Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2106739
Elizabeth Crawford, S. Leidenberger, Niclas Norrström, M. Niklasson
Video recording is a common method to study animal behaviour. In honey bee studies, short video-recordings are often used to learn more about a behaviour, but rarely used for their quantification. Standard methods for observing bee behaviour involve behavioural assays or direct observation of a limited subset of marked bees within an observation hive. This means that behaviour at the hive entrance may be overlooked. Here we describe a 4-camera set up for the study of behaviour at hive entrances. With minimal disturbance, we were able to record and quantify all previously described behaviours (9 in total including self-grooming in drones) on and around the hive entrance. We briefly discuss the general feasibility of video footage and the relative frequency of each observed behaviour. Our conclusion is that video footage is a useful and perhaps overlooked method for unbiased quantification and comparisons of bee behaviour at the hive entrance. With this paper we are publishing some example short video-recordings as online supplementary material for educational purposes.
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Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2094139
R. Dvykaliuk, L. Adamchuk, K. Pylypko
Introduction Propolis is a sticky resinous substance collected from buds, leaves, stems of wild plants and processed by bees, which has bactericidal properties and which they use to seal cracks in the hive, polish the walls of wax cells, embalm enemy corpses (mice, reptiles, etc.) (DSTU 4662:2006, 2007). Considering the propolis properties, it is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and other industries (Gülşah et al., 2020; Özer, 2020; Safaei & Azad, 2020; Sahlan et al., 2020). The botanical plant origin of propolis has been proven by numerous studies that have lasted since the last century (Bankova et al., 2006; Ghisalberti, 1979; Popravko, 1976). Each geographical zone has a large number of plants that produce secondary metabolites with antimicrobial effects and different chemical composition and may be potential sources of propolis. However, honey bees choose a narrow list of plants from which resins are collected to produce propolis.
蜂胶是从野生植物的芽、叶、茎中采集的一种粘稠的树脂物质，经过蜜蜂的加工，具有杀菌特性，它们用来密封蜂箱的裂缝，抛光蜡细胞的壁，防腐敌人的尸体(老鼠、爬行动物等)(DSTU 4662:2006, 2007)。考虑到蜂胶的性质，它被广泛应用于食品、制药等行业(g l ah et al.， 2020;时,2020;Safaei & Azad, 2020;Sahlan et al.， 2020)。自上个世纪以来，蜂胶的植物起源已被大量研究证实(Bankova et al.， 2006;Ghisalberti, 1979;Popravko, 1976)。每个地理区域都有大量的植物产生具有抗菌作用和不同化学成分的次生代谢物，可能是蜂胶的潜在来源。然而，蜜蜂只选择一小部分植物，从中收集树脂来生产蜂胶。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-12DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2094747
H. Abou-Shaara, P. Kryger, M. Chauzat, Esmaeil Amiri
On the geographical basis, sub-Saharan Africa is the origin of small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida Murray, 1867 (Family: Nitidulidae) (Neumann et al., 2016; Neumann & Elzen, 2004). SHBs have been able to invade new regions outside their native range and spread to America, Asia, Australia and Europe (Neumann et al., 2016). SHBs were reported in the United States in 1996 (Elzen et al., 1999; Hood, 2004; Hood & Miller, 2005), and other continents such as Australia in 2002 (Hood, 2004), Asia in 2010 (Lee et al., 2017), Europe in 2014 (Mutinelli et al., 2014), South America in 2017 (Al Toufailia et al., 2017), the islands of Philippines 2014 (Cervancia et al., 2016) and Mauritius in 2016 (Muli et al., 2018). They have succeeded to invade and establish in the USA and across the east coast of Australia (Hood, 2000; Neumann et al., 2016; Neumann & Elzen, 2004), however, the invasion does not always mean the establishment of SHBs in new country, as SHB detection has been reported from Egypt and Portugal without any strong evidence of establishment (Abou-Shaara et al., 2018; El-Niweiri et al., 2008; Hassan & Neumann, 2008; Mostafa & Williams, 2000; Murilhas, 2004). In 2014, SHBs were detected in Italy (Mutinelli, 2014; Mutinelli et al., 2014; Neumann et al., 2016; Palmeri et al., 2015) and the authorities have been active since detection trying to eradicate the SHBs and prevent their spread towards other EU countries.
在地理上，撒哈拉以南非洲是小蜂房甲虫(SHBs)的起源，Aethina tumida Murray, 1867 (Family: Nitidulidae) (Neumann et al.， 2016;Neumann & Elzen, 2004)。shb已经能够入侵其原生范围之外的新地区，并传播到美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚和欧洲(Neumann et al.， 2016)。1996年，美国报道了shb (Elzen et al.， 1999;罩,2004;胡德和米勒，2005)，以及其他大陆，如2002年的澳大利亚(胡德，2004)，2010年的亚洲(Lee等人，2017)，2014年的欧洲(Mutinelli等人，2014)，2017年的南美(al Toufailia等人，2017)，2014年的菲律宾群岛(cerancia等人，2016)和2016年的毛里求斯(Muli等人，2018)。他们已经成功地入侵并建立在美国和整个澳大利亚东海岸(胡德，2000;Neumann et al.， 2016;Neumann & Elzen, 2004)，然而，入侵并不总是意味着在新国家建立SHB，因为在埃及和葡萄牙发现了SHB，但没有任何强有力的证据(Abou-Shaara等人，2018;El-Niweiri et al.， 2008;Hassan & Neumann, 2008;Mostafa & Williams, 2000;Murilhas, 2004)。2014年，意大利检测到SHBs (Mutinelli, 2014;Mutinelli et al.， 2014;Neumann et al.， 2016;Palmeri et al.， 2015)，当局自发现以来一直积极尝试根除shb并防止其向其他欧盟国家传播。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2073952
Tomonori Matsuzawa, R. Kohsaka
Introduction Honey bees are widely known to provide significant benefits to mankind such as livelihood source through honey production and economic importance for agricultural production (Ayan et al., 2014; Stanhope et al., 2017). For instance, beekeepers in Canada are reimbursed for providing pollination services for hybrid canola seed productions (Hoover & Ovinge, 2018). In the report published by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the economic value of pollinating service of honey bees is estimated to be up to 577 billion dollars, emphasizing its importance (Potts et al., 2016). However, despite their socio-ecological importance, there has been a decline in bee colonies, arising major concerns, particularly to the spread of colony collapse disorder and exposure to pesticides and parasites, disrupting the beekeeping industry (Genersch, 2010; vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009; Watson & Stallins, 2016; Woodcock et al., 2016). Because of the decline of bee colonies, which became a concern socially, economically, and scientifically (Lorenz & Stark, 2015; Potts et al., 2016; vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009), there has been a global expansion of urban beekeeping (e.g., Moore & Kosut, 2013; Salkin, 2012). Bees in urban areas have better access to greater biodiversity, which in turn results in a more varied diet, thus, bees are healthier and have stronger immune systems (EMBARQ Network, 2015). Moreover, the urban beekeeping practice has been acknowledged for its importance in cultural functions such as hobbies, community building, and environmental education (Egerer & Kowarik, 2020; Skelton, 2006). However, the urban beekeeping practice is receiving negative perceptions from the public, which stemmed from safety concerns (e.g., stinging incidents) and property disputes (e.g., trespass claims) by neighbors (Gallay, 2018; Ropars et al., 2019; Stanhope et al., 2017). Recent evidence also suggests that urban beekeeping has negative impacts on wild insect densities in flowering crops (Baldock, 2020). There is, therefore, a need for good governance in urban beekeeping regulations to maximize the benefits (e.g., biodiversity conservation, livelihood source) while minimizing the risks (e.g., stinging incidents, property disputes) (Larson et al., 2020; Sponsler & Bratman, 2021).
众所周知，蜜蜂通过蜂蜜生产为人类提供了巨大的利益，如生计来源和对农业生产的经济重要性(Ayan et al.， 2014;Stanhope et al.， 2017)。例如，加拿大的养蜂人因为杂交油菜种子生产提供授粉服务而获得报销(Hoover & Ovinge, 2018)。在生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)发布的报告中，蜜蜂授粉服务的经济价值估计高达5770亿美元，强调了其重要性(Potts et al.， 2016)。然而，尽管蜂群具有重要的社会生态意义，但蜂群数量却在下降，这引起了人们的重大关注，特别是蜂群衰竭失调的蔓延以及农药和寄生虫的暴露，扰乱了养蜂业(Genersch, 2010;vanEngelsdorp等，2009;Watson & Stallins, 2016;Woodcock et al.， 2016)。由于蜂群的减少，这成为社会，经济和科学的关注(Lorenz & Stark, 2015;Potts et al.， 2016;vanEngelsdorp等人，2009)，城市养蜂业在全球范围内扩张(例如，Moore & Kosut, 2013;着,2012)。城市地区的蜜蜂可以更好地获得更大的生物多样性，这反过来又导致更多样化的饮食，因此蜜蜂更健康，免疫系统更强(EMBARQ Network, 2015)。此外，城市养蜂实践在爱好、社区建设和环境教育等文化功能方面的重要性已得到认可(Egerer & Kowarik, 2020;斯凯尔顿,2006)。然而，城市养蜂实践正在受到公众的负面看法，这源于安全问题(例如，蜇伤事件)和邻居的财产纠纷(例如，非法侵入索赔)(Gallay, 2018;Ropars等人，2019;Stanhope et al.， 2017)。最近的证据还表明，城市养蜂对开花作物中的野生昆虫密度有负面影响(Baldock, 2020)。因此，需要在城市养蜂法规中进行良好的治理，以最大限度地提高效益(例如，生物多样性保护，生计来源)，同时最大限度地降低风险(例如，蜇伤事件，财产纠纷)(Larson等人，2020;Sponsler & Bratman, 2021)。
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Urban Beekeeping Regulations of Australia, the United States, and Japan: Towards Evidence-Based Policy Making","authors":"Tomonori Matsuzawa, R. Kohsaka","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2022.2073952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2022.2073952","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Honey bees are widely known to provide significant benefits to mankind such as livelihood source through honey production and economic importance for agricultural production (Ayan et al., 2014; Stanhope et al., 2017). For instance, beekeepers in Canada are reimbursed for providing pollination services for hybrid canola seed productions (Hoover & Ovinge, 2018). In the report published by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the economic value of pollinating service of honey bees is estimated to be up to 577 billion dollars, emphasizing its importance (Potts et al., 2016). However, despite their socio-ecological importance, there has been a decline in bee colonies, arising major concerns, particularly to the spread of colony collapse disorder and exposure to pesticides and parasites, disrupting the beekeeping industry (Genersch, 2010; vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009; Watson & Stallins, 2016; Woodcock et al., 2016). Because of the decline of bee colonies, which became a concern socially, economically, and scientifically (Lorenz & Stark, 2015; Potts et al., 2016; vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009), there has been a global expansion of urban beekeeping (e.g., Moore & Kosut, 2013; Salkin, 2012). Bees in urban areas have better access to greater biodiversity, which in turn results in a more varied diet, thus, bees are healthier and have stronger immune systems (EMBARQ Network, 2015). Moreover, the urban beekeeping practice has been acknowledged for its importance in cultural functions such as hobbies, community building, and environmental education (Egerer & Kowarik, 2020; Skelton, 2006). However, the urban beekeeping practice is receiving negative perceptions from the public, which stemmed from safety concerns (e.g., stinging incidents) and property disputes (e.g., trespass claims) by neighbors (Gallay, 2018; Ropars et al., 2019; Stanhope et al., 2017). Recent evidence also suggests that urban beekeeping has negative impacts on wild insect densities in flowering crops (Baldock, 2020). There is, therefore, a need for good governance in urban beekeeping regulations to maximize the benefits (e.g., biodiversity conservation, livelihood source) while minimizing the risks (e.g., stinging incidents, property disputes) (Larson et al., 2020; Sponsler & Bratman, 2021).","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"186 1","pages":"89 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74421924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2088166
A. Uzunov, E. W. Brascamp, M. Du, R. Büchler
This article mainly focuses on the challenges associated with implementing mating control and is the next in line of the series on the concepts of honey bee breeding programs that puzzle many beekeepers around the globe (Uzunov et al., 2017, 2022).
本文主要关注与实施交配控制相关的挑战，是困扰全球许多养蜂人的蜜蜂育种计划概念系列的下一篇(Uzunov et al.， 2017,2022)。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2079842
P. Vit
{"title":"Sour Honeys from 57 Species of Stingless Bees in 18 Countries","authors":"P. Vit","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2022.2079842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2022.2079842","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"66 1","pages":"74 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82192158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2022.2076973
M. C. Marcucci, I. B. S. Cunha, E. M. Sanchez, Carolina Passarelli Gonçalves, Cristina Cedeño-Pinos, S. Bañón
Introduction Propolis is a resinous material of different colours ranging from yellow, brown, green and red, composed of resins produced by plants, added to the secretions of bees and mixed with wax. Propolis is used mainly in the construction and preservation of hives (Marcucci et al., 2000). Propolis resin is characterized by naturally occurring chemical compounds, including different phenolic bioactive compounds, waxes, ashes and volatile substances, among others, whose content may widely vary depending on the existing differences in plant ecosystems (Fabris et al., 2013; Fikri et al., 2019; Marcucci et al., 2000). Brazilian green propolis collected from Baccharis dracunculifolia (Tomazzoli et al., 2020) in the central Regions is rich in p-coumaric acid, prenylated cinnamic acis, such as Artepillin C, caffeic and caffeoylquinnic acids and flavonoids (Carvalho et al., 2019; Veiga et al., 2017). Brown propolis collected from Araucaria heterophylla and, sometimes, from B.dracunculifolia and A. heterophylla, in the southern Regions, contains high levels of vanillin, crysin, pinocembrin and cinnamic acid derivatives, for example, Artepillin C (Marcucci et al., 2008), while red propolis collected from Daubergia ecastophyllum and Symphonia globulifera (Ccana-Ccapatinta et al., 2020) in the northern Regions are rich in flavonoids, isoflavones and prenylated benzophenones (Vieira de Morais et al., 2021) (Figure 1). All these propolis may present biological activities, including some antimicrobial and antioxidant (Batista et al., 2016; Dantas Silva et al., 2017; do Nascimento et al., 2019a; Ripari et al., 2021; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Touzani et al., 2018; Vieira de Morais et al., 2021), anti-inflammatory (Wang et al., 2015) and antitumoral properties (Nani et al., 2018; Watanabe et al., 2011). Some types of propolis have high market value for their medicinal properties, such as Brazilian green propolis (Berretta et al., 2020). Because there are so many variations in its chemical composition, in particular, regarding bioactive compounds, the characterization of propolis is very important in order to meet quality control standards.
蜂胶是一种不同颜色的树脂材料，有黄色、棕色、绿色和红色，由植物产生的树脂添加到蜜蜂的分泌物中，并与蜡混合而成。蜂胶主要用于建造和保存蜂箱(Marcucci et al.， 2000)。蜂胶树脂的特点是天然存在的化合物，包括不同的酚类生物活性化合物、蜡、灰分和挥发性物质等，其含量可能因植物生态系统的现有差异而有很大差异(Fabris et al.， 2013;Fikri等人，2019;Marcucci et al.， 2000)。从中部地区的龙珠酒(Tomazzoli et al.， 2020)采集的巴西绿色蜂胶富含对香豆酸、氨基化肉桂酸，如Artepillin C、咖啡酸和咖啡酰奎宁酸和类黄酮(Carvalho et al.， 2019;Veiga et al.， 2017)。南方地区从异叶Araucaria heterophylla采集的棕色蜂胶，有时也从b . dracunculliolia和A. heterophylla采集的棕色蜂胶含有大量的香兰素、葡萄素、松皮素和肉桂酸衍生物，例如Artepillin C (Marcucci et al.， 2008)，而北部地区从Daubergia ecastophyllum和Symphonia globulifera采集的红色蜂胶(cana- capatinta et al.， 2020)含有丰富的黄酮类化合物。异黄酮和烯丙基二苯甲酮(Vieira de Morais等，2021)(图1)。所有这些蜂胶都可能具有生物活性，包括一些抗菌和抗氧化活性(Batista等，2016;Dantas Silva等人，2017;do Nascimento et al.， 2019;Ripari et al.， 2021;Schnitzler et al.， 2010;Touzani et al.， 2018;Vieira de Morais等人，2021)，抗炎(Wang等人，2015)和抗肿瘤特性(Nani等人，2018;Watanabe et al.， 2011)。某些类型的蜂胶因其药用特性具有很高的市场价值，如巴西绿蜂胶(Berretta et al.， 2020)。由于蜂胶的化学成分有很多变化，特别是在生物活性化合物方面，蜂胶的表征对于满足质量控制标准非常重要。
{"title":"Analysis of Brazilian Propolis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Characteristics of Crude Resin, Ethanolic Extracts, Wax and Isolated Compounds","authors":"M. C. Marcucci, I. B. S. Cunha, E. M. Sanchez, Carolina Passarelli Gonçalves, Cristina Cedeño-Pinos, S. Bañón","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2022.2076973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2022.2076973","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Propolis is a resinous material of different colours ranging from yellow, brown, green and red, composed of resins produced by plants, added to the secretions of bees and mixed with wax. Propolis is used mainly in the construction and preservation of hives (Marcucci et al., 2000). Propolis resin is characterized by naturally occurring chemical compounds, including different phenolic bioactive compounds, waxes, ashes and volatile substances, among others, whose content may widely vary depending on the existing differences in plant ecosystems (Fabris et al., 2013; Fikri et al., 2019; Marcucci et al., 2000). Brazilian green propolis collected from Baccharis dracunculifolia (Tomazzoli et al., 2020) in the central Regions is rich in p-coumaric acid, prenylated cinnamic acis, such as Artepillin C, caffeic and caffeoylquinnic acids and flavonoids (Carvalho et al., 2019; Veiga et al., 2017). Brown propolis collected from Araucaria heterophylla and, sometimes, from B.dracunculifolia and A. heterophylla, in the southern Regions, contains high levels of vanillin, crysin, pinocembrin and cinnamic acid derivatives, for example, Artepillin C (Marcucci et al., 2008), while red propolis collected from Daubergia ecastophyllum and Symphonia globulifera (Ccana-Ccapatinta et al., 2020) in the northern Regions are rich in flavonoids, isoflavones and prenylated benzophenones (Vieira de Morais et al., 2021) (Figure 1). All these propolis may present biological activities, including some antimicrobial and antioxidant (Batista et al., 2016; Dantas Silva et al., 2017; do Nascimento et al., 2019a; Ripari et al., 2021; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Touzani et al., 2018; Vieira de Morais et al., 2021), anti-inflammatory (Wang et al., 2015) and antitumoral properties (Nani et al., 2018; Watanabe et al., 2011). Some types of propolis have high market value for their medicinal properties, such as Brazilian green propolis (Berretta et al., 2020). Because there are so many variations in its chemical composition, in particular, regarding bioactive compounds, the characterization of propolis is very important in order to meet quality control standards.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"65 1","pages":"82 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80867971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have the ability to look for and collect resinous substances with antimicrobial properties from a wide variety of plants from the environment they live in (Dezmirean et al., 2020). Bees collect resins on their hind legs and deposit them in their hives where the resins are mixed with wax to produce propolis (bee glue) in order to protect their family and hive (Bankova et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2013). Interestingly, bees make use of the mechanical properties of propolis as well as its biological action. It is responsible for the lower incidence of bacteria and moulds within the hive than in the atmosphere outside (Bankova et al., 2000). The knowledge of botanical origin of resins is important because propolis harvested from colonies in different climatic regions, and thus from different botanical sources, could vary in its chemical composition and antimicrobial properties (Wilson et al., 2013). It is notable that honey bees make discrete choices among many resinous plant species, even among closely related species.
蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)有能力从其生活环境中的各种植物中寻找和收集具有抗菌特性的树脂物质(Dezmirean et al.， 2020)。蜜蜂在后腿上收集树脂，并将其储存在蜂巢中，树脂与蜡混合产生蜂胶(蜂胶)，以保护它们的家庭和蜂巢(Bankova等人，2019;Wilson et al.， 2013)。有趣的是，蜜蜂不仅利用蜂胶的生物作用，还利用蜂胶的机械特性。这是造成蜂箱内细菌和霉菌发生率低于室外大气的原因(Bankova et al.， 2000)。了解树脂的植物来源很重要，因为从不同气候区域的菌落收获的蜂胶，因此来自不同的植物来源，其化学成分和抗菌性能可能有所不同(Wilson等人，2013)。值得注意的是，蜜蜂在许多树脂植物物种中做出离散的选择，甚至在密切相关的物种中也是如此。
{"title":"Resinous Plant Species of Lesotho Used by Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) as Raw Materials for Propolis Production","authors":"Oriel Hlokoane, Tankiso Lechesa, Letsekha Mafereka, Mosuoenyane Moshoeshoe","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2022.2076972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2022.2076972","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have the ability to look for and collect resinous substances with antimicrobial properties from a wide variety of plants from the environment they live in (Dezmirean et al., 2020). Bees collect resins on their hind legs and deposit them in their hives where the resins are mixed with wax to produce propolis (bee glue) in order to protect their family and hive (Bankova et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2013). Interestingly, bees make use of the mechanical properties of propolis as well as its biological action. It is responsible for the lower incidence of bacteria and moulds within the hive than in the atmosphere outside (Bankova et al., 2000). The knowledge of botanical origin of resins is important because propolis harvested from colonies in different climatic regions, and thus from different botanical sources, could vary in its chemical composition and antimicrobial properties (Wilson et al., 2013). It is notable that honey bees make discrete choices among many resinous plant species, even among closely related species.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"103 1","pages":"117 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78452857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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