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Interfering with the dynamics of estrogen receptor-regulated transcription. 干扰雌激素受体调控的转录动力学。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_013
S A Johnsen, S Kangaspeska, G Reid, F Gannon

In recent years, there has been a growing realization that a static two-dimensional model of gene activation by transcription factors is inadequate. Based on the work from a number of groups (Kang et al. 2002; Liu and Bagchi 2004; Metivier et al. 2003; Park et al. 2005; Reid et al. 2003; Shang et al. 2000; Sharma and Fondell 2002; Vaisanen et al. 2005), it is becoming clear that transcriptional regulation by nuclear receptors is a dynamic and cyclical process (Metivier et al. 2006). There are significant consequences that arise from this shift in understanding, from nuclear receptors as ligand activated factors that bind to a response element to activate expression of a target gene to a process where the receptor repeatedly binds in order to achieve transcription. New insights that arise from viewing the activation process as cyclical and the consequences of this for developing new strategies that modulate the activity of the estrogen receptor are outlined in this chapter.

近年来,越来越多的人认识到转录因子激活基因的静态二维模型是不够的。基于一些小组的工作(Kang et al. 2002;Liu and Bagchi 2004;Metivier等人,2003;Park et al. 2005;Reid et al. 2003;Shang et al. 2000;Sharma and Fondell 2002;Vaisanen et al. 2005),越来越清楚的是,核受体的转录调控是一个动态和周期性的过程(Metivier et al. 2006)。这种认识的转变产生了重大的后果,从核受体作为配体激活因子与反应元件结合以激活靶基因的表达,到受体反复结合以实现转录的过程。本章概述了将激活过程视为周期性过程所产生的新见解,以及开发调节雌激素受体活性的新策略的后果。
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引用次数: 8
Bone marrow niche and leukemia. 骨髓生态位和白血病。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_048
A D Ho, W Wagner

Mounting evidence indicates that human cancers may originate from malignant transformation of stem cells. The most convincing proof is found in acute myeloid leukemia, where only a small subset of slowly dividing cells was able to induce transplantable acute myeloid leukemia. Normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are characterized by their unlimited ability to self-renew, give rise to a multitude of cells that exhibit more differentiated features, and show slow division kinetics. Using human HSC and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) as models, we and others have demonstrated the vital role of the cellular niche in maintaining the self-renewing capacity, that is, "stemness" of HSC. Without direct contact with the cellular niche, HSC tend to differentiate and lose their stemness. Similar to their normal counterparts, leukemia stem cells divide slowly and maintain their self-renewal capacity through interaction with the niche. As a consequence, they are resistant to conventional chemotherapy strategies that target rapidly dividing cells. Thus it is of utmost importance to understand the interaction between cellular niche and normal HSC as well as between leukemia stem cells and the niche to provide a basis for more efficient treatment strategies.

越来越多的证据表明,人类癌症可能起源于干细胞的恶性转化。最令人信服的证据是在急性髓性白血病中发现的,其中只有一小部分缓慢分裂的细胞能够诱导可移植的急性髓性白血病。正常造血干细胞(HSC)的特点是具有无限的自我更新能力,产生大量表现出更多分化特征的细胞,并表现出缓慢的分裂动力学。利用人造血干细胞和间充质基质细胞(MSC)作为模型,我们和其他人已经证明了细胞生态位在维持造血干细胞自我更新能力,即“干性”方面的重要作用。如果不与细胞生态位直接接触,HSC容易分化并失去其干性。与正常细胞相似,白血病干细胞分裂缓慢,并通过与生态位相互作用维持自我更新能力。因此,它们对针对快速分裂细胞的传统化疗策略具有耐药性。因此,了解细胞生态位与正常HSC之间以及白血病干细胞与生态位之间的相互作用,为制定更有效的治疗策略提供依据至关重要。
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引用次数: 9
Niche for normal and cancer stem cells. 适合正常和癌症干细胞。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_041
S I Nishikawa, M Osawa

An important issue in cancer therapy is the presence of a population that is resistant to anticancer treatment. This resistance has been partly ascribed to the presence of quiescent stem cells in a cancer population. However, how the quiescent state is induced in a proliferating cancer population is totally obscure. We think that our study on the stem cell system of pigment cells will provide some insight into the molecular basis for cancer stem cells, because the quiescent melanocyte stem cell would be the ideal model for understanding the process generating quiescent stem cells. In this article, we review our latest understanding of the quiescent stem cells of the melanocyte lineage by referring to some related topics of cancer stem cells.

癌症治疗中的一个重要问题是存在对抗癌治疗有耐药性的人群。这种抗性部分归因于癌症人群中存在静止干细胞。然而,如何在增殖的癌症群体中诱导静止状态是完全不清楚的。我们认为,我们对色素细胞干细胞系统的研究将为癌症干细胞的分子基础提供一些见解,因为静态黑素细胞干细胞将是了解静态干细胞生成过程的理想模型。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了我们对黑素细胞谱系的静止干细胞的最新认识,并参考了一些与癌症干细胞相关的话题。
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引用次数: 8
Nature's choice of genes controlling chronic inflammation. 自然选择控制慢性炎症的基因。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_036
R Holmdahl

Inflammation is a physiological response that may go uncontrolled and thereby develop in a chronic way. This seems to happen in many common diseases of autoimmune, degenerative, or allergic character. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is by definition a chronic disease with an autoimmune inflammatory attack on diarthrodial cartilaginous joints. The development of new treatment neutralizing cytokines involved in the inflammatory attack has given relief and gives the promise of more effective treatment of already established disease. It is now time to set our eyes on a new vision to develop preventive and curative treatment based on knowledge of the unique and causative pathogenic mechanisms. To do this we believe it is important to identify the natural-selected polymorphisms that are associated with disease. These have proven to be extremely difficult to identify in complex diseases such as RA, but using animal models, this work is closer to reality. Animal models have recently been developed mimicking various aspects of the human disease. We will present an example in which a genetic polymorphism associated with the development of arthritis has been identified. On the basis of this finding, a new pathway involving control of immune tolerance by reactive oxidative species has been identified and a new class of antiinflammatory agents activating the induced oxidative burst protein complex is suggested.

炎症是一种生理反应,可能无法控制,从而以慢性方式发展。这似乎发生在许多自身免疫性疾病、退行性疾病或过敏性疾病中。类风湿关节炎(RA)的定义是一种慢性疾病与自身免疫性炎症发作的软骨关节。新疗法的发展中和了参与炎症攻击的细胞因子,缓解了病情,并为更有效地治疗已经建立的疾病提供了希望。现在,我们应该着眼于一个新的愿景,即在了解独特的致病机制的基础上发展预防性和治疗性治疗。要做到这一点,我们认为确定与疾病相关的自然选择多态性是很重要的。这些已被证明在诸如类风湿性关节炎等复杂疾病中极难识别,但使用动物模型,这项工作更接近现实。最近已经开发出动物模型来模仿人类疾病的各个方面。我们将提出一个例子,其中遗传多态性与关节炎的发展已被确定。在此基础上,研究人员发现了一条通过氧化反应调控免疫耐受的新途径,并提出了一类激活氧化爆发蛋白复合物的新型抗炎药。
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引用次数: 2
Microstructured reactors for development and production in pharmaceutical and fine chemistry. 用于制药和精细化学开发和生产的微结构反应器。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_035
V Hessel, P Löb, U Krtschil, H Löwe

The true potential of microprocess technology for process intensification is not yet fully clear and needs to be actively explored, although more and more industrial case stories provide information. This paper uses a shortcut cost analysis to show the major cost portions for processes conducted by microstructured reactors. This leads to predicting novel chemical protocol conditions, which are tailored for microprocess technology and which are expected to highly intensify chemical processes. Some generic rules to approach this are termed new process windows, because they constitute a new approach to enabling chemistry. Using such process intensification together with scaled-out microstructured reactors, which is demonstrated by the example of gas-liquid microprocessing, paves the road to viable industrial microflow processes. Several such commercially oriented case studies are given. Without the use of new process windows conditions, microprocess technology will probably stick to niche applications.

尽管越来越多的工业案例提供了信息,但微过程技术在过程强化方面的真正潜力尚不完全清楚,需要积极探索。本文采用一种快捷成本分析方法来显示微结构反应器工艺的主要成本部分。这导致预测新的化学协议条件,这是为微过程技术量身定制的,预计将高度强化化学过程。一些通用规则被称为新过程窗口,因为它们构成了实现化学的新方法。以气液微处理为例,将这种工艺强化与按比例放大的微结构反应器相结合,为实现可行的工业微流工艺铺平了道路。给出了几个这样以商业为导向的案例研究。如果不使用新的进程窗口条件,微进程技术可能会局限于特定的应用程序。
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引用次数: 9
Orphan seven transmembrane receptor screening. 孤儿7跨膜受体筛选。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_006
M J Wigglesworth, L A Wolfe, A Wise

Drug discovery has successfully exploited the superfamily of seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR), with over 35% of clinically marketed drugs targeting them. However, it is clear that there remains an undefined potential within this protein family for successful drugs of the future. The human genome sequencing project identified approximately 720 genes that belong to the 7TMR superfamily. Around half of these genes encode sensory receptors, while the other half are potential drug targets. Natural ligands have been identified for approximately 215 of these, leaving 155 receptors classified as orphan 7TMRs having no known ligand. Deorphanisation of these receptors by identification of natural ligands has been the traditional method enabling target validation by use of these ligands as tools to define biological relevance and disease association. Such ligands have been paired with their cognate receptor experimentally by screening of small molecule and peptide ligands, reverse pharmacology and the use of bioinformatics to predict candidate ligands. In this manuscript, we review the methodologies developed for the identification of ligands at orphan 7TMRs and exemplify these with case studies.

药物发现已经成功地利用了7个跨膜受体(7TMR)超家族,超过35%的临床上市药物靶向它们。然而,很明显,在这个蛋白质家族中,未来成功药物的潜力仍未确定。人类基因组测序项目确定了大约720个基因属于7TMR超家族。这些基因中大约有一半编码感觉受体,而另一半是潜在的药物靶点。其中215个受体已被鉴定为天然配体,其余155个受体被归类为孤儿7tmr,没有已知的配体。通过鉴定天然配体来实现这些受体的去孤儿化一直是传统的方法,通过使用这些配体作为确定生物相关性和疾病关联的工具来实现靶标验证。通过小分子和多肽配体的筛选、反向药理学以及生物信息学预测候选配体,对这些配体与同源受体进行了实验配对。在这篇手稿中,我们回顾了孤儿7tmr配体鉴定的方法,并举例说明了这些案例研究。
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引用次数: 11
Virus-encoded G-protein-coupled receptors: constitutively active (dys)regulators of cell function and their potential as drug target. 病毒编码的g蛋白偶联受体:细胞功能的组成活性(日)调节剂及其作为药物靶点的潜力。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_009
H F Vischer, J W Hulshof, I J P de Esch, M J Smit, R Leurs

G-protein-coupled receptors encoded by herpesviruses such as EBV, HCMV and KSHV are very interesting illustrations of the (patho)physiological importance of constitutive GPCR activity. These viral proteins are expressed on the cell surface of infected cells and often constitutively activate a variety of G-proteins. For some virus-encoded GPCRs, the constitutive activity has been shown to occur in vivo, i.e., in infected cells. In this paper, we will review the occurrence of virus-encoded GPCRs and describe their known signaling properties. Moreover, we will also review the efforts, directed towards the discovery of small molecule antagonist, that so far have been mainly focused on the HCMV-encoded GPCR US28. This virus-encoded receptor might be involved in cardiovascular diseases and cancer and seems an interesting target for drug intervention.

由eb病毒、HCMV和KSHV等疱疹病毒编码的g蛋白偶联受体是组成型GPCR活性(病理)生理重要性的非常有趣的例证。这些病毒蛋白在感染细胞的细胞表面表达,通常组成性地激活多种g蛋白。对于一些病毒编码的gpcr,其组成活性已被证明发生在体内,即在感染细胞中。在本文中,我们将回顾病毒编码gpcr的发生,并描述其已知的信号特性。此外,我们还将回顾迄今为止主要集中在hcmv编码GPCR US28上的小分子拮抗剂的发现。这种病毒编码受体可能与心血管疾病和癌症有关,似乎是药物干预的有趣靶点。
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引用次数: 13
Modeling GPCRs. GPCR建模。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_002
A C M Paiva, L Oliveira, F Horn, R P Bywater, G Vriend

Many GPCR models have been built over the years for many different purposes, of which drug-design undoubtedly has been the most frequent one. The release of the structure of bovine rhodopsin in August 2000 enabled us to analyze models built before that period to learn things for the models we build today. We conclude that the GPCR modeling field is riddled with "common knowledge". Several characteristics of the bovine rhodopsin structure came as a big surprise, and had obviously not been predicted, which led to large errors in the models. Some of these surprises, however, could have been predicted if the modelers had more rigidly stuck to the rule that holds for all models, namely that a model should explain all experimental facts, and not just those facts that agree with the modeler's preconceptions.

多年来,为了许多不同的目的建立了许多GPCR模型,其中药物设计无疑是最常见的一个。2000年8月,牛视紫红质结构的发布使我们能够分析在那之前建立的模型,从而为我们今天建立的模型学习一些东西。我们得出结论,GPCR建模领域充斥着“常识”。牛视紫红质结构的几个特征是一个很大的惊喜,显然没有被预测到,这导致了模型的很大误差。然而,如果建模者更严格地遵守适用于所有模型的规则,即一个模型应该解释所有实验事实,而不仅仅是那些符合建模者先入为主的事实,那么这些意外中的一些是可以预测到的。
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引用次数: 5
c-Myc and activated Ras during skin tumorigenesis: cooperation at the cancer stem cell level? 皮肤肿瘤发生过程中c-Myc和活化Ras:癌症干细胞水平上的合作?
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_042
A Trumpp

Mutations leading to overexpression and activation of the oncogenes Myc and Ras are among the most frequent lesions known to occur in human and murine cancers. These genes are also the pioneering example for oncogene cooperation during tumorigenesis, whereby the anticancer effects of Myc deregulation (apoptosis) and oncogenic Ras (senescence) are antagonized and therefore canceled out by each other. Here I review the role of endogenous and overexpressed c-Myc in murine skin, focusing primarily on epidermal stem cells. In addition, recent data suggesting an essential role for the endogenous c-Myc-p21(CIP1) pathway in Ras-driven skin tumorigenesis are discussed.

导致癌基因Myc和Ras过度表达和激活的突变是人类和小鼠癌症中最常见的病变。这些基因也是肿瘤发生过程中癌基因合作的先驱,即Myc解除管制(细胞凋亡)和致癌Ras(衰老)的抗癌作用相互拮抗,因此相互抵消。在这里,我回顾了内源性和过表达的c-Myc在小鼠皮肤中的作用,主要关注表皮干细胞。此外,最近的数据表明内源性c-Myc-p21(CIP1)通路在ras驱动的皮肤肿瘤发生中起重要作用。
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引用次数: 8
Preclinical characterization of selective estrogen receptor beta agonists: new insights into their therapeutic potential. 选择性雌激素受体激动剂的临床前特征:对其治疗潜力的新见解。
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_021
H A Harris

It has now been over 10 years since Jan-Ake Gustafsson revealed the existence of a second form of the estrogen receptor (ERbeta) at a 1996 Keystone Symposium. Since then, substantial success has been made in distinguishing its potential biological functions from the previously known form (now called ERalpha) and how it might be exploited as a drug target. Subtype selective agonists have been particularly useful in this regard and suggest that ERbeta agonists may be useful for a variety of clinical applications without triggering classic estrogenic side effects such as uterine stimulation. These applications include inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, and sepsis. This manuscript will summarize illustrative data for three ERbeta selective agonists, ERB-041, WAY-202196, and WAY-200070.

自从Jan-Ake Gustafsson在1996年的Keystone研讨会上揭示了第二种雌激素受体(ERbeta)的存在以来,已经过去了10多年。从那时起,在将其潜在的生物学功能与以前已知的形式(现在称为erα)区分开来以及如何将其作为药物靶点加以利用方面取得了重大成功。亚型选择性激动剂在这方面特别有用,这表明erβ激动剂可用于各种临床应用,而不会引发经典的雌激素副作用,如子宫刺激。这些应用包括炎症性肠病、类风湿性关节炎、子宫内膜异位症和败血症。本文将总结三种erβ选择性激动剂,ERB-041, WAY-202196和WAY-200070的说明性数据。
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引用次数: 26
期刊
Ernst Schering Foundation symposium proceedings
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