Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are substances that can facilitate muscle growth and development. They are of appeal to a variety of individuals, including competitive athletes and persons dissatisfied with their body image–especially gay men. In this qualitative study, 16 elite gay male athletes from the United States, Canada and Australia were interviewed regarding their opinions of AAS, masculinity, homosexuality, and sport, among other issues. The athletes expressed a general dislike of AAS, asserting the substances were un-masculine, un-natural, un-healthy, and un-sportsmanlike. Despite these reservations concerning AAS, the athletes described their own use of other ergogenic substances. A contradiction thus exists between the athletes’ reasons for not using AAS and the athletes’ reasons for using other substances. These findings are used to critique and nuance contemporary theory in body image research, masculinity, and sexuality.
{"title":"\"Muscular, but not 'roided out'' gay male athletes and performance-enhancing substances.","authors":"Shaun M. Filiault, M. Drummond","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0901.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0901.62","url":null,"abstract":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are substances that can facilitate muscle growth and development. They are of appeal to a variety of individuals, including competitive athletes and persons dissatisfied with their body image–especially gay men. In this qualitative study, 16 elite gay male athletes from the United States, Canada and Australia were interviewed regarding their opinions of AAS, masculinity, homosexuality, and sport, among other issues. The athletes expressed a general dislike of AAS, asserting the substances were un-masculine, un-natural, un-healthy, and un-sportsmanlike. Despite these reservations concerning AAS, the athletes described their own use of other ergogenic substances. A contradiction thus exists between the athletes’ reasons for not using AAS and the athletes’ reasons for using other substances. These findings are used to critique and nuance contemporary theory in body image research, masculinity, and sexuality.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"9 1","pages":"62-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces a critical view of some social marketing approaches in men’s health policy and practice. The key concepts of social marketing are introduced, and the application of marketing approaches to men’s health reviewed with specific examples. From a men’s health perspective, we suggest social marketing becomes problematic if it uses homogenised images of hegemonic masculinity consistently as a promotional tactic to influence individual men’s behaviour, in place of rigorous social marketing planning procedures, critically informed by current men’s health research. The article concludes with a call to develop a critical social marketing practice more consistent with current men’s health research, and more closely aligned with current models of health literacy, and for further research on sophisticated SM strategies promoting alternative models of masculinity.
{"title":"The application of social marketing to promoting men's health: A brief critique","authors":"M. Robinson, S. Robertson","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0901.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0901.50","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a critical view of some social marketing approaches in men’s health policy and practice. The key concepts of social marketing are introduced, and the application of marketing approaches to men’s health reviewed with specific examples. From a men’s health perspective, we suggest social marketing becomes problematic if it uses homogenised images of hegemonic masculinity consistently as a promotional tactic to influence individual men’s behaviour, in place of rigorous social marketing planning procedures, critically informed by current men’s health research. The article concludes with a call to develop a critical social marketing practice more consistent with current men’s health research, and more closely aligned with current models of health literacy, and for further research on sophisticated SM strategies promoting alternative models of masculinity.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"48 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To better understand young Irish men’s investment in their body image, a series of focus groups and personal interviews were conducted (N = 28). Recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Numerous themes emerged: factors thought to intensify body image investment (media, sexual partners, body comparison, participation in sport, peers, negative commentary, family, striving for a healthy body, and striving for psychological well-being) and influences believed to weaken body image investment (appearance is unimportant and the time and effort expended to achieve the ideal are prohibitive). Illustrative quotes are used to represent each theme, and findings are discussed with respect to the participants’ own body image attitudes.
{"title":"Factors Perceived to Influence Young Irish Men's Body Image Investment: A Qualitative Investigation","authors":"T. A. Ryan, T. Morrison","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0803.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0803.213","url":null,"abstract":"To better understand young Irish men’s investment in their body image, a series of focus groups and personal interviews were conducted (N = 28). Recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Numerous themes emerged: factors thought to intensify body image investment (media, sexual partners, body comparison, participation in sport, peers, negative commentary, family, striving for a healthy body, and striving for psychological well-being) and influences believed to weaken body image investment (appearance is unimportant and the time and effort expended to achieve the ideal are prohibitive). Illustrative quotes are used to represent each theme, and findings are discussed with respect to the participants’ own body image attitudes.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"213-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current preoccupation with health problems associated with overweight and obesity has produced a demonisation of larger people, but there is a growing resistance to our anti-obesity culture by various groups who celebrate larger bodies. One community where bulk is positively embraced is the gay “bear” subculture wherein physically big (and hairy) gay men are privileged as sexually attractive. The present study is based on interviews with 10 gay “bears” and covers issues pertaining to identification with large bodies, masculinity and orientation to obesity- related health problems. Key focus is on the how “excess” weight is justified and normalised against the backdrop of the obesity “crisis.” The implications for health promotion within the “bear” community are then discussed.
{"title":"Celebrating “Obese” Bodies: Gay “Bears” Talk about Weight, Body Image and Health","authors":"B. Gough, G. Flanders","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0803.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0803.235","url":null,"abstract":"The current preoccupation with health problems associated with overweight and obesity has produced a demonisation of larger people, but there is a growing resistance to our anti-obesity culture by various groups who celebrate larger bodies. One community where bulk is positively embraced is the gay “bear” subculture wherein physically big (and hairy) gay men are privileged as sexually attractive. The present study is based on interviews with 10 gay “bears” and covers issues pertaining to identification with large bodies, masculinity and orientation to obesity- related health problems. Key focus is on the how “excess” weight is justified and normalised against the backdrop of the obesity “crisis.” The implications for health promotion within the “bear” community are then discussed.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"235-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel E Siconolfi, P. Halkitis, Timothy W. Allomong, C. L. Burton
Men’s body image issues have a number of manifestations and gay men are at particular risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. This study sought to examine body image and disordered eating as they relate to demographics, conceptions of masculinity, external motivations for fitness, and internalized homophobia in a sample of New York City gay and bisexual men. Higher body dissatisfaction scores were associated with external motivations for working out and older age. Eating disorder scores were positively correlated with more frequent and longer exercise sessions, and states of anxiety, depression, ambivalence, and concerns about the perceptions of others, all in regard to a gay or bisexual orientation. Findings are discussed with implications for researchers and health care providers.
{"title":"Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in a sample of gay and bisexual men","authors":"Daniel E Siconolfi, P. Halkitis, Timothy W. Allomong, C. L. Burton","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0803.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0803.254","url":null,"abstract":"Men’s body image issues have a number of manifestations and gay men are at particular risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. This study sought to examine body image and disordered eating as they relate to demographics, conceptions of masculinity, external motivations for fitness, and internalized homophobia in a sample of New York City gay and bisexual men. Higher body dissatisfaction scores were associated with external motivations for working out and older age. Eating disorder scores were positively correlated with more frequent and longer exercise sessions, and states of anxiety, depression, ambivalence, and concerns about the perceptions of others, all in regard to a gay or bisexual orientation. Findings are discussed with implications for researchers and health care providers.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years, scholars of the men’s movement have struggled to understand what it means to be a man. Numerous cultural variables and perspectives have been explored in the hope that one day the many issues and crises that men face can be understood so that counselors can better respond to their needs. The character of Alfred, an African American foster child in Chris Bohjalian’s novel The Buffalo Soldier, is offered as a “case” to suggest how a counselor might understand and intervene with such a “client” to address the needs of the child, in particular his understanding of what it means to “be a man” in his community.
{"title":"Using Race and Gender as a Counseling Intervention in The Buffalo Soldier","authors":"Kristopher M. Goodrich","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0803.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0803.191","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, scholars of the men’s movement have struggled to understand what it means to be a man. Numerous cultural variables and perspectives have been explored in the hope that one day the many issues and crises that men face can be understood so that counselors can better respond to their needs. The character of Alfred, an African American foster child in Chris Bohjalian’s novel The Buffalo Soldier, is offered as a “case” to suggest how a counselor might understand and intervene with such a “client” to address the needs of the child, in particular his understanding of what it means to “be a man” in his community.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"191-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper offers an investigation of the portrayal of depression in magazines whose audience is primarily North American males of young middle ages ranging between medians of 37 and 42.5. It is based on a content analysis of articles indexed under the topic of depression from 2000-2007 in Esquire, Men’s Health and Sports Illustrated magazines. Findings suggest that depression in men’s magazines is encapsulated in stereotypical male discourses of success at work, ignorance of feelings, and reluctance to seek help. Violence is another, although less prevalent theme. Depression is described as largely as having biochemical and/or genetic cause. A few articles mention the possible effects of the socio-economic and gendered experiences of maleness or masculinity. The possible theoretical explanations of this portrayal are discussed.
{"title":"The Portrayal of Depression in Magazines Designed for Men (2000-2007)","authors":"J. Clarke","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0803.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0803.202","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers an investigation of the portrayal of depression in magazines whose audience is primarily North American males of young middle ages ranging between medians of 37 and 42.5. It is based on a content analysis of articles indexed under the topic of depression from 2000-2007 in Esquire, Men’s Health and Sports Illustrated magazines. Findings suggest that depression in men’s magazines is encapsulated in stereotypical male discourses of success at work, ignorance of feelings, and reluctance to seek help. Violence is another, although less prevalent theme. Depression is described as largely as having biochemical and/or genetic cause. A few articles mention the possible effects of the socio-economic and gendered experiences of maleness or masculinity. The possible theoretical explanations of this portrayal are discussed.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"202-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69856393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual screening for prostate cancer, although controversial, should be offered to men over age 45. Community-based prostate cancer education and screening offer a way to reach those at highest risk for undetected prostate cancer, African- American men and men without healthcare providers. This study used logistic regression to predict attendance at community-based education and screening events. Being white, not having a healthcare provider, desire for information, and knowledge of prostate cancer status all independently predicted attendance. While these community education and screening events attracted men without healthcare providers, they were not as effective in attracting African-American men. Findings have implications for planning community education and screening programs that target high risk men.
{"title":"Reaching Men at Highest Risk for Undetected Prostate Cancer","authors":"Rita E. Arras-Boyd, Roger E. Boyd, K. Gaehle","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0802.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0802.116","url":null,"abstract":"Annual screening for prostate cancer, although controversial, should be offered to men over age 45. Community-based prostate cancer education and screening offer a way to reach those at highest risk for undetected prostate cancer, African- American men and men without healthcare providers. This study used logistic regression to predict attendance at community-based education and screening events. Being white, not having a healthcare provider, desire for information, and knowledge of prostate cancer status all independently predicted attendance. While these community education and screening events attracted men without healthcare providers, they were not as effective in attracting African-American men. Findings have implications for planning community education and screening programs that target high risk men.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"116-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69855824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past decade, there has been an increase of research on former-intimate stalking, with many studies examining female victims and male perpetrators of this crime. Most of this research has shown that males form a significant proportion of those who are stalked by a former-intimate partner, and in more recent years, some studies have found that former-intimate stalking, like “domestic violence,” is gender neutral or gender-inclusive. Experimental research on perceptions of stalking has revealed that male stalking victimization is considered less concerning and less dangerous than female victimization and that males should be able to control their own stalking experience. Clearly, female stalking victimization is a serious social problem and studies on this are common. However, this is not the case for male stalking victims. This selected review will examine the prevalence of stalking for males across different samples, male and female perceptions of the acts that may constitute stalking, perceptions of male and female stalking perpetrators, and perceptions of male victimization and their impact on men.
{"title":"Male Victims of Former-Intimate Stalking: A Selected Review","authors":"S. Wigman","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0802.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0802.101","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, there has been an increase of research on former-intimate stalking, with many studies examining female victims and male perpetrators of this crime. Most of this research has shown that males form a significant proportion of those who are stalked by a former-intimate partner, and in more recent years, some studies have found that former-intimate stalking, like “domestic violence,” is gender neutral or gender-inclusive. Experimental research on perceptions of stalking has revealed that male stalking victimization is considered less concerning and less dangerous than female victimization and that males should be able to control their own stalking experience. Clearly, female stalking victimization is a serious social problem and studies on this are common. However, this is not the case for male stalking victims. This selected review will examine the prevalence of stalking for males across different samples, male and female perceptions of the acts that may constitute stalking, perceptions of male and female stalking perpetrators, and perceptions of male victimization and their impact on men.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"101-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69855778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Chandler, W. P. Derryberry, F. Grieve, Phillip O. Pegg
The present study examines how muscle dysmorphia (MD), a clinically significant preoccupation that one’s body is inadequately muscular, relates to trait anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. 97 college-age men completed the MD Inventory, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Male Body Attitudes Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, the trait scale of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , and an abbreviated version of the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Bivariate correlation analyses revealed that trait anxiety and obsessivecompulsive symptoms demonstrated strong relationships with both social physique anxiety and overall MD symptomology. Path analysis indicated that anxiety- related variables accounted for 77 percent of the variance in MD symptoms. The findings lend support to the assertion that MD should be placed within the obsessive- compulsive spectrum of disorders.
{"title":"Are anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to muscle dysmorphia?","authors":"C. Chandler, W. P. Derryberry, F. Grieve, Phillip O. Pegg","doi":"10.3149/JMH.0802.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.0802.143","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines how muscle dysmorphia (MD), a clinically significant preoccupation that one’s body is inadequately muscular, relates to trait anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. 97 college-age men completed the MD Inventory, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Male Body Attitudes Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, the trait scale of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , and an abbreviated version of the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Bivariate correlation analyses revealed that trait anxiety and obsessivecompulsive symptoms demonstrated strong relationships with both social physique anxiety and overall MD symptomology. Path analysis indicated that anxiety- related variables accounted for 77 percent of the variance in MD symptoms. The findings lend support to the assertion that MD should be placed within the obsessive- compulsive spectrum of disorders.","PeriodicalId":88000,"journal":{"name":"International journal of men's health","volume":"8 1","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69855919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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