful conditions. Although VBNC bacteria are alive and metabolically active, they are unable to grow on routine culture media. Nevertheless, the potential capacity of VBNC pathogens to retain virulence activity and further resuscitate into the culturable state in favorable conditions constitutes a major hazard to food safety and public health. Food processing, transformation, and storage, as well as non-thermal techniques, can provoke pathogens toward VBNC induction. The distinct characteristic of VBNC bacteria led to the emergence of novel culture-independent techniques to prevent the misinterpretation of food safety. To deepen our knowledge of the molecular aspect of the VBNC state, several mechanism-oriented studies investigated the metabolic activity of VBNC bacteria and their correlation with different stressful conditions. This review aims to discuss the molecular mechanisms and genomic factors underlying the induction and resuscitation of the VBNC state. The study will further highlight innovative detection methods to provide a comprehensive perspective for future studies in the emerging fields of research concerning VBNC state, food safety, and public health.
活但不可培养状态(viable but non- culable, VBNC)被定义为微生物适应应激条件的一种适应性机制。虽然VBNC细菌是活的和代谢活跃的，他们不能在常规培养基上生长。然而，VBNC病原体保持毒力活性并在有利条件下进一步复苏到可培养状态的潜在能力构成了对食品安全和公众健康的主要危害。食品加工，转化和储存，以及非热技术，可以激发病原体向VBNC诱导。VBNC细菌的独特特性导致了新的培养独立技术的出现，以防止对食品安全的误解。为了加深我们对VBNC状态的分子方面的认识，一些以机制为导向的研究调查了VBNC细菌的代谢活性及其与不同应激条件的相关性。本文旨在探讨VBNC状态诱导和复苏的分子机制和基因组因素。本研究将进一步强调创新的检测方法，为VBNC状态、食品安全和公共卫生等新兴研究领域的未来研究提供全面的视角。
{"title":"Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable Bacteria in Food Safety and Public Health","authors":"Sharareh Shamloei, Ali Nabavi-Rad, H. Nazem, A. Yadegar","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.02","url":null,"abstract":"The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state is defined as an adaptive mechanism for microorganisms adjusting to stressful conditions. Although VBNC bacteria are alive and metabolically active, they are unable to grow on routine culture media. Nevertheless, the potential capacity of VBNC pathogens to retain virulence activity and further resuscitate into the culturable state in favorable conditions constitutes a major hazard to food safety and public health. Food processing, transformation, and storage, as well as non-thermal techniques, can provoke pathogens toward VBNC induction. The distinct characteristic of VBNC bacteria led to the emergence of novel culture-independent techniques to prevent the misinterpretation of food safety. To deepen our knowledge of the molecular aspect of the VBNC state, several mechanism-oriented studies investigated the metabolic activity of VBNC bacteria and their correlation with different stressful conditions. This review aims to discuss the molecular mechanisms and genomic factors underlying the induction and resuscitation of the VBNC state. The study will further highlight innovative detection methods to provide a comprehensive perspective for future studies in the emerging fields of research concerning VBNC state, food safety, and public health.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79425080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Allami, E. Mohammed, Faten Alazzawi, M. Bahreini
Background: Antibiotic resistance emerged in the pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and became widespread. Moreover, increasing drug resistance has highlighted the need to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern to improve experimental treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacteria causing UTIs and their susceptibility patterns based on the geographical area. Methods: The present study was conducted on outpatients referred to Qal’at Saleh Hospital in Iraq from January 2018 to January 2019. The pathogenic bacteria were detected using API 20E kit. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Of 216 isolates, 87.9% contained gram-negative bacteria and 12.03% contained gram-positive bacteria. In this study, Escherichia coli was identified as the main cause of UTIs. Of all the isolates, 73.61% were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of all isolates showed that amikacin and ciprofloxacin had the highest activity against gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin, amikacin, and levofloxacin had the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions: Due to the widespread resistance to drugs used in the treatment of UTIs, it is difficult to select the appropriate drugs for treating UTIs. UTI affects different age groups; therefore, sufficient knowledge should be transferred to the community to prevent these infections. If urine culture is unavailable, or it is impossible to wait for antibiotic susceptibility testing, Amikacin and Vancomycin might be the best candidates for UTI treatment.
{"title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections in Qal’at Saleh Hospital, Iraq","authors":"M. Allami, E. Mohammed, Faten Alazzawi, M. Bahreini","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotic resistance emerged in the pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and became widespread. Moreover, increasing drug resistance has highlighted the need to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern to improve experimental treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacteria causing UTIs and their susceptibility patterns based on the geographical area. Methods: The present study was conducted on outpatients referred to Qal’at Saleh Hospital in Iraq from January 2018 to January 2019. The pathogenic bacteria were detected using API 20E kit. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Of 216 isolates, 87.9% contained gram-negative bacteria and 12.03% contained gram-positive bacteria. In this study, Escherichia coli was identified as the main cause of UTIs. Of all the isolates, 73.61% were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of all isolates showed that amikacin and ciprofloxacin had the highest activity against gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin, amikacin, and levofloxacin had the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions: Due to the widespread resistance to drugs used in the treatment of UTIs, it is difficult to select the appropriate drugs for treating UTIs. UTI affects different age groups; therefore, sufficient knowledge should be transferred to the community to prevent these infections. If urine culture is unavailable, or it is impossible to wait for antibiotic susceptibility testing, Amikacin and Vancomycin might be the best candidates for UTI treatment.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90766356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: T Microorganisms cause many diseases for the human body such as urinary tract infection and, therefore, it is highly important to eliminate and control them. Bacterial resistance to different types of antibiotics was increased and it is necessary to find alternative agents to eliminate these microbes. Methods: This study aimed was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on some gram-positive bactria, gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the chemical methods, coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and prepared in different concentrations (0.098, 0.196, 0.392, 0.784, 1.568, and 3.136 mg/mL). Eventually, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) were applied to investigate the effect of TiO2 NPs on microorganisms. Results: According to the study results, the MICs of TiO2 NPs were found to be 1.489, 1.208, and 1.166 mg/ mL for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae as the Gram-negative bacteria, respectively; and they were discovered to be 0.512, 0.830, and 0.707 mg/mL for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis as the Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. As for C. albicans, as the yeast strain, MIC was 0.253 mg/ mL. The MBIC of more than 90% of TiO2 NPs was 6.25 mg/mL for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial types and 1.562 mg/mL for C. albicans. Conclusions: It was concluded that TiO2 NPs were effective antimicrobial agents for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and C. albicans, but their inhibitory effect on yeast was greater than that of bacteria.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Potential of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Urinary Tract Infections: An Experimental Study on the Growth Inhibitory Activity and Biofilm Inhibition","authors":"Sabar Jabbar Shawkat, K. Chehri","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: T Microorganisms cause many diseases for the human body such as urinary tract infection and, therefore, it is highly important to eliminate and control them. Bacterial resistance to different types of antibiotics was increased and it is necessary to find alternative agents to eliminate these microbes. Methods: This study aimed was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on some gram-positive bactria, gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the chemical methods, coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and prepared in different concentrations (0.098, 0.196, 0.392, 0.784, 1.568, and 3.136 mg/mL). Eventually, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) were applied to investigate the effect of TiO2 NPs on microorganisms. Results: According to the study results, the MICs of TiO2 NPs were found to be 1.489, 1.208, and 1.166 mg/ mL for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae as the Gram-negative bacteria, respectively; and they were discovered to be 0.512, 0.830, and 0.707 mg/mL for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis as the Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. As for C. albicans, as the yeast strain, MIC was 0.253 mg/ mL. The MBIC of more than 90% of TiO2 NPs was 6.25 mg/mL for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial types and 1.562 mg/mL for C. albicans. Conclusions: It was concluded that TiO2 NPs were effective antimicrobial agents for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and C. albicans, but their inhibitory effect on yeast was greater than that of bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75333622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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