Background: Chocolate is commercially made from the nut of Theobroma cacao. It has a bitter nutty taste, therefore many additives such as sucrose, milk, butter, etc are added to improve its taste and quality. The processing of cacao is an important step in the production of chocolate. It includes the fermentation of cacao beans using various microorganisms. In present study Aspergillus oryzae isolated from pea coffee leaves was characterised and was used to ferment cacao beans and the resulting change in its properties was studied. Methods: In this study, we aimed to use Aspergillus oryzae isolated from pea coffee leaves, characterized and used to ferment cacao beans, to improve the flavour and quality. The changes in the flavour and qualities such as reducing sugar, protein, polyphenols, calcium, potassium, and iron content of cacao beans before and after fermentation were compared. The results were further compared with that of the cacao beans fermented with yeast and unfermented cacao beans to analyse the differences. Results: The colour, smell, pH, and taste of fermented cacao beans have considerably changed after fermentation. Quantitative analysis revealed that the sugar, protein, and polyphenols contents have decreased, while those of nutrients such as iron, calcium, and potassium increased after fermentation.
{"title":"Study of Fermented Cacao Beans using Aspergillus oryzae Isolated from Pea Coffee Leaves","authors":"M.M. Nidhilangelo, Ally C. Antony","doi":"10.18805/bkap675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap675","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chocolate is commercially made from the nut of Theobroma cacao. It has a bitter nutty taste, therefore many additives such as sucrose, milk, butter, etc are added to improve its taste and quality. The processing of cacao is an important step in the production of chocolate. It includes the fermentation of cacao beans using various microorganisms. In present study Aspergillus oryzae isolated from pea coffee leaves was characterised and was used to ferment cacao beans and the resulting change in its properties was studied. Methods: In this study, we aimed to use Aspergillus oryzae isolated from pea coffee leaves, characterized and used to ferment cacao beans, to improve the flavour and quality. The changes in the flavour and qualities such as reducing sugar, protein, polyphenols, calcium, potassium, and iron content of cacao beans before and after fermentation were compared. The results were further compared with that of the cacao beans fermented with yeast and unfermented cacao beans to analyse the differences. Results: The colour, smell, pH, and taste of fermented cacao beans have considerably changed after fermentation. Quantitative analysis revealed that the sugar, protein, and polyphenols contents have decreased, while those of nutrients such as iron, calcium, and potassium increased after fermentation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"23 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), initiated by the Government of Telangana, India, on February 25, 2018, provides financial assistance to farmers across all categories. Its primary objective is to prevent farmers from succumbing to debt and to improve their financial stability. By enabling them to procure essential inputs like fertilizers, seeds, machinery, and labour, the scheme aims to enhance effective agricultural practices. However, it falls short in addressing critical environmental and social challenges in agriculture, including soil degradation, water pollution, climate change and food security. This paper proposes a comprehensive set of recommendations to enhance the Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), ensuring its long-term sustainability and inclusivity for Telangana’s agricultural sector. The following strategies are crucial for achieving these goals: To enhance soil health and reduce erosion, encourage practices like minimum tillage, crop rotation and cover cropping. Livestock rearing provides supplementary income, valuable manure and draught power, diversifying farmers’ livelihoods. Address environmental and health concerns related to chemical fertilizers by recommending organic or bio-fertilizers. Utilize crop residues as mulch, fodder, or biofuel instead of burning them to minimize air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Establish vegetation strips along water bodies to safeguard water quality, preserve biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. Financial incentives for sustainable practices ensure farmers’ profitability and food security. Implement district-level advisory bodies to educate farmers about sustainable methods. These recommendations align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda, benefiting both farmers and the environment.
{"title":"Reevaluating the Rythu Bandhu Scheme: Toward Sustainable and Inclusive Agriculture in Telangana: A Review","authors":"Srinivas Katherasala, Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni","doi":"10.18805/bkap728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap728","url":null,"abstract":"The Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), initiated by the Government of Telangana, India, on February 25, 2018, provides financial assistance to farmers across all categories. Its primary objective is to prevent farmers from succumbing to debt and to improve their financial stability. By enabling them to procure essential inputs like fertilizers, seeds, machinery, and labour, the scheme aims to enhance effective agricultural practices. However, it falls short in addressing critical environmental and social challenges in agriculture, including soil degradation, water pollution, climate change and food security. This paper proposes a comprehensive set of recommendations to enhance the Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), ensuring its long-term sustainability and inclusivity for Telangana’s agricultural sector. The following strategies are crucial for achieving these goals: To enhance soil health and reduce erosion, encourage practices like minimum tillage, crop rotation and cover cropping. Livestock rearing provides supplementary income, valuable manure and draught power, diversifying farmers’ livelihoods. Address environmental and health concerns related to chemical fertilizers by recommending organic or bio-fertilizers. Utilize crop residues as mulch, fodder, or biofuel instead of burning them to minimize air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Establish vegetation strips along water bodies to safeguard water quality, preserve biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. Financial incentives for sustainable practices ensure farmers’ profitability and food security. Implement district-level advisory bodies to educate farmers about sustainable methods. These recommendations align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda, benefiting both farmers and the environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141350857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abba Bello Abba, Abdulrahman Lado, Muhammad Auwal Hussaini, Fatima Zahra Buhari
Background: Intercropping and row arrangement represent a dynamic frontier of research and practical application, influencing resource allocation, weed competition and overall crop productivity in a modern agro ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the impact of row orientation and arrangement on weed competition and crop performance within the Sudan savannah ecology of Nigeria during the 2018 rainy season. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at BUK (Latitude 11°58'N and Longitude 8°25'E) and Minjibir (Latitude 12.14590N and Longitude 0.866'4850E), utilizing two orientations (East-West and North-South) and seven sorghum: groundnut row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2, 3:3, 2:4 and 4:2). A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, with simultaneous cultivation of SAMSORG 40 sorghum and SAMNUT 24 groundnut varieties. Result: The 2:1 row arrangement exhibited the lowest weed density (23.2 and 31.1 m-2) and dry weight (408.6 and 438.2 kg ha-1). East-West orientation reduced weed density by 24.5% at BUK and 20.8% at Minjibir. North-South row orientation significantly increased sorghum grain yield by 17.7% and reduced groundnut kernel yield by 9.37%. Higher sorghum yield (699.6 and 773. 7 Kg ha-1) was observed with 2:1 whereas the 1:2 arrangement yielded more groundnut kernels (329.2 and 338.1 kg ha-1). East-West orientation and the 2:1 row arrangement suppressed weed growth and recorded higher yields.
{"title":"Weed Competition and Performance of Sorghum and Groundnut Intercrop as Influenced by Row Orientation and Arrangement","authors":"Abba Bello Abba, Abdulrahman Lado, Muhammad Auwal Hussaini, Fatima Zahra Buhari","doi":"10.18805/bkap717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap717","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intercropping and row arrangement represent a dynamic frontier of research and practical application, influencing resource allocation, weed competition and overall crop productivity in a modern agro ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the impact of row orientation and arrangement on weed competition and crop performance within the Sudan savannah ecology of Nigeria during the 2018 rainy season. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at BUK (Latitude 11°58'N and Longitude 8°25'E) and Minjibir (Latitude 12.14590N and Longitude 0.866'4850E), utilizing two orientations (East-West and North-South) and seven sorghum: groundnut row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2, 3:3, 2:4 and 4:2). A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, with simultaneous cultivation of SAMSORG 40 sorghum and SAMNUT 24 groundnut varieties. Result: The 2:1 row arrangement exhibited the lowest weed density (23.2 and 31.1 m-2) and dry weight (408.6 and 438.2 kg ha-1). East-West orientation reduced weed density by 24.5% at BUK and 20.8% at Minjibir. North-South row orientation significantly increased sorghum grain yield by 17.7% and reduced groundnut kernel yield by 9.37%. Higher sorghum yield (699.6 and 773. 7 Kg ha-1) was observed with 2:1 whereas the 1:2 arrangement yielded more groundnut kernels (329.2 and 338.1 kg ha-1). East-West orientation and the 2:1 row arrangement suppressed weed growth and recorded higher yields.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"64 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Chintey, R. K. Goswami, B. Bharali, R. Das, R. K. Thakuria, R. P. Paswan, P. K. Debchoudhury, L. Pegu, Dipankar Sonowal
Background: In the North-Eastern states, Assam has the highest area of cultivation of rapeseed and found to be potential hub for increasing productivity to a great extent. To fulfil the increasing demand for edible oils, interdisciplinary approaches including physiological parameters must be paid off. The suitable genotype for a particular region has to be identified based on physiological efficiency and yield. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 22 different genotypes of rapeseed including TS-38 (Check), TS-46, TS-67, TS-36, TS-29, TS-75-1, TS-75-1TL, TS-75-2ME, TS-75-2-MM, TS-76-1, TS-76-2, JT-90-1, Panchali, Bhawani, CG Toria-4, TKM-20-1, TKM-20-2, JT-14-5, PT-2018-09, CG Toria-3, Tapeshwari and PT-303. The crops were grown following the recommended package of practices. All the morpho-physiological parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded following the standard methodologies. The correlation coefficients of morpho-physiological characters and different yield components with seed yield were worked out from the pooled values of two years following the standard method. Result: The results indicated that number of green leaves per plant, stem diameter, total dry weight, total leaf chlorophyll content, AGR and CGR showed highly significant positive correlation with seed yield, clearly indicating their contribution towards higher yield in rapeseed. The number of primary branches and SLW exhibited significant positive correlation with seed yield. Among the yield attributes, number of siliqua per plant, seeds per silique, seeds per plant, sink capacity, stover yield and harvest index showed a highly significant positive correlation with the seed yield.
{"title":"Correlation Studies of Morpho-physiological Characters with Seed Yield in Rapeseed (Brassica rapa var. Toria)","authors":"R. Chintey, R. K. Goswami, B. Bharali, R. Das, R. K. Thakuria, R. P. Paswan, P. K. Debchoudhury, L. Pegu, Dipankar Sonowal","doi":"10.18805/bkap719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap719","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the North-Eastern states, Assam has the highest area of cultivation of rapeseed and found to be potential hub for increasing productivity to a great extent. To fulfil the increasing demand for edible oils, interdisciplinary approaches including physiological parameters must be paid off. The suitable genotype for a particular region has to be identified based on physiological efficiency and yield. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 22 different genotypes of rapeseed including TS-38 (Check), TS-46, TS-67, TS-36, TS-29, TS-75-1, TS-75-1TL, TS-75-2ME, TS-75-2-MM, TS-76-1, TS-76-2, JT-90-1, Panchali, Bhawani, CG Toria-4, TKM-20-1, TKM-20-2, JT-14-5, PT-2018-09, CG Toria-3, Tapeshwari and PT-303. The crops were grown following the recommended package of practices. All the morpho-physiological parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded following the standard methodologies. The correlation coefficients of morpho-physiological characters and different yield components with seed yield were worked out from the pooled values of two years following the standard method. Result: The results indicated that number of green leaves per plant, stem diameter, total dry weight, total leaf chlorophyll content, AGR and CGR showed highly significant positive correlation with seed yield, clearly indicating their contribution towards higher yield in rapeseed. The number of primary branches and SLW exhibited significant positive correlation with seed yield. Among the yield attributes, number of siliqua per plant, seeds per silique, seeds per plant, sink capacity, stover yield and harvest index showed a highly significant positive correlation with the seed yield.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"85 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141357948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nehatai Wamanrao Agashe, C. Varghese, Vinayka, Mohd Harun, Devendra Kumar
Background: A doubly nested partially balanced incomplete block (DNPBIB) design is defined as an arrangement of v treatments each replicated r times in three systems of blocks if, each block of the first system contains m1 blocks of second system and each block of the second system contains m2 blocks of the third system. Each stage of DNPBIB design, treated independently, is a PBIB design. Methods: Three component designs viz., (i) ignoring the first and second system of blocks, a PBIB design with b3 blocks each of size k3 ( less than v) units with, λ3i concurrences of any pair of treatments which are ith associates of each other, (ii) ignoring first and third system of blocks, another PBIB design with b2 blocks each of size k2( less than v) units with λ3i concurrence of two treatments which are ith associates of each other and (iii) ignoring the second and third system of blocks, a third PBIB design with b1 block each of size k1 ( less than v) units with, λ1i concurrences of two treatments within first associate of each other, are obtained. Result: This study provides two new general methods of constructing DNPBIB designs, where the component designs are PBIB designs with two or three associate classes. Group divisible and rectangular association schemes have been used for developing such designs. Methods are illustrated with appropriate examples.
{"title":"On Construction of Doubly Nested Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs","authors":"Nehatai Wamanrao Agashe, C. Varghese, Vinayka, Mohd Harun, Devendra Kumar","doi":"10.18805/bkap702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap702","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A doubly nested partially balanced incomplete block (DNPBIB) design is defined as an arrangement of v treatments each replicated r times in three systems of blocks if, each block of the first system contains m1 blocks of second system and each block of the second system contains m2 blocks of the third system. Each stage of DNPBIB design, treated independently, is a PBIB design. Methods: Three component designs viz., (i) ignoring the first and second system of blocks, a PBIB design with b3 blocks each of size k3 ( less than v) units with, λ3i concurrences of any pair of treatments which are ith associates of each other, (ii) ignoring first and third system of blocks, another PBIB design with b2 blocks each of size k2( less than v) units with λ3i concurrence of two treatments which are ith associates of each other and (iii) ignoring the second and third system of blocks, a third PBIB design with b1 block each of size k1 ( less than v) units with, λ1i concurrences of two treatments within first associate of each other, are obtained. Result: This study provides two new general methods of constructing DNPBIB designs, where the component designs are PBIB designs with two or three associate classes. Group divisible and rectangular association schemes have been used for developing such designs. Methods are illustrated with appropriate examples.","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Various nutritional problems such as anaemia, malnutrition, stunting, wasting are prevalent among women and children. Nutri- garden promotes dietary diversification in rural household through easy availability of fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, thereby, can play an important role in achieving nutritional security at household or community level. The objective of the study was to increase the availability of vegetables in rural household and to improve the knowledge of rural farm women regarding layout, technological and nutritional aspect of nutri-garden. Methods: The study was conducted in the nine villages of Kawakol block of Nawada district. Ten anganwadi centres and three backyard / kitchen garden were selected (that includes 115 respondents) for KVK front line demonstration programme on nutrition security. Result: An increase in yield of the crops was seen in demonstration unit in comparison to farmers field. This enhances the nutrient availability among rural families. Knowledge of the rural household was also enhanced through various training programmes conducted during the study. The major constraints faced by the farm women in management of nutri-garden were inadequate water supply in some areas and high input cost involved in purchasing low cost quality seed.
{"title":"Achieving Nutritional Security through Nutri-garden in Rural Areas of Nawada District, Bihar","authors":"Anugya Bharti, Ranjan Kumar Singh, Anjani Kumar","doi":"10.18805/bkap712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap712","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Various nutritional problems such as anaemia, malnutrition, stunting, wasting are prevalent among women and children. Nutri- garden promotes dietary diversification in rural household through easy availability of fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, thereby, can play an important role in achieving nutritional security at household or community level. The objective of the study was to increase the availability of vegetables in rural household and to improve the knowledge of rural farm women regarding layout, technological and nutritional aspect of nutri-garden. Methods: The study was conducted in the nine villages of Kawakol block of Nawada district. Ten anganwadi centres and three backyard / kitchen garden were selected (that includes 115 respondents) for KVK front line demonstration programme on nutrition security. Result: An increase in yield of the crops was seen in demonstration unit in comparison to farmers field. This enhances the nutrient availability among rural families. Knowledge of the rural household was also enhanced through various training programmes conducted during the study. The major constraints faced by the farm women in management of nutri-garden were inadequate water supply in some areas and high input cost involved in purchasing low cost quality seed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"32 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sahoo, N. Baral, A. Nayak, A. Naik, D. Behera, M. Mahapatra, J. P. Sahoo
Pesticides, whether naturally occurring or chemically synthesized, serve to combat various pests across sectors such as food production, forestry, agriculture, and aquaculture, but they also pose risks of toxicity to ecosystems. The World Health Organization classifies pesticides based on their harmful effects, underscoring the importance of public health considerations. By employing them judiciously and understanding their categorization, their usage can be minimized for the benefit of both human health and the environment. This review examines global perspectives on pesticides, including their distribution and environmental impacts, while literature highlights their potential uses, classification and adverse effects on natural systems, water, plants, human health and food preservation. Additionally, eco-friendly management strategies, like bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation, are discussed as green solutions to mitigate pesticide pollution. The identification of potent microbes, novel genes and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management is crucial for fostering a sustainable environment.
{"title":"Effect of Pesticides on Human Health and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Insight","authors":"S. Sahoo, N. Baral, A. Nayak, A. Naik, D. Behera, M. Mahapatra, J. P. Sahoo","doi":"10.18805/bkap734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap734","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides, whether naturally occurring or chemically synthesized, serve to combat various pests across sectors such as food production, forestry, agriculture, and aquaculture, but they also pose risks of toxicity to ecosystems. The World Health Organization classifies pesticides based on their harmful effects, underscoring the importance of public health considerations. By employing them judiciously and understanding their categorization, their usage can be minimized for the benefit of both human health and the environment. This review examines global perspectives on pesticides, including their distribution and environmental impacts, while literature highlights their potential uses, classification and adverse effects on natural systems, water, plants, human health and food preservation. Additionally, eco-friendly management strategies, like bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation, are discussed as green solutions to mitigate pesticide pollution. The identification of potent microbes, novel genes and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management is crucial for fostering a sustainable environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Deka, P. Barman, H. Rabha, P. Bora, D. Borah, P. Das
Background: The handloom industry in Assam showcases a remarkable diversity that extends across both rural and urban areas which serves as a supplementary source of income for numerous households in the state. Nalkhamara, a village in Udalguri district of Assam became the workplace for a group of 15 most talented weavers who grouped to form a SHG called Rampar Self Help Group. But unfortunately, they faced significant challenges due to limited resources and absence of marketing organizations. In order to address the issues, the SHG reached out to the KVK, Udalguri for assistance and accordingly, the KVK conducted a demonstration on capacity building of women weavers to enhance their skills in weaving and provided guidance on modern marketing techniques etc. Hence, the present study was planned with the objectives to analyze the economic impact on weavers before and after KVK intervention, types of products manufactured and the constraints faced by them. Methods: The study has followed the case study method with a total of 15 weavers of Rampar SHG having training under KVK, Udalguri. A pre tested questionnaire was prepared to collect data. To measure the economic impact, parameters like gross cost and return, net return, B: C ratio etc. were considered before and after intervention. To evaluate the problems of weavers, open ended questions were asked. Suitable statistical tools were used to analyze the data. Result: With the intervention of KVK Udalguri, the weavers of the SHG able to earn average annual income between Rs. 13.00 to Rs.15.00 lakhs and could able to produced twenty types of diversified handloom products. The constraints faced by them were like improper time management, high input price, exploitation by intermediaries etc.
{"title":"Empowering Rural Women Through Handloom Micro Enterprises: A Case Study of Udalguri District, Assam","authors":"P. Deka, P. Barman, H. Rabha, P. Bora, D. Borah, P. Das","doi":"10.18805/bkap709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap709","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The handloom industry in Assam showcases a remarkable diversity that extends across both rural and urban areas which serves as a supplementary source of income for numerous households in the state. Nalkhamara, a village in Udalguri district of Assam became the workplace for a group of 15 most talented weavers who grouped to form a SHG called Rampar Self Help Group. But unfortunately, they faced significant challenges due to limited resources and absence of marketing organizations. In order to address the issues, the SHG reached out to the KVK, Udalguri for assistance and accordingly, the KVK conducted a demonstration on capacity building of women weavers to enhance their skills in weaving and provided guidance on modern marketing techniques etc. Hence, the present study was planned with the objectives to analyze the economic impact on weavers before and after KVK intervention, types of products manufactured and the constraints faced by them. Methods: The study has followed the case study method with a total of 15 weavers of Rampar SHG having training under KVK, Udalguri. A pre tested questionnaire was prepared to collect data. To measure the economic impact, parameters like gross cost and return, net return, B: C ratio etc. were considered before and after intervention. To evaluate the problems of weavers, open ended questions were asked. Suitable statistical tools were used to analyze the data. Result: With the intervention of KVK Udalguri, the weavers of the SHG able to earn average annual income between Rs. 13.00 to Rs.15.00 lakhs and could able to produced twenty types of diversified handloom products. The constraints faced by them were like improper time management, high input price, exploitation by intermediaries etc.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":" 84","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We always thought that elasmobranchs inhabit marine environments, but this is only partially true. About 5% of known elasmobranch species are the freshwater compared to 40% of teleost species. A systematic checklist is available for Indian freshwater elasmobranches with names and IUCN status. A total of 13 species belonging to 3 orders, 3 families and 10 genera were enlisted from secondary data. Euryhaline and obligate species include sharks as Carcharhinus, Glyphis (Carcharhinidae), Chiloscyllium (Hemiscylliidae), sawfishes or Pristis (Pristidae), stingrays or Himantura (whiprays) and Pastinachus (cowtailed rays) (Dasyatidae). We focus on distribution, feeding habits, threats and conservation. Freshwater excursions are relatively rare in extant elasmobranchs than other groups of fish. The low growth rate is probably due to late age at maturity and low fecundity, long gestation periods, slow growth and productivity (small, infrequent litters), high natural survivorship for all age classes and long life. Despite this, some species of freshwater elasmobranchs can tolerate and even thrive in freshwater.
{"title":"Indian Freshwater Elasmobranchs: Ongoing Threats along with IUCN Current Status and Conservation of Protecting Hidden Treasures: A Review","authors":"Devarshi Ranjan, Ashish Sahu, Shivaji Kanoujiya, Preeti Maurya, Mohiadeen Shajia Banu, Anjana A., Vipul Singh Badguzar","doi":"10.18805/bkap713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap713","url":null,"abstract":"We always thought that elasmobranchs inhabit marine environments, but this is only partially true. About 5% of known elasmobranch species are the freshwater compared to 40% of teleost species. A systematic checklist is available for Indian freshwater elasmobranches with names and IUCN status. A total of 13 species belonging to 3 orders, 3 families and 10 genera were enlisted from secondary data. Euryhaline and obligate species include sharks as Carcharhinus, Glyphis (Carcharhinidae), Chiloscyllium (Hemiscylliidae), sawfishes or Pristis (Pristidae), stingrays or Himantura (whiprays) and Pastinachus (cowtailed rays) (Dasyatidae). We focus on distribution, feeding habits, threats and conservation. Freshwater excursions are relatively rare in extant elasmobranchs than other groups of fish. The low growth rate is probably due to late age at maturity and low fecundity, long gestation periods, slow growth and productivity (small, infrequent litters), high natural survivorship for all age classes and long life. Despite this, some species of freshwater elasmobranchs can tolerate and even thrive in freshwater.","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"59 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Semi-arid regions (SARs) of India are characterized by limited rainfall and often prone to droughts. These regions typically receive moderate to low levels of precipitation, making agriculture and water availability significantly challenging. In India, 55% of population is engaged in agriculture and its allied activities. Despite making a significant contribution to livelihoods, the sector continues to face challenges as soil degradation and resource depletion have reduced crop and livestock outputs. To mitigate the effects of land degradation and conserve rainwater, government has taken significant measures to make natural resource conservation a priority throughout the country. To conserve the natural resources, women are always playing an important role as they are always involved in agricultural activities. Methods: The study was undertaken to investigate the role of women in Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) in 3 SARs of India. The purposive sampling was done as watershed beneficiaries were selected as sample respondents. Result: The results revealed that majority of women (55%) had a medium level of technology adoption. Multiple regression analysis revealed that women’s age, education, farming experience, risk bearing, social participation and cost-effectiveness were influencing the adoption of SWC technologies in watersheds. The correlation analysis reflected that out of sixteen factors, eleven factors namely age, education, farming experience, land holding, risk bearing, social participation, agro advisory and weather advisory, skill development, ease of use and cost effectiveness significantly affected the adoption of SWC technologies.
{"title":"Farm Women Participation in Natural Resource Conservation: Technology Adoption Study in Semi-Arid Regions of India","authors":"Indu Rawat, Praveen Jakhar, Gulshan Sharma, Manoj Kumar, Abimanyu Jhajhria, Suresh Kumar, Rajesh Bishnoi, Vikas Yadav","doi":"10.18805/bkap710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap710","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Semi-arid regions (SARs) of India are characterized by limited rainfall and often prone to droughts. These regions typically receive moderate to low levels of precipitation, making agriculture and water availability significantly challenging. In India, 55% of population is engaged in agriculture and its allied activities. Despite making a significant contribution to livelihoods, the sector continues to face challenges as soil degradation and resource depletion have reduced crop and livestock outputs. To mitigate the effects of land degradation and conserve rainwater, government has taken significant measures to make natural resource conservation a priority throughout the country. To conserve the natural resources, women are always playing an important role as they are always involved in agricultural activities. Methods: The study was undertaken to investigate the role of women in Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) in 3 SARs of India. The purposive sampling was done as watershed beneficiaries were selected as sample respondents. Result: The results revealed that majority of women (55%) had a medium level of technology adoption. Multiple regression analysis revealed that women’s age, education, farming experience, risk bearing, social participation and cost-effectiveness were influencing the adoption of SWC technologies in watersheds. The correlation analysis reflected that out of sixteen factors, eleven factors namely age, education, farming experience, land holding, risk bearing, social participation, agro advisory and weather advisory, skill development, ease of use and cost effectiveness significantly affected the adoption of SWC technologies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8784,"journal":{"name":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika","volume":"123 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141015070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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