Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1854.1
Nahid Roohi, M. Ahmadi, Yaghoun Fathollahi, A. Shojaei, J. Mirnajafi-zadeh
There are many differences among dorsal and ventral hippocampal neural circuits that affect the synaptic plasticity. In this study we compared the occurrence of short-term plasticity in the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) in dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 area following kindled seizures. Animals (male C57 B6/J mice, 12 weeks of age) were kindled by intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and fEPSPs were recorded from dorsal and ventral hippocampal slices. Short-term plasticity was evaluated by measuring fEPSP-slope and fEPSP-area following paired-pulse stimulation delivered at three inter-pulse intervals (20, 80 and 160 ms). Obtained results showed that in control slices fEPSP-slope was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus, but there was no difference in fEPSP-area among two regions. In hippocampal slices of kindled animals, fEPSP-slope was similar in dorsal and ventral regions, but fEPSP-area was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus. In addition, fEPSP-area was greater in kindled compared to control group only in ventral hippocampus. PTZ kindled slices showed impaired short-term facilitation and the paired-pulse index was reduced only at dorsal hippocampal slices. Kindling had no significant effect on paired-pulse ratio in ventral hippocampal slices. Our findings indicated that the seizure occurrence affected the neural activity of hippocampus in a regional dependent manner. Although kindling increased fEPSP-area in ventral hippocampus, kindling-induced changes in short-term synaptic plasticity was significant only in dorsal hippocampal slices compared to control group. The difference in the responses of hippocampal dorsal and ventral poles has to be considered in the future researches.
{"title":"Comparing the Seizure-Induced Impairment of Short-Term Plasticity in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus in Kindled Mice","authors":"Nahid Roohi, M. Ahmadi, Yaghoun Fathollahi, A. Shojaei, J. Mirnajafi-zadeh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1854.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1854.1","url":null,"abstract":"There are many differences among dorsal and ventral hippocampal neural circuits that affect the synaptic plasticity. In this study we compared the occurrence of short-term plasticity in the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) in dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 area following kindled seizures. Animals (male C57 B6/J mice, 12 weeks of age) were kindled by intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and fEPSPs were recorded from dorsal and ventral hippocampal slices. Short-term plasticity was evaluated by measuring fEPSP-slope and fEPSP-area following paired-pulse stimulation delivered at three inter-pulse intervals (20, 80 and 160 ms). Obtained results showed that in control slices fEPSP-slope was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus, but there was no difference in fEPSP-area among two regions. In hippocampal slices of kindled animals, fEPSP-slope was similar in dorsal and ventral regions, but fEPSP-area was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus. In addition, fEPSP-area was greater in kindled compared to control group only in ventral hippocampus. PTZ kindled slices showed impaired short-term facilitation and the paired-pulse index was reduced only at dorsal hippocampal slices. Kindling had no significant effect on paired-pulse ratio in ventral hippocampal slices. Our findings indicated that the seizure occurrence affected the neural activity of hippocampus in a regional dependent manner. Although kindling increased fEPSP-area in ventral hippocampus, kindling-induced changes in short-term synaptic plasticity was significant only in dorsal hippocampal slices compared to control group. The difference in the responses of hippocampal dorsal and ventral poles has to be considered in the future researches.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75141374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1
N. Dehaghani, B. Maess, R. Khosrowabadi, M. Zarei, S. Braeutigam
Faces can be speedily processed, although they convey an immense amount of information. Hence, in psychophysiological experiments, human faces constitute very special stimuli! Numerous studies have investigated the electrophysiological correlates of face processing, showing the existence of multiple event-related components. Nevertheless, dissimilarities in various levels of processing are still controversial. In this present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how facial processing is different in perception and recognition from object processing and also determined 95% confidence interval for the onset and peak time of the effects we found. Our results confirm the face-selectivity for the M170 component, but not always for the M100 component. Additionally, we observed a unique speed pattern for the M170 component in perception and recognition both at the onset and the peak time.
{"title":"Comparing Face and Object Processing in Perception and Recognition","authors":"N. Dehaghani, B. Maess, R. Khosrowabadi, M. Zarei, S. Braeutigam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1","url":null,"abstract":"Faces can be speedily processed, although they convey an immense amount of information. Hence, in psychophysiological experiments, human faces constitute very special stimuli! Numerous studies have investigated the electrophysiological correlates of face processing, showing the existence of multiple event-related components. Nevertheless, dissimilarities in various levels of processing are still controversial. In this present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how facial processing is different in perception and recognition from object processing and also determined 95% confidence interval for the onset and peak time of the effects we found. Our results confirm the face-selectivity for the M170 component, but not always for the M100 component. Additionally, we observed a unique speed pattern for the M170 component in perception and recognition both at the onset and the peak time.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81614118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2308.1
A. Motavalli, J. Mahmoudi, A. Majdi, S. Sadigh-Eteghad
Although there are numerous views about the concept of consciousness, no consensus exists regarding the meaning. However, with the aid of the latest neuroscientific developments, the misleading obstacles related to consciousness have been removed. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific efforts in determining the function of the brain and merging these findings with philosophical theories, have brought a more comprehensive perception of the notion of consciousness. In addition to metaphysical/ontological views of consciousness e.g., higher-order theories, reflexive theories, and representationalist theories, there are some brain directed topics in this matter which include but not are limited to neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), brain loop connectivity, and lateralization. This narrative review sheds light on cultural and historical aspects of consciousness in old and middle ages and introduces some of the prominent philosophical discussions related to mind and body. Also, it illustrates the correlation of brain function with states of consciousness with a focus on the roles of function and connectivity.
{"title":"Ask and You Shall Receive: A closer look on unsolved consciousness issue","authors":"A. Motavalli, J. Mahmoudi, A. Majdi, S. Sadigh-Eteghad","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2308.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2308.1","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are numerous views about the concept of consciousness, no consensus exists regarding the meaning. However, with the aid of the latest neuroscientific developments, the misleading obstacles related to consciousness have been removed. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific efforts in determining the function of the brain and merging these findings with philosophical theories, have brought a more comprehensive perception of the notion of consciousness. In addition to metaphysical/ontological views of consciousness e.g., higher-order theories, reflexive theories, and representationalist theories, there are some brain directed topics in this matter which include but not are limited to neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), brain loop connectivity, and lateralization. This narrative review sheds light on cultural and historical aspects of consciousness in old and middle ages and introduces some of the prominent philosophical discussions related to mind and body. Also, it illustrates the correlation of brain function with states of consciousness with a focus on the roles of function and connectivity.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85559473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2525.1
Z. Rezvani, R. Khosrowabadi, Afrooz Seyedebrahimi, G. Meftahi, B. Hatef
Acute stress in a long period of time could drastically influence one's behavioral and cognitive performances. Therefore, it is important to control the stressful situation and release it after a stressful event. In this regard, understanding of brain mechanism of the stress release will help to introduce new practical approaches. In this study, we hypothesized that induction and release of stress will change the brain functional connectivity pattern. Therefore, by recruiting 20 healthy-subjects and exposing them to stressful events using the trier social stress paradigm, we aimed to investigate patterns of these changes. In a session consist of 23 minutes of psychological stress induction and 20 minutes of recovery, subjects' stress was scored by visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, salivary cortisol level and EEG data of the subjects were also recorded. Subsequently, brain functional connectivity (FC) maps were calculated in a frequency-specific manner. Then, the effects of inducing and release of stress on the changes of VAS, cortisol level, and FC maps were assessed. Our results revealed that inter-hemispheric FCs of the right frontal regions with other regions of the brain decrease; while it increases at the left frontal regions during inducing of mental stress. Interestingly, the release of stress presented a recovery pattern of inter-hemispheric FCs and meaningful FC changes significantly correlate with changes in the cortisol level. our findings highlight important roles of bihemispheric associations in adaptation and coping with stressful conditions.
{"title":"Alteration of Brain Functional Network and Cortisol Level During Induction and Release of Stress: An EEG Study in Young Male Adults","authors":"Z. Rezvani, R. Khosrowabadi, Afrooz Seyedebrahimi, G. Meftahi, B. Hatef","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2525.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2525.1","url":null,"abstract":"Acute stress in a long period of time could drastically influence one's behavioral and cognitive performances. Therefore, it is important to control the stressful situation and release it after a stressful event. In this regard, understanding of brain mechanism of the stress release will help to introduce new practical approaches. In this study, we hypothesized that induction and release of stress will change the brain functional connectivity pattern. Therefore, by recruiting 20 healthy-subjects and exposing them to stressful events using the trier social stress paradigm, we aimed to investigate patterns of these changes. In a session consist of 23 minutes of psychological stress induction and 20 minutes of recovery, subjects' stress was scored by visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, salivary cortisol level and EEG data of the subjects were also recorded. Subsequently, brain functional connectivity (FC) maps were calculated in a frequency-specific manner. Then, the effects of inducing and release of stress on the changes of VAS, cortisol level, and FC maps were assessed. Our results revealed that inter-hemispheric FCs of the right frontal regions with other regions of the brain decrease; while it increases at the left frontal regions during inducing of mental stress. Interestingly, the release of stress presented a recovery pattern of inter-hemispheric FCs and meaningful FC changes significantly correlate with changes in the cortisol level. our findings highlight important roles of bihemispheric associations in adaptation and coping with stressful conditions.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87444516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-02DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1
S. A. Batouli
Memory is probably one of the most complex cognitive functions of the human, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us to better recognize this brain function. One of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function, is written by Prof. Kandel and his colleagues. In this book, I encountered a number of ambiguities when it was explaining the memory system. Here, I am sharing those points, either to find an answer for them, or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Prof. Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime on studying the memory system; however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.
{"title":"Seven Ambiguities in Explaining the Human Memory System in the Principles of Neural Science Book","authors":"S. A. Batouli","doi":"10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/PREPRINTS202104.0060.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Memory is probably one of the most complex cognitive functions of the human, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us to better recognize this brain function. One of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function, is written by Prof. Kandel and his colleagues. In this book, I encountered a number of ambiguities when it was explaining the memory system. Here, I am sharing those points, either to find an answer for them, or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Prof. Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime on studying the memory system; however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"46 23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81122417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2
M. Sadeghi, H. Manaheji, J. Zaringhalam, A. Haghparast, S. Nazemi, Z. Bahari, S. Noorbakhsh
Introduction: The modality of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA) in control of dorsal horn neuronal excitability and inhibition of sensory information is ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used for the induction of CCI neuropathy. 14 days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg i.p.) was injected. Then, the behavioral tests were performed. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for Western blot analysis of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied by single unit recordings in separate groups on the 14th day after CCI. Results: The outcomes indicated the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after neuropathy; nonetheless, the expression of GABAA receptor α1 subunit did not change significantly. Moreover, the evoked responses of the WDR neurons to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli were significantly increased. 14 days after CCI, muscimol administration decreased thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and hyper-responsiveness of the WDR neurons in CCI rats. Conclusion: It confirms that the modulation of the spinal GABAA receptors after nerve injury can offer further insights to design new therapeutic agents in order to reduce the neuropathic pain symptoms.
{"title":"Evaluation of the GABAA Receptor Expression and the Effects of Muscimol on the Activity of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons Following Chronic Constriction Injury of the Sciatic Nerve in Rats","authors":"M. Sadeghi, H. Manaheji, J. Zaringhalam, A. Haghparast, S. Nazemi, Z. Bahari, S. Noorbakhsh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The modality of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA) in control of dorsal horn neuronal excitability and inhibition of sensory information is ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used for the induction of CCI neuropathy. 14 days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg i.p.) was injected. Then, the behavioral tests were performed. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for Western blot analysis of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied by single unit recordings in separate groups on the 14th day after CCI. Results: The outcomes indicated the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after neuropathy; nonetheless, the expression of GABAA receptor α1 subunit did not change significantly. Moreover, the evoked responses of the WDR neurons to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli were significantly increased. 14 days after CCI, muscimol administration decreased thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and hyper-responsiveness of the WDR neurons in CCI rats. Conclusion: It confirms that the modulation of the spinal GABAA receptors after nerve injury can offer further insights to design new therapeutic agents in order to reduce the neuropathic pain symptoms.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89909763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2
Hossein Solltaninejad, Mehdi Alizadeh zaree, M. Akbarfahimi, A. Azad, F. Rabiei
Background: Activity of daily living as an ultimate goal of rehabilitation relies on cultural and environmental factor. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire based on Occupational therapy practice frame to accurately evaluate the occupational performance of Iranian children. Methods: This scale was developed in two phases of planning and constructing. The planning phase involved a literature review and a collection of the available evaluation tools in the area. The advice of two expert panels was used to develop a preliminary 87-item questionnaire. In the construction phase, 40 parents were surveyed to assess the popularity of the activities in Iran. After a face to content validation, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared with 93 items. Results: The final 93-item questionnaire was used to assess the daily activity of 3-6 year old children. The 93 items, selected according to criteria found in the literature and the panel of experts, were categorized in 6 areas of occupational therapy practice framework (bathing/showering, washing, personal hygiene, toileting, eating/feeding, functional mobility). Conclusion: The activity of daily living for Iranian children is a useful and culturally relevant tool for measuring the occupational performance of Iranian children. It can be utilized in clinical and population-based researches.
{"title":"An Scale for Activity of Daily Living for Iranian Children (ADLIC): Development and Validation","authors":"Hossein Solltaninejad, Mehdi Alizadeh zaree, M. Akbarfahimi, A. Azad, F. Rabiei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Activity of daily living as an ultimate goal of rehabilitation relies on cultural and environmental factor. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire based on Occupational therapy practice frame to accurately evaluate the occupational performance of Iranian children. Methods: This scale was developed in two phases of planning and constructing. The planning phase involved a literature review and a collection of the available evaluation tools in the area. The advice of two expert panels was used to develop a preliminary 87-item questionnaire. In the construction phase, 40 parents were surveyed to assess the popularity of the activities in Iran. After a face to content validation, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared with 93 items. Results: The final 93-item questionnaire was used to assess the daily activity of 3-6 year old children. The 93 items, selected according to criteria found in the literature and the panel of experts, were categorized in 6 areas of occupational therapy practice framework (bathing/showering, washing, personal hygiene, toileting, eating/feeding, functional mobility). Conclusion: The activity of daily living for Iranian children is a useful and culturally relevant tool for measuring the occupational performance of Iranian children. It can be utilized in clinical and population-based researches.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88687208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3
M. Shabani, J. Salehi
Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.
{"title":"Autobiographical Brand Images Give a Higher Chance to False Memory as Compared to Neutral Images","authors":"M. Shabani, J. Salehi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76669885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3
Prachi R. Bapat, Seema D. Shekhawat, Aliabbas A. Husain, Renuka S. Dodkey, Hatim F. Daginawala, Lokendra K. Singh
Introduction: The diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has remained a challenge due to its insidious onset and the failure of conventional diagnostic tests. The present study aimed to identify the mycobacterial pathogen in the CSF of patients with TBM and a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 224 TBM and 34 non-TBM patients admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, in 2014. The CSF samples of these patients were subjected to a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of the causative pathogen. Results: M. bovis and infection with M.tuberculosis were detected in 7% (18) and 32.9% (85) of the patients, respectively. Moreover, 14% (36) of the study samples were culture positive; however, the mycobacterial pathogens could not be differentiated to the species level. Conclusion: The present study findings emphasized the potentially vital importance of M. bovis identification for appropriate patient management. The obtained data also demonstrated the persistent significance of M. bovis, as a zoonotic pathogen.
{"title":"Diagnostic Challenges and Prospects Associated With Zoonotic Tuberculosis of Central Nervous System","authors":"Prachi R. Bapat, Seema D. Shekhawat, Aliabbas A. Husain, Renuka S. Dodkey, Hatim F. Daginawala, Lokendra K. Singh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has remained a challenge due to its insidious onset and the failure of conventional diagnostic tests. The present study aimed to identify the mycobacterial pathogen in the CSF of patients with TBM and a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 224 TBM and 34 non-TBM patients admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, in 2014. The CSF samples of these patients were subjected to a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of the causative pathogen. Results: M. bovis and infection with M.tuberculosis were detected in 7% (18) and 32.9% (85) of the patients, respectively. Moreover, 14% (36) of the study samples were culture positive; however, the mycobacterial pathogens could not be differentiated to the species level. Conclusion: The present study findings emphasized the potentially vital importance of M. bovis identification for appropriate patient management. The obtained data also demonstrated the persistent significance of M. bovis, as a zoonotic pathogen.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82479109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-10DOI: 10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1
Atefeh Bakhtazad, Reza Jafari, M. Khaksari, H. Khastar, M. Salehi, M. Jafarisani, B. Garmabi
The bidirectional association between the circadian system and innate-adaptive immune functions has been highlighted in many investigations. Viruses are a submicroscopic infectious agent that activate the immune system after entering the human host cell. A novel virus, so-called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has recently emerged, is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous investigations show that the factors that are strongly controlled by circadian rhythms, such as clock genes and melatonin, modulate the immune response and may, therefore, influence the healing processes of COVID-19. Moreover, the mechanism of COVID-19 shows that some host cell factors, such as an angiotensin-converting enzyme, exhibit daily rhythms. In this review, we explore key findings that show a link between circadian rhythms and viral infection. The results of these findings could be helpful for clinical and preclinical studies to discover a useful and highly effective treatment for eradicating the COVID-19 disease.
{"title":"Paying Attention to Circadian Rhythms in the Treatment of COVID-19","authors":"Atefeh Bakhtazad, Reza Jafari, M. Khaksari, H. Khastar, M. Salehi, M. Jafarisani, B. Garmabi","doi":"10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/BCN.11.COVID19.2584.1","url":null,"abstract":"The bidirectional association between the circadian system and innate-adaptive immune functions has been highlighted in many investigations. Viruses are a submicroscopic infectious agent that activate the immune system after entering the human host cell. A novel virus, so-called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has recently emerged, is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous investigations show that the factors that are strongly controlled by circadian rhythms, such as clock genes and melatonin, modulate the immune response and may, therefore, influence the healing processes of COVID-19. Moreover, the mechanism of COVID-19 shows that some host cell factors, such as an angiotensin-converting enzyme, exhibit daily rhythms. In this review, we explore key findings that show a link between circadian rhythms and viral infection. The results of these findings could be helpful for clinical and preclinical studies to discover a useful and highly effective treatment for eradicating the COVID-19 disease.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84576815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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