Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1
S. Esmaeili, F. Taremian, Mazaher Rezaei, N. Vousooghi, Hosein Mostafavi
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Matrix, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and cognitive modification treatments could lead to numerous psychological improvements in patients suffering from substance use disorders. Previous research has shown that other therapeutic interventions could be useful in managing stimulant abuse in addition to Matrix treatment The present study aimed at comparison of the effectiveness of matrix therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation treatments in attention bias modification and craving reduction in amphetamine drug users. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and three-month follow-up. Forty subjects taking amphetamine were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, including the matrix therapy, cognitive rehabilitation and rTMS as intervention groups and control groups (10 subjects in each group). The matrix group received 24 treatment sessions, 3 sessions per week and cognitive rehabilitation group recivied 15 treatment sessions (3 sessions per week). The group with rTMS treatment participated in a total of 10 sessions every other day. Questionnaires and dot-Probe tasks were performed as the cognitive software before and after the therapeutic interventions and one month after the interventions as a follow-up test. Results: The results showed that the effect of time on craving assessment in three stages was significant in all the study's four groups. In the experimental groups of Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation, the effect of time on the severity of addiction dependence and attentional bias was significantly different in three stages. In the control group, the effect of time in three stages of assessment of addiction severity and attention bias was not significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in the mean of craving in Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stages. The mean addiction severity was significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stage in the Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicated that all three interventions effectively reduced amphetamine craving and attentional bias. All three approaches produced positive therapeutic outcomes.
{"title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Matrix Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Attention Bias Modification and Craving Reduction in Stimulant Drug Users","authors":"S. Esmaeili, F. Taremian, Mazaher Rezaei, N. Vousooghi, Hosein Mostafavi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Matrix, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and cognitive modification treatments could lead to numerous psychological improvements in patients suffering from substance use disorders. Previous research has shown that other therapeutic interventions could be useful in managing stimulant abuse in addition to Matrix treatment The present study aimed at comparison of the effectiveness of matrix therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation treatments in attention bias modification and craving reduction in amphetamine drug users. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and three-month follow-up. Forty subjects taking amphetamine were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, including the matrix therapy, cognitive rehabilitation and rTMS as intervention groups and control groups (10 subjects in each group). The matrix group received 24 treatment sessions, 3 sessions per week and cognitive rehabilitation group recivied 15 treatment sessions (3 sessions per week). The group with rTMS treatment participated in a total of 10 sessions every other day. Questionnaires and dot-Probe tasks were performed as the cognitive software before and after the therapeutic interventions and one month after the interventions as a follow-up test. Results: The results showed that the effect of time on craving assessment in three stages was significant in all the study's four groups. In the experimental groups of Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation, the effect of time on the severity of addiction dependence and attentional bias was significantly different in three stages. In the control group, the effect of time in three stages of assessment of addiction severity and attention bias was not significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in the mean of craving in Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stages. The mean addiction severity was significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stage in the Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicated that all three interventions effectively reduced amphetamine craving and attentional bias. All three approaches produced positive therapeutic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85895031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1
A. Asgharzadeh Alvar, A. Esteki, Iraj Abdollahi
Background: Maintaining motivation is one of the most important characteristics of rehabilitation strategies for successful treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanism of mental state is helpful for developing new therapeutic methods based on virtual reality and serious game technologies. Objective: The present study aims to develop a cost-benefit game-based hand rehabilitation system and assess the influence on the psychological state of subjects when they interact with a virtual reality environment in different task difficulty levels. Methods: First, we introduced a low-cost smart hand rehabilitation system based on the Leap Motion tracker; then, the experimental study was performed with 20 healthy participants. Their mental states were evoked using interaction with two separate games in four different difficulty levels. Three measures from the SAM self-reported test described as a psychological response to this condition, and also four features were extracted from Photoplethysmogram signal in order to quantify psychophysiological responses of Autonomic Nervous System. Results: Comparison of the different difficulty levels revealed significant changes in arousal and dominance correspond to under challenging and over the challenging condition, respectively. The results of psychophysiological feature analysis showed significant differences only for the standard deviation of intervals between consecutive heartbeats. Conclusion: The developed system is a low-cost smart solution that can be useful for upper limb neurological rehabilitation. Regulating difficulty parameters of the implemented game can be used to influence the motivation of users through rehabilitation procedures. It seems Photoplethysmogram is an appropriate psychophysiological indicator of mental states, but further studies are required.
{"title":"Psychological and Psychophysiological Responses to Challenge Variations for Virtual Hand Training in Game-based Smart Rehabilitation System","authors":"A. Asgharzadeh Alvar, A. Esteki, Iraj Abdollahi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maintaining motivation is one of the most important characteristics of rehabilitation strategies for successful treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanism of mental state is helpful for developing new therapeutic methods based on virtual reality and serious game technologies. Objective: The present study aims to develop a cost-benefit game-based hand rehabilitation system and assess the influence on the psychological state of subjects when they interact with a virtual reality environment in different task difficulty levels. Methods: First, we introduced a low-cost smart hand rehabilitation system based on the Leap Motion tracker; then, the experimental study was performed with 20 healthy participants. Their mental states were evoked using interaction with two separate games in four different difficulty levels. Three measures from the SAM self-reported test described as a psychological response to this condition, and also four features were extracted from Photoplethysmogram signal in order to quantify psychophysiological responses of Autonomic Nervous System. Results: Comparison of the different difficulty levels revealed significant changes in arousal and dominance correspond to under challenging and over the challenging condition, respectively. The results of psychophysiological feature analysis showed significant differences only for the standard deviation of intervals between consecutive heartbeats. Conclusion: The developed system is a low-cost smart solution that can be useful for upper limb neurological rehabilitation. Regulating difficulty parameters of the implemented game can be used to influence the motivation of users through rehabilitation procedures. It seems Photoplethysmogram is an appropriate psychophysiological indicator of mental states, but further studies are required.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83235879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1
Samira Rezvanian, M. Saraei, Hossein Mohajeri, Peyman Hassani Abharian
Background and objective: Drug craving is considered to be a major problem in addiction treatment. Neuroimaging research has revealed various areas for drug craving, among which two key areas are the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cerebellum. The DLPFC is involved in different cognitive tasks like the inhibitory control over seductive options harboring the promise of immediate reward. The cerebellum considered to be related to cognition and memory and gets activated by drug-related cues. Therefore based on the previous researches we decided to study the effects of applying tDCS on six different protocols in reducing Drug Craving and increasing Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts. Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental, with pre/post-test, and a control group. Based on a simple sampling method, 15 male methamphetamine addicts in two rehabilitation centers in Tehran were recruited. The participants were 18-65 years old with a minimum 12-month history of methamphetamine dependence. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), The Go/No-Go Task and The N-Back Task was administered before and after single session of tDCS. tDCS applied on six protocols which were: 1. The right DLPFC anodal and the left DLPFC cathodal stimulation 2. The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation 3. The right DLPFC anodal and the right arm cathodal stimulation 4. The left DLPFC anodal and the left arm cathodal stimulation 5. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) anodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) cathodal stimulation 6. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) cathodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) anodal stimulation. The data were analyzed by covariance method using SPSS-22 software Results: Study results indicated while single session tDCS effects on craving were not significant, it increased cognitive inhibition especially in protocol 2: The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation Conclusion and discussion: Single session of tDCS has an insignificant effect on craving but it can increase cognitive inhibition significantly. These findings extend the results of previous studies on the effects of brain stimulation for drug craving reduction in other drug type settings.
{"title":"The Effect of Different tDCS Protocols on Drug Craving and Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts","authors":"Samira Rezvanian, M. Saraei, Hossein Mohajeri, Peyman Hassani Abharian","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: Drug craving is considered to be a major problem in addiction treatment. Neuroimaging research has revealed various areas for drug craving, among which two key areas are the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cerebellum. The DLPFC is involved in different cognitive tasks like the inhibitory control over seductive options harboring the promise of immediate reward. The cerebellum considered to be related to cognition and memory and gets activated by drug-related cues. Therefore based on the previous researches we decided to study the effects of applying tDCS on six different protocols in reducing Drug Craving and increasing Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts. Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental, with pre/post-test, and a control group. Based on a simple sampling method, 15 male methamphetamine addicts in two rehabilitation centers in Tehran were recruited. The participants were 18-65 years old with a minimum 12-month history of methamphetamine dependence. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), The Go/No-Go Task and The N-Back Task was administered before and after single session of tDCS. tDCS applied on six protocols which were: 1. The right DLPFC anodal and the left DLPFC cathodal stimulation 2. The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation 3. The right DLPFC anodal and the right arm cathodal stimulation 4. The left DLPFC anodal and the left arm cathodal stimulation 5. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) anodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) cathodal stimulation 6. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) cathodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) anodal stimulation. The data were analyzed by covariance method using SPSS-22 software Results: Study results indicated while single session tDCS effects on craving were not significant, it increased cognitive inhibition especially in protocol 2: The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation Conclusion and discussion: Single session of tDCS has an insignificant effect on craving but it can increase cognitive inhibition significantly. These findings extend the results of previous studies on the effects of brain stimulation for drug craving reduction in other drug type settings.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81682893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1
N. Dehaghani, B. Maess, R. Khosrowabadi, M. Zarei, S. Braeutigam
Faces can be speedily processed, although they convey an immense amount of information. Hence, in psychophysiological experiments, human faces constitute very special stimuli! Numerous studies have investigated the electrophysiological correlates of face processing, showing the existence of multiple event-related components. Nevertheless, dissimilarities in various levels of processing are still controversial. In this present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how facial processing is different in perception and recognition from object processing and also determined 95% confidence interval for the onset and peak time of the effects we found. Our results confirm the face-selectivity for the M170 component, but not always for the M100 component. Additionally, we observed a unique speed pattern for the M170 component in perception and recognition both at the onset and the peak time.
{"title":"Comparing Face and Object Processing in Perception and Recognition","authors":"N. Dehaghani, B. Maess, R. Khosrowabadi, M. Zarei, S. Braeutigam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1","url":null,"abstract":"Faces can be speedily processed, although they convey an immense amount of information. Hence, in psychophysiological experiments, human faces constitute very special stimuli! Numerous studies have investigated the electrophysiological correlates of face processing, showing the existence of multiple event-related components. Nevertheless, dissimilarities in various levels of processing are still controversial. In this present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how facial processing is different in perception and recognition from object processing and also determined 95% confidence interval for the onset and peak time of the effects we found. Our results confirm the face-selectivity for the M170 component, but not always for the M100 component. Additionally, we observed a unique speed pattern for the M170 component in perception and recognition both at the onset and the peak time.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81614118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-02DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1
S. A. Batouli
Memory is probably one of the most complex cognitive functions of the human, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us to better recognize this brain function. One of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function, is written by Prof. Kandel and his colleagues. In this book, I encountered a number of ambiguities when it was explaining the memory system. Here, I am sharing those points, either to find an answer for them, or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Prof. Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime on studying the memory system; however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.
{"title":"Seven Ambiguities in Explaining the Human Memory System in the Principles of Neural Science Book","authors":"S. A. Batouli","doi":"10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Memory is probably one of the most complex cognitive functions of the human, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us to better recognize this brain function. One of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function, is written by Prof. Kandel and his colleagues. In this book, I encountered a number of ambiguities when it was explaining the memory system. Here, I am sharing those points, either to find an answer for them, or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Prof. Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime on studying the memory system; however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"46 23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81122417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2
M. Sadeghi, H. Manaheji, J. Zaringhalam, A. Haghparast, S. Nazemi, Z. Bahari, S. Noorbakhsh
Introduction: The modality of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA) in control of dorsal horn neuronal excitability and inhibition of sensory information is ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used for the induction of CCI neuropathy. 14 days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg i.p.) was injected. Then, the behavioral tests were performed. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for Western blot analysis of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied by single unit recordings in separate groups on the 14th day after CCI. Results: The outcomes indicated the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after neuropathy; nonetheless, the expression of GABAA receptor α1 subunit did not change significantly. Moreover, the evoked responses of the WDR neurons to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli were significantly increased. 14 days after CCI, muscimol administration decreased thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and hyper-responsiveness of the WDR neurons in CCI rats. Conclusion: It confirms that the modulation of the spinal GABAA receptors after nerve injury can offer further insights to design new therapeutic agents in order to reduce the neuropathic pain symptoms.
{"title":"Evaluation of the GABAA Receptor Expression and the Effects of Muscimol on the Activity of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons Following Chronic Constriction Injury of the Sciatic Nerve in Rats","authors":"M. Sadeghi, H. Manaheji, J. Zaringhalam, A. Haghparast, S. Nazemi, Z. Bahari, S. Noorbakhsh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The modality of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA) in control of dorsal horn neuronal excitability and inhibition of sensory information is ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used for the induction of CCI neuropathy. 14 days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg i.p.) was injected. Then, the behavioral tests were performed. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for Western blot analysis of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied by single unit recordings in separate groups on the 14th day after CCI. Results: The outcomes indicated the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after neuropathy; nonetheless, the expression of GABAA receptor α1 subunit did not change significantly. Moreover, the evoked responses of the WDR neurons to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli were significantly increased. 14 days after CCI, muscimol administration decreased thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and hyper-responsiveness of the WDR neurons in CCI rats. Conclusion: It confirms that the modulation of the spinal GABAA receptors after nerve injury can offer further insights to design new therapeutic agents in order to reduce the neuropathic pain symptoms.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89909763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2
Hossein Solltaninejad, Mehdi Alizadeh zaree, M. Akbarfahimi, A. Azad, F. Rabiei
Background: Activity of daily living as an ultimate goal of rehabilitation relies on cultural and environmental factor. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire based on Occupational therapy practice frame to accurately evaluate the occupational performance of Iranian children. Methods: This scale was developed in two phases of planning and constructing. The planning phase involved a literature review and a collection of the available evaluation tools in the area. The advice of two expert panels was used to develop a preliminary 87-item questionnaire. In the construction phase, 40 parents were surveyed to assess the popularity of the activities in Iran. After a face to content validation, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared with 93 items. Results: The final 93-item questionnaire was used to assess the daily activity of 3-6 year old children. The 93 items, selected according to criteria found in the literature and the panel of experts, were categorized in 6 areas of occupational therapy practice framework (bathing/showering, washing, personal hygiene, toileting, eating/feeding, functional mobility). Conclusion: The activity of daily living for Iranian children is a useful and culturally relevant tool for measuring the occupational performance of Iranian children. It can be utilized in clinical and population-based researches.
{"title":"An Scale for Activity of Daily Living for Iranian Children (ADLIC): Development and Validation","authors":"Hossein Solltaninejad, Mehdi Alizadeh zaree, M. Akbarfahimi, A. Azad, F. Rabiei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Activity of daily living as an ultimate goal of rehabilitation relies on cultural and environmental factor. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire based on Occupational therapy practice frame to accurately evaluate the occupational performance of Iranian children. Methods: This scale was developed in two phases of planning and constructing. The planning phase involved a literature review and a collection of the available evaluation tools in the area. The advice of two expert panels was used to develop a preliminary 87-item questionnaire. In the construction phase, 40 parents were surveyed to assess the popularity of the activities in Iran. After a face to content validation, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared with 93 items. Results: The final 93-item questionnaire was used to assess the daily activity of 3-6 year old children. The 93 items, selected according to criteria found in the literature and the panel of experts, were categorized in 6 areas of occupational therapy practice framework (bathing/showering, washing, personal hygiene, toileting, eating/feeding, functional mobility). Conclusion: The activity of daily living for Iranian children is a useful and culturally relevant tool for measuring the occupational performance of Iranian children. It can be utilized in clinical and population-based researches.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88687208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3
M. Shabani, J. Salehi
Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.
{"title":"Autobiographical Brand Images Give a Higher Chance to False Memory as Compared to Neutral Images","authors":"M. Shabani, J. Salehi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76669885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3
Prachi R. Bapat, Seema D. Shekhawat, Aliabbas A. Husain, Renuka S. Dodkey, Hatim F. Daginawala, Lokendra K. Singh
Introduction: The diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has remained a challenge due to its insidious onset and the failure of conventional diagnostic tests. The present study aimed to identify the mycobacterial pathogen in the CSF of patients with TBM and a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 224 TBM and 34 non-TBM patients admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, in 2014. The CSF samples of these patients were subjected to a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of the causative pathogen. Results: M. bovis and infection with M.tuberculosis were detected in 7% (18) and 32.9% (85) of the patients, respectively. Moreover, 14% (36) of the study samples were culture positive; however, the mycobacterial pathogens could not be differentiated to the species level. Conclusion: The present study findings emphasized the potentially vital importance of M. bovis identification for appropriate patient management. The obtained data also demonstrated the persistent significance of M. bovis, as a zoonotic pathogen.
{"title":"Diagnostic Challenges and Prospects Associated With Zoonotic Tuberculosis of Central Nervous System","authors":"Prachi R. Bapat, Seema D. Shekhawat, Aliabbas A. Husain, Renuka S. Dodkey, Hatim F. Daginawala, Lokendra K. Singh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has remained a challenge due to its insidious onset and the failure of conventional diagnostic tests. The present study aimed to identify the mycobacterial pathogen in the CSF of patients with TBM and a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 224 TBM and 34 non-TBM patients admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, in 2014. The CSF samples of these patients were subjected to a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of the causative pathogen. Results: M. bovis and infection with M.tuberculosis were detected in 7% (18) and 32.9% (85) of the patients, respectively. Moreover, 14% (36) of the study samples were culture positive; however, the mycobacterial pathogens could not be differentiated to the species level. Conclusion: The present study findings emphasized the potentially vital importance of M. bovis identification for appropriate patient management. The obtained data also demonstrated the persistent significance of M. bovis, as a zoonotic pathogen.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82479109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-10DOI: 10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1
Atefeh Bakhtazad, Reza Jafari, M. Khaksari, H. Khastar, M. Salehi, M. Jafarisani, B. Garmabi
The bidirectional association between the circadian system and innate-adaptive immune functions has been highlighted in many investigations. Viruses are a submicroscopic infectious agent that activate the immune system after entering the human host cell. A novel virus, so-called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has recently emerged, is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous investigations show that the factors that are strongly controlled by circadian rhythms, such as clock genes and melatonin, modulate the immune response and may, therefore, influence the healing processes of COVID-19. Moreover, the mechanism of COVID-19 shows that some host cell factors, such as an angiotensin-converting enzyme, exhibit daily rhythms. In this review, we explore key findings that show a link between circadian rhythms and viral infection. The results of these findings could be helpful for clinical and preclinical studies to discover a useful and highly effective treatment for eradicating the COVID-19 disease.
{"title":"Paying Attention to Circadian Rhythms in the Treatment of COVID-19","authors":"Atefeh Bakhtazad, Reza Jafari, M. Khaksari, H. Khastar, M. Salehi, M. Jafarisani, B. Garmabi","doi":"10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1","url":null,"abstract":"The bidirectional association between the circadian system and innate-adaptive immune functions has been highlighted in many investigations. Viruses are a submicroscopic infectious agent that activate the immune system after entering the human host cell. A novel virus, so-called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has recently emerged, is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous investigations show that the factors that are strongly controlled by circadian rhythms, such as clock genes and melatonin, modulate the immune response and may, therefore, influence the healing processes of COVID-19. Moreover, the mechanism of COVID-19 shows that some host cell factors, such as an angiotensin-converting enzyme, exhibit daily rhythms. In this review, we explore key findings that show a link between circadian rhythms and viral infection. The results of these findings could be helpful for clinical and preclinical studies to discover a useful and highly effective treatment for eradicating the COVID-19 disease.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84576815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：