Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.20045
L. V. Raamsdonk, B. Hedemann, Corina Smits, T. Prins
Description of the subject. Specific densities of 13 samples of eight vegetable feed ingredients and of blood meal have been established. Objectives. The aim of the study was to use the parameter specific density for classification of a selection of feed materials. The range of specific densities for each of the tested materials could support the identification of ingredients in a compound feed. Ingredients in mixtures could be separated when different specific densities apply to these ingredients. Method. The share of the flotate and of the sediment of each of the tested materials has been established in duplicate along a range of increased specific density of the solvent mixture, from 1.22 g·cm-3 up to 1.52 g·cm-3, initially in four steps. Intermediate densities have been used where appropriate for collecting more detailed ranges. The specific densities which resulted in approximately 100% sediment and in approximately 100% flotate are used as indicators for the range of the specific density of that material. Results. The materials used appeared to show three different ranges of specific density: corn gluten and blood meal (1.12 – 1.32 g·cm-3), corn distillers’ grain, rapeseed kernel meal, soya kernel meal and wheat middlings (1.25 – 1.42 g·cm-3), and palm kernel meal, citrus pulp and beet pulp (1.35 – 1.55 g·cm-3). The specific densities range from those found for vertebrate muscles and insect fragments (below 1.3 g·cm-3) up to the specific density of bone fragments (exceeding 1.62 g·cm-3). Four mixed samples, each existing of two different ingredients at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) were tested with solutions at different specific densities. The ingredients of each mixed sample appeared to separate in the expected fractions, predominantly in either the flotate or in the sediment. Conclusions. The experiments show that separation based on specific density can assist in the identification of feed ingredients in one or more combinations of sediment and flotate fractions.
{"title":"Specific density as parameter for separating feed ingredients","authors":"L. V. Raamsdonk, B. Hedemann, Corina Smits, T. Prins","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.20045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.20045","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. Specific densities of 13 samples of eight vegetable feed ingredients and of blood meal have been established. Objectives. The aim of the study was to use the parameter specific density for classification of a selection of feed materials. The range of specific densities for each of the tested materials could support the identification of ingredients in a compound feed. Ingredients in mixtures could be separated when different specific densities apply to these ingredients. Method. The share of the flotate and of the sediment of each of the tested materials has been established in duplicate along a range of increased specific density of the solvent mixture, from 1.22 g·cm-3 up to 1.52 g·cm-3, initially in four steps. Intermediate densities have been used where appropriate for collecting more detailed ranges. The specific densities which resulted in approximately 100% sediment and in approximately 100% flotate are used as indicators for the range of the specific density of that material. Results. The materials used appeared to show three different ranges of specific density: corn gluten and blood meal (1.12 – 1.32 g·cm-3), corn distillers’ grain, rapeseed kernel meal, soya kernel meal and wheat middlings (1.25 – 1.42 g·cm-3), and palm kernel meal, citrus pulp and beet pulp (1.35 – 1.55 g·cm-3). The specific densities range from those found for vertebrate muscles and insect fragments (below 1.3 g·cm-3) up to the specific density of bone fragments (exceeding 1.62 g·cm-3). Four mixed samples, each existing of two different ingredients at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) were tested with solutions at different specific densities. The ingredients of each mixed sample appeared to separate in the expected fractions, predominantly in either the flotate or in the sediment. Conclusions. The experiments show that separation based on specific density can assist in the identification of feed ingredients in one or more combinations of sediment and flotate fractions.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74159606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19909
B.R. Ahissou, W.M. Sawadogo, Aimé H. Bokonon-Gant, I. Somda, F. Verheggen
Description of the subject. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith has recently invaded sub-Saharan African countries where it causes significant losses to maize since 2016. Objectives. In this study, we examined farmers' knowledge of the fall armyworm, changes in pest management practices, and the safety of insecticide use by farmers since the recent invasion of the pest in Burkina Faso. Method. Data were collected through a survey of 197 maize farmers. Results. The majority of the farmers (96%) had experienced the fall armyworm invasion, mainly on maize, but also on sorghum and rice. Almost none of them (7%) used chemical insecticides to control maize pests before the arrival of the pest. Since then, 84% have used chemical insecticides, but various measures have also been implemented: cultural practices (48%) such as early planting, crop associations and fertilization; physical control (29%, i.e, handpicking, application of sand and ash) and applications of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis (12%). Most farmers do not use protective equipment when handling insecticides. Although they can name several natural enemies of the fall armyworm based on the photographs presented to them, they are generally unable to describe their beneficial role. Conclusions. We recommend evaluating the effectiveness of alternatives to chemical insecticides, publishing information on locally available insecticides that effectively control fall armyworm, and training farmers on proper pesticide application methods and natural enemy recognition.
{"title":"Farmers' knowledge and management practices of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) in Burkina Faso","authors":"B.R. Ahissou, W.M. Sawadogo, Aimé H. Bokonon-Gant, I. Somda, F. Verheggen","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19909","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith has recently invaded sub-Saharan African countries where it causes significant losses to maize since 2016. Objectives. In this study, we examined farmers' knowledge of the fall armyworm, changes in pest management practices, and the safety of insecticide use by farmers since the recent invasion of the pest in Burkina Faso. Method. Data were collected through a survey of 197 maize farmers. Results. The majority of the farmers (96%) had experienced the fall armyworm invasion, mainly on maize, but also on sorghum and rice. Almost none of them (7%) used chemical insecticides to control maize pests before the arrival of the pest. Since then, 84% have used chemical insecticides, but various measures have also been implemented: cultural practices (48%) such as early planting, crop associations and fertilization; physical control (29%, i.e, handpicking, application of sand and ash) and applications of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis (12%). Most farmers do not use protective equipment when handling insecticides. Although they can name several natural enemies of the fall armyworm based on the photographs presented to them, they are generally unable to describe their beneficial role. Conclusions. We recommend evaluating the effectiveness of alternatives to chemical insecticides, publishing information on locally available insecticides that effectively control fall armyworm, and training farmers on proper pesticide application methods and natural enemy recognition.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82625896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74259-3
C. Cernea, E. Myers, J. Paul, Donald, B. O'Malley, L. Ricardo, Carrau, F. Dias
{"title":"Skull Base Surgery","authors":"C. Cernea, E. Myers, J. Paul, Donald, B. O'Malley, L. Ricardo, Carrau, F. Dias","doi":"10.1007/978-3-540-74259-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74259-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82906591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19694
P. Braga, J. Martins, R. Bonomo, A. R. Falqueto
Description of the subject. It is common for cultivated plants to face a single water deficit event, but in the wild plants are exposed to repeated cycles of drought and rehydration and the consequences of such repetitive events are less well understood. Objectives. The objective of this study was to understand how crambe’s performance under water limiting conditions is affected by previous exposure to water deficit. Method. Crambe plants were grown in 5.5 l pots and exposed to one (1WD) or three (3WD) water deficit cycles. As reference, plants were grown with daily irrigation. At the end of three water deficit cycles, the leaf anatomy, leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, extravasation of electrolytes and chlorophyll fluorescence were analyzed. Results. Under water deficit, RWC significantly decreased in 1WD plants. However, in plants of the FMS CR 1307 lineage, the application of three water deficit cycles did not change the RWC and decreased the stomatal conductance and extravasation of electrolytes compared to the reference plants. Likewise, the kinetic difference in chlorophyll fluorescence (K-band and L-band) indicated improved stability and efficiency in utilizing energy. Conclusions. Our results show that the drought stress imposed three times induced adjustments in the physiology and anatomy of crambe plants. The FMS CR 1307 lineage was better able to store information from previous stressful events than the FMS Brilhante and FMS CR 1326 lineages, showing better performance under water deficit.
{"title":"Physiological and anatomical responses of Crambe abyssinica to repeated exposure to water deficit","authors":"P. Braga, J. Martins, R. Bonomo, A. R. Falqueto","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19694","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. It is common for cultivated plants to face a single water deficit event, but in the wild plants are exposed to repeated cycles of drought and rehydration and the consequences of such repetitive events are less well understood. Objectives. The objective of this study was to understand how crambe’s performance under water limiting conditions is affected by previous exposure to water deficit. Method. Crambe plants were grown in 5.5 l pots and exposed to one (1WD) or three (3WD) water deficit cycles. As reference, plants were grown with daily irrigation. At the end of three water deficit cycles, the leaf anatomy, leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, extravasation of electrolytes and chlorophyll fluorescence were analyzed. Results. Under water deficit, RWC significantly decreased in 1WD plants. However, in plants of the FMS CR 1307 lineage, the application of three water deficit cycles did not change the RWC and decreased the stomatal conductance and extravasation of electrolytes compared to the reference plants. Likewise, the kinetic difference in chlorophyll fluorescence (K-band and L-band) indicated improved stability and efficiency in utilizing energy. Conclusions. Our results show that the drought stress imposed three times induced adjustments in the physiology and anatomy of crambe plants. The FMS CR 1307 lineage was better able to store information from previous stressful events than the FMS Brilhante and FMS CR 1326 lineages, showing better performance under water deficit.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75032126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19458
Quentin Guidosse, P. Jardin, L. White, L. Lassois, J. Doucet
Introduction. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre is the most harvested timber species in Central Africa and plays a key role in the economy of Gabon. This tree is considered “Vulnerable” for more than three decades by the IUCN because its population is assumed to have been reduced by at least 50% as a result of logging. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent and relevant knowledge in order to update this status. It focuses more specifically on ecology, population dynamics, silviculture and impacts of logging. Literature. Its natural range mainly covers Gabon. It is a light-demanding and gregarious species that forms root anastomoses. It principally establishes itself in abandoned fields and savannahs. In mature forest its regeneration is rare and limited to large gaps. Selective logging only allows significant regeneration along roads. However, at the scale of Gabon, the species is abundant and its renewal is ensured. Legal logging does not threaten the species. However, after decades of logging focusing on best shaped trees, a production of lower quality is feared. The implementation of a thoughtful silviculture could be a solution. Conclusions. Aucoumea klaineana is not vulnerable under IUCN A1 criterion. However, the maintenance of a high-quality production over the long term calls for the implementation of silviculture based on a thorough knowledge of the factors affecting stand dynamics, especially the role of the rhizosphere. Although long described, the functioning of root anastomoses has never been studied in depth.
{"title":"Gabon’s green gold: a bibliographical review of thirty years of research on okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre)","authors":"Quentin Guidosse, P. Jardin, L. White, L. Lassois, J. Doucet","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19458","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre is the most harvested timber species in Central Africa and plays a key role in the economy of Gabon. This tree is considered “Vulnerable” for more than three decades by the IUCN because its population is assumed to have been reduced by at least 50% as a result of logging. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent and relevant knowledge in order to update this status. It focuses more specifically on ecology, population dynamics, silviculture and impacts of logging. Literature. Its natural range mainly covers Gabon. It is a light-demanding and gregarious species that forms root anastomoses. It principally establishes itself in abandoned fields and savannahs. In mature forest its regeneration is rare and limited to large gaps. Selective logging only allows significant regeneration along roads. However, at the scale of Gabon, the species is abundant and its renewal is ensured. Legal logging does not threaten the species. However, after decades of logging focusing on best shaped trees, a production of lower quality is feared. The implementation of a thoughtful silviculture could be a solution. Conclusions. Aucoumea klaineana is not vulnerable under IUCN A1 criterion. However, the maintenance of a high-quality production over the long term calls for the implementation of silviculture based on a thorough knowledge of the factors affecting stand dynamics, especially the role of the rhizosphere. Although long described, the functioning of root anastomoses has never been studied in depth.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87104472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19885
Diane Estelle Gnapi, D. Pokou, H. Legnaté, Z. Dapeng, D. S. Akaffou, Kouamé Cyrille Koffi, B. Bertrand, C. Montagnon, A. N’guetta
Description. Coffee cultivation plays an important economic and social role in Côte d'Ivoire. Among the dozens of Coffea species, only Coffea canephora, also known as robusta, is grown in the country. The genetic improvement of this species has been the subject of a selection program set up by the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA). This program involves two basic genetic groups, Guinean and Congolese. These groups have been determined using enzymatic markers which are known to be less informative. So little is known about the reliability of the genetic structuring of the parental populations. Objectives. The objective of this work is to refine the genetic structuring of the parental populations used to set up the C. canephora breeding program in Côte d'Ivoire using SNP markers and to relate this structure to test values in the genotypes concerned. Method. Sixty-six individuals representing parental genotypes of the two populations were analyzed using 200 SNPs markers. The parameters of genetic diversity were calculated and then the genetic structure was determined. The yield over four years of production, susceptibility to rust, and bean size have been evaluated. Results of these agronomic traits have been included in this analysis. The Guinean genotypes were crossed with a Congolese tester named 464 and the Congolese individuals were crossed with a Guinean tester 410, for assessing their combining ability. Results. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 75% of the total variation was due to variation between populations. Bayesian classification and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) structure the 66 genotypes into two main groups of Guineans and Congoleses. While the Guinean group appears to be homogeneous, the Congolese group is split into four subgroups of SG1, SG2, B and C. Maximum test values are found for the SG1 and SG2 subgroups. The Guinean group showed lower performance. It is important in this group to select the best progenitors. Conclusions. SNP markers were effective in genetic structuring of the population. This study also allows the identification of a genotype that was not determined. The use of this set of markers will be useful for the control of future progenitors. The same genetic progress can be achieved by crossing SG1 or SG2 with a good Guinean male. It seems important to make a selection among the Guineans before crossing them with a Congolese tester.
描述。咖啡种植在Côte科特迪瓦起着重要的经济和社会作用。在几十种咖啡中，只有咖啡canephora，也被称为罗布斯塔，在该国种植。该物种的遗传改良一直是国家农艺研究中心(CNRA)设立的一项选择计划的主题。这个项目涉及两个基本的基因群体，几内亚和刚果。这些群体是用已知信息较少的酶标记物确定的。因此，我们对亲代种群遗传结构的可靠性知之甚少。目标。这项工作的目的是利用SNP标记完善用于在Côte d' ivivire建立canephora育种计划的亲本群体的遗传结构，并将该结构与相关基因型的测试值联系起来。方法。用200个snp标记分析了两个种群的66个亲本基因型。计算遗传多样性参数，确定遗传结构。对四年产量、对锈病的易感性和豆类大小进行了评价。这些农艺性状的结果已包括在本分析中。几内亚基因型与名为464的刚果测试者杂交，刚果个体与几内亚测试者410杂交，以评估它们的配合力。结果。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明，总变异的75%是由群体间变异引起的。贝叶斯分类和主坐标分析(PCoA)将66个基因型分为几内亚和刚果两大类。几内亚组似乎是同质的，而刚果组分为SG1、SG2、B和c四个亚组。SG1和SG2亚组的测试值最大。几内亚组表现较差。在这个群体中选择最好的祖先是很重要的。结论。SNP标记在群体遗传结构中是有效的。这项研究还允许鉴定一种尚未确定的基因型。这组标记的使用将有助于对未来祖细胞的控制。通过将SG1或SG2与优良的几内亚雄性杂交，也能取得同样的遗传进展。在与刚果测试者杂交之前，在几内亚人中进行选择似乎很重要。
{"title":"Genetic structuring of parental populations of coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) breeding in Côte d’Ivoire using SNP markers","authors":"Diane Estelle Gnapi, D. Pokou, H. Legnaté, Z. Dapeng, D. S. Akaffou, Kouamé Cyrille Koffi, B. Bertrand, C. Montagnon, A. N’guetta","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19885","url":null,"abstract":"Description. Coffee cultivation plays an important economic and social role in Côte d'Ivoire. Among the dozens of Coffea species, only Coffea canephora, also known as robusta, is grown in the country. The genetic improvement of this species has been the subject of a selection program set up by the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA). This program involves two basic genetic groups, Guinean and Congolese. These groups have been determined using enzymatic markers which are known to be less informative. So little is known about the reliability of the genetic structuring of the parental populations. Objectives. The objective of this work is to refine the genetic structuring of the parental populations used to set up the C. canephora breeding program in Côte d'Ivoire using SNP markers and to relate this structure to test values in the genotypes concerned. Method. Sixty-six individuals representing parental genotypes of the two populations were analyzed using 200 SNPs markers. The parameters of genetic diversity were calculated and then the genetic structure was determined. The yield over four years of production, susceptibility to rust, and bean size have been evaluated. Results of these agronomic traits have been included in this analysis. The Guinean genotypes were crossed with a Congolese tester named 464 and the Congolese individuals were crossed with a Guinean tester 410, for assessing their combining ability. Results. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 75% of the total variation was due to variation between populations. Bayesian classification and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) structure the 66 genotypes into two main groups of Guineans and Congoleses. While the Guinean group appears to be homogeneous, the Congolese group is split into four subgroups of SG1, SG2, B and C. Maximum test values are found for the SG1 and SG2 subgroups. The Guinean group showed lower performance. It is important in this group to select the best progenitors. Conclusions. SNP markers were effective in genetic structuring of the population. This study also allows the identification of a genotype that was not determined. The use of this set of markers will be useful for the control of future progenitors. The same genetic progress can be achieved by crossing SG1 or SG2 with a good Guinean male. It seems important to make a selection among the Guineans before crossing them with a Congolese tester.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82454033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19861
Akouloukihi Damien Tchatcha, V. Mureșan, AndrianoJospin Djossou, A. Păucean, F. Tchobo, A. Mureșan, F. Houndonougbo, M. Soumanou
Introduction. Detarium microcarpum is a woody fruit plant, widely found in the dense dry and clear forests of sub-Saharan Africa. This review presents the nutritional and functional properties of D. microcarpum fruits pulp and seed, as well as their uses in food products. Literature. The two edible parts of the fruit of D. microcarpum are pulp and seed. These pulp and seed have an almost identical carbohydrate content (40.2-66.1%). Pulp contains proteins (2.9-6.1%), lipids (0.7-2.2%), and minerals: magnesium (51-84 mg·100g-1), potassium (1,017 mg·100g-1) and vitamins (vitamin C: 4.6-4.7 mg·100g-1). Seed also contains proteins (34.5-37.1%), lipids (23%), minerals and vitamins (vitamin C: 9.3-28.1 mg·100g-1). Seed powder exhibits functional properties such as bulk density (0.5-0.9 g·cm-3), water absorption capacity (3.5-11.7 ml·g-1), oil absorption capacity (0.7-3.1 ml·g-1), solubility (2-3%), emulsion capacity (4.3-4.4%), emulsion stability (3.4-3.5%), foaming capacity (8.7-8.8 cm3) and foam stability (7.0-9.3 cm3); it also improves the viscosity of dough. Pulp is used in juice and jam, while seeds are used as a stabilizer or as a thickener in juice, jam, tomato sauce, traditional soup, white bread, raw beef burger, and ice cream. Conclusions. Most studied works on the seed of D. microcarpum did not explore beyond the properties of its gum. Likewise, those on the pulp only approached its use in juice and jam. Therefore, it presents a large possibility for research in the context of the formulation of foods containing D. microcarpum fruits.
{"title":"Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. fruit properties, processing and food uses. A review","authors":"Akouloukihi Damien Tchatcha, V. Mureșan, AndrianoJospin Djossou, A. Păucean, F. Tchobo, A. Mureșan, F. Houndonougbo, M. Soumanou","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19861","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Detarium microcarpum is a woody fruit plant, widely found in the dense dry and clear forests of sub-Saharan Africa. This review presents the nutritional and functional properties of D. microcarpum fruits pulp and seed, as well as their uses in food products. Literature. The two edible parts of the fruit of D. microcarpum are pulp and seed. These pulp and seed have an almost identical carbohydrate content (40.2-66.1%). Pulp contains proteins (2.9-6.1%), lipids (0.7-2.2%), and minerals: magnesium (51-84 mg·100g-1), potassium (1,017 mg·100g-1) and vitamins (vitamin C: 4.6-4.7 mg·100g-1). Seed also contains proteins (34.5-37.1%), lipids (23%), minerals and vitamins (vitamin C: 9.3-28.1 mg·100g-1). Seed powder exhibits functional properties such as bulk density (0.5-0.9 g·cm-3), water absorption capacity (3.5-11.7 ml·g-1), oil absorption capacity (0.7-3.1 ml·g-1), solubility (2-3%), emulsion capacity (4.3-4.4%), emulsion stability (3.4-3.5%), foaming capacity (8.7-8.8 cm3) and foam stability (7.0-9.3 cm3); it also improves the viscosity of dough. Pulp is used in juice and jam, while seeds are used as a stabilizer or as a thickener in juice, jam, tomato sauce, traditional soup, white bread, raw beef burger, and ice cream. Conclusions. Most studied works on the seed of D. microcarpum did not explore beyond the properties of its gum. Likewise, those on the pulp only approached its use in juice and jam. Therefore, it presents a large possibility for research in the context of the formulation of foods containing D. microcarpum fruits.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72446493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19651
J. Martins, L. C. A. Rodrigues, P. Braga, A. R. Falqueto, A. Gontijo
Description of the subject. Knowledge of morphophysiological status of plants and their responses to excess metals, such as copper (Cu), allows determining their potential use as bio-indicators. In vitro techniques are promising in studies that involve physiology and anatomy because they can isolate the effects of trace elements on morphophysiological features from other possible stress factors. Objectives. The aim was to verify the morphophysiological changes and adjustments of Alcantarea imperialis induced by excess Cu under in vitro conditions. Method. Alcantarea imperialis plants were transferred to in vitro culture media containing a concentration gradient of Cu (0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 μM). After 90 days, the contents of photosynthetic pigments and Cu were analyzed along with growth and anatomical features. Results. Plants cultured with Cu concentrations higher than 50 µM Cu had clear signs of toxicity, such as chlorosis. Plants exposed to 200 µM Cu showed a severe level of toxicity and were dead after 90 days. A drastic reduction of all photosynthetic pigments, as well as their ratios, was verified with exposure to 100 µM Cu. Plants exposed to that copper level presented the smallest stomata area, the lowest xylem number, as well as the thinnest vessel elements. The Cu content in the plants increased linearly as a function of Cu concentrations in the medium. Alcantarea imperialis plants can bioaccumulate high amounts of Cu. Conclusions. Alcantarea imperialis plants have good potential for bio-indication in urban areas due to their high Cu bioaccumulation capacity and clear morphophysiological changes. However, they have a low tolerance to very high Cu levels.
主题描述。了解植物的形态生理状态及其对过量金属(如铜)的反应，可以确定它们作为生物指示物的潜在用途。体外技术在涉及生理和解剖学的研究中很有前景，因为它们可以将微量元素对形态生理特征的影响与其他可能的应激因素分离开来。目标。目的是在体外条件下验证过量Cu对皇刺荆芥的形态生理变化和调节作用。方法。将帝王Alcantarea imperialis植株转移到含Cu浓度梯度(0、25、50、100或200 μM)的离体培养基中。90 d后，测定光合色素和铜的含量以及生长和解剖特征。结果。铜浓度高于50µM时，植物出现明显的毒性迹象，如黄化。暴露于200µM Cu的植物表现出严重的毒性，90天后死亡。暴露在100 μ M Cu中，所有光合色素及其比例都急剧减少。暴露在这个铜水平下的植株气孔面积最小，木质部数量最少，导管分子最薄。随着培养基中Cu浓度的增加，植株中的Cu含量呈线性增加。皇刺荆属植物可以生物积累大量的铜。结论。皇刺荆属植物具有较高的Cu生物富集能力和明显的形态生理变化，在城市地区具有良好的生物指示潜力。然而，它们对非常高的铜含量的耐受性很低。
{"title":"Impacts of copper on photosynthetic pigments and anatomy of Alcantarea imperialis (Bromeliaceae) under in vitro conditions","authors":"J. Martins, L. C. A. Rodrigues, P. Braga, A. R. Falqueto, A. Gontijo","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19651","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. Knowledge of morphophysiological status of plants and their responses to excess metals, such as copper (Cu), allows determining their potential use as bio-indicators. In vitro techniques are promising in studies that involve physiology and anatomy because they can isolate the effects of trace elements on morphophysiological features from other possible stress factors. Objectives. The aim was to verify the morphophysiological changes and adjustments of Alcantarea imperialis induced by excess Cu under in vitro conditions. Method. Alcantarea imperialis plants were transferred to in vitro culture media containing a concentration gradient of Cu (0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 μM). After 90 days, the contents of photosynthetic pigments and Cu were analyzed along with growth and anatomical features. Results. Plants cultured with Cu concentrations higher than 50 µM Cu had clear signs of toxicity, such as chlorosis. Plants exposed to 200 µM Cu showed a severe level of toxicity and were dead after 90 days. A drastic reduction of all photosynthetic pigments, as well as their ratios, was verified with exposure to 100 µM Cu. Plants exposed to that copper level presented the smallest stomata area, the lowest xylem number, as well as the thinnest vessel elements. The Cu content in the plants increased linearly as a function of Cu concentrations in the medium. Alcantarea imperialis plants can bioaccumulate high amounts of Cu. Conclusions. Alcantarea imperialis plants have good potential for bio-indication in urban areas due to their high Cu bioaccumulation capacity and clear morphophysiological changes. However, they have a low tolerance to very high Cu levels.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77964647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19826
K. Attia, C. Darej, N. M’Hamdi, F. Zahm, N. Moujahed
Description of the subject. The demand for animal products is increasing due to human population growth. In addition, climate change poses a major threat to the viability and sustainability of livestock production systems, which are the subject of much debate. Objectives. This study aims to assess the sustainability of small dairy farms in the North of Tunisia. Method. Sustainability scores were calculated on the basis of individual interviews conducted on 107 dairy farms using a tool based on indicators covering the three dimensions of sustainability (agroecological, socio-territorial and economic). It allows a quantitative assessment of farms simultaneously on three scales. The questionnaire encompasses these three scales of sustainability, and each scale is composed of a set of indicators. These indicators are aligned with the objectives and scale of analysis, reliable and simple to understand, and incorporate variables for easy measurement. The final sustainability score is the lowest value of these three scales. This analysis is combined with PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC), statistical analyses to classify the farms into groups according to the final score. Results. The average results of the sustainability assessment show that the highest performances are recorded for the agroecological (65 points) and economic (63 points) scales, while the socio-territorial dimension penalizes the total sustainability of the farms (56 points). The descriptive analysis of the IDEA method provides a representative picture of the sustainability of small Tunisian dairy farms in the North. The PCA and AHC analyses of the data allowed the identification of four groups of livestock systems according to the components of sustainability. The first is represented by the least sustainable farms. The second group consists of farms with acceptable agroecological and socio-territorial sustainability, but very low economic sustainability. The third group is made up of farms with the best economic sustainability, acceptable socio-territorial sustainability but the lowest agroecological sustainability. The fourth group is associated with the most sustainable farms at all three scales. Conclusions. The overall results show that there is no dissociation between agroecological, socio-territorial and economic sustainability, and that improvements must therefore be made simultaneously on all three scales.
{"title":"Assessment of the sustainability of small dairy farms in the North of Tunisia","authors":"K. Attia, C. Darej, N. M’Hamdi, F. Zahm, N. Moujahed","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19826","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. The demand for animal products is increasing due to human population growth. In addition, climate change poses a major threat to the viability and sustainability of livestock production systems, which are the subject of much debate. Objectives. This study aims to assess the sustainability of small dairy farms in the North of Tunisia. Method. Sustainability scores were calculated on the basis of individual interviews conducted on 107 dairy farms using a tool based on indicators covering the three dimensions of sustainability (agroecological, socio-territorial and economic). It allows a quantitative assessment of farms simultaneously on three scales. The questionnaire encompasses these three scales of sustainability, and each scale is composed of a set of indicators. These indicators are aligned with the objectives and scale of analysis, reliable and simple to understand, and incorporate variables for easy measurement. The final sustainability score is the lowest value of these three scales. This analysis is combined with PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC), statistical analyses to classify the farms into groups according to the final score. Results. The average results of the sustainability assessment show that the highest performances are recorded for the agroecological (65 points) and economic (63 points) scales, while the socio-territorial dimension penalizes the total sustainability of the farms (56 points). The descriptive analysis of the IDEA method provides a representative picture of the sustainability of small Tunisian dairy farms in the North. The PCA and AHC analyses of the data allowed the identification of four groups of livestock systems according to the components of sustainability. The first is represented by the least sustainable farms. The second group consists of farms with acceptable agroecological and socio-territorial sustainability, but very low economic sustainability. The third group is made up of farms with the best economic sustainability, acceptable socio-territorial sustainability but the lowest agroecological sustainability. The fourth group is associated with the most sustainable farms at all three scales. Conclusions. The overall results show that there is no dissociation between agroecological, socio-territorial and economic sustainability, and that improvements must therefore be made simultaneously on all three scales.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81344953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19771
Kolawolé Romaric Lalèyè, H. Agadjihouèdé, D. Lédéroun, Thierry M. Agblonon Houelome, A. Chikou, Adédjobi Philippe Lalèyè
Description du sujet. L’étude de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau vise une connaissance des risques écologiques que l’activité d’extraction du sable peut engendrer sur l’environnement et ses ressources. Objectifs. Évaluer l’impact de l’extraction du sable fluvio-lagunaire sur la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau des écosystèmes aquatiques du sud-Bénin. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées mensuellement de décembre 2018 à novembre 2019 au niveau de 16 stations dont huit stations draguées et huit stations non draguées (stations de références). Treize paramètres physico-chimiques dont neuf paramètres (température, pH, transparence, profondeur, salinité, oxygène dissous, conductivité électrique, Solides Totaux Dissous, vitesse du courant) sont analysés in situ et quatre autres (NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-) au laboratoire. Le test de Kruskal-Wallis, la Matrice de Corrélation, la Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante et l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) ont été utilisés pour l’analyse des données collectées. Résultats. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier les effets de l’activité d’extraction du sable sur la physico-chimie de l’eau des écosystèmes aquatiques à travers l’analyse des stations draguées et des stations non draguées. Les stations non draguées présentent des eaux fortement minéralisées associées également à une pollution azotée et phosphorée, ce qui pourrait créer un déséquilibre au niveau de la faune aquatique. Par contre, les stations soumises à l’activité d’extraction du sable présentent les caractéristiques d’eaux bien oxygénées, des pH qui tendent vers la basicité, des eaux bien transparentes et profondes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les eaux des milieux dragués sont bien oxygénées et pourraient être bien favorables avec le temps au bon développement des espèces aquatiques, lorsque ceux-ci retrouveront peu à peu leur stabilité et redeviendront riches en matières minérales et nutritives. Conclusions. Cette étude permettra aux chercheurs et aux services techniques en charge de l'environnement de mieux appréhender les effets de l'activité d'extraction du sable sur la qualité physico-chimique des eaux des hydrosystèmes pour une meilleure gestion de ces milieux.
{"title":"Impact de l’exploitation du sable fluvio-lagunaire sur la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau des écosystèmes aquatiques du sud-Bénin","authors":"Kolawolé Romaric Lalèyè, H. Agadjihouèdé, D. Lédéroun, Thierry M. Agblonon Houelome, A. Chikou, Adédjobi Philippe Lalèyè","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.19771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19771","url":null,"abstract":"Description du sujet. L’étude de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau vise une connaissance des risques écologiques que l’activité d’extraction du sable peut engendrer sur l’environnement et ses ressources. Objectifs. Évaluer l’impact de l’extraction du sable fluvio-lagunaire sur la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau des écosystèmes aquatiques du sud-Bénin. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées mensuellement de décembre 2018 à novembre 2019 au niveau de 16 stations dont huit stations draguées et huit stations non draguées (stations de références). Treize paramètres physico-chimiques dont neuf paramètres (température, pH, transparence, profondeur, salinité, oxygène dissous, conductivité électrique, Solides Totaux Dissous, vitesse du courant) sont analysés in situ et quatre autres (NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-) au laboratoire. Le test de Kruskal-Wallis, la Matrice de Corrélation, la Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante et l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) ont été utilisés pour l’analyse des données collectées. Résultats. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier les effets de l’activité d’extraction du sable sur la physico-chimie de l’eau des écosystèmes aquatiques à travers l’analyse des stations draguées et des stations non draguées. Les stations non draguées présentent des eaux fortement minéralisées associées également à une pollution azotée et phosphorée, ce qui pourrait créer un déséquilibre au niveau de la faune aquatique. Par contre, les stations soumises à l’activité d’extraction du sable présentent les caractéristiques d’eaux bien oxygénées, des pH qui tendent vers la basicité, des eaux bien transparentes et profondes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les eaux des milieux dragués sont bien oxygénées et pourraient être bien favorables avec le temps au bon développement des espèces aquatiques, lorsque ceux-ci retrouveront peu à peu leur stabilité et redeviendront riches en matières minérales et nutritives. Conclusions. Cette étude permettra aux chercheurs et aux services techniques en charge de l'environnement de mieux appréhender les effets de l'activité d'extraction du sable sur la qualité physico-chimique des eaux des hydrosystèmes pour une meilleure gestion de ces milieux.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79175753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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