{"title":"Typhoid Fever at Knoxville, Tenn., and its Relation to the Water Supply.","authors":"R S Weston, R E Tarbett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"33 Pt 1","pages":"63-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1907-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2232461/pdf/pubhealthpap00001-0067.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28305723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Public Road in its Relation to the Public Health.","authors":"A S Cushman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"33 Pt 1","pages":"194-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1907-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2232457/pdf/pubhealthpap00001-0198.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28305707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S123
A. Kimberly, H. B. Hommon
{"title":"The Practical Advantages of the Gooch Crucible in the Determination of the Total and Volatile Suspended Matter in Sewage.","authors":"A. Kimberly, H. B. Hommon","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"123-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61381236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S80
G. A. Johnson, W. Copeland, A. Kimberly
Less attention was formerly paid to the question of the putrescibility of sewage effluents than is the case at the present time. For the most part the purification processes then embraced either broad irrigation fields and intermittent sand filtration, which normally yield effluents of a high degree of purity, or chemical precipitations which remove only about one-half of the total organic matter. Today there are many sewage problems in which purification requireto be carried apparently only to the extent of obtaining a non-putrescible effluent. For this purpose coarse-grain filters have a wide field of usefulness, and they also are a factor to be considered as an intermediate treatment in those sections where porous, sandy soil is not available naturally, and where thorough purification is needed. Contact filters, or sprinkling filters of broken stone, do not, of course, effect as high a degree of purification at their best as do filters of fine-grain material, and when unskilfully operated may yield effluents containing sufficient unstable organic matter to render them putrescible. To obtain the most satisfactory results from such processes, frequent data are required regarding the putrescibility of the effluent. The great need, therefore, as is universally recognized, is for a test, whereby a determination of the character of the effluent, so far as relates to its putrescibility, may be speedily made, and thus enable the results to serve as a direct guide in operating the plant. The putrescibility tests now in general use, from a practical standpoint, possess a common weakness in that nearly all, if indeed not all, are based upon a method whereby the samples of the effluent require incubation for several days before the result can be definitely known. So far as they are of assistance to the operators of
{"title":"The Relative Applicability of Current Methods for the Determination of Putrescibility in Sewage Effluents.","authors":"G. A. Johnson, W. Copeland, A. Kimberly","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S80","url":null,"abstract":"Less attention was formerly paid to the question of the putrescibility of sewage effluents than is the case at the present time. For the most part the purification processes then embraced either broad irrigation fields and intermittent sand filtration, which normally yield effluents of a high degree of purity, or chemical precipitations which remove only about one-half of the total organic matter. Today there are many sewage problems in which purification requireto be carried apparently only to the extent of obtaining a non-putrescible effluent. For this purpose coarse-grain filters have a wide field of usefulness, and they also are a factor to be considered as an intermediate treatment in those sections where porous, sandy soil is not available naturally, and where thorough purification is needed. Contact filters, or sprinkling filters of broken stone, do not, of course, effect as high a degree of purification at their best as do filters of fine-grain material, and when unskilfully operated may yield effluents containing sufficient unstable organic matter to render them putrescible. To obtain the most satisfactory results from such processes, frequent data are required regarding the putrescibility of the effluent. The great need, therefore, as is universally recognized, is for a test, whereby a determination of the character of the effluent, so far as relates to its putrescibility, may be speedily made, and thus enable the results to serve as a direct guide in operating the plant. The putrescibility tests now in general use, from a practical standpoint, possess a common weakness in that nearly all, if indeed not all, are based upon a method whereby the samples of the effluent require incubation for several days before the result can be definitely known. So far as they are of assistance to the operators of","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"71 1","pages":"80-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61381800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S1
W. H. Park
{"title":"Some Observations upon the Agglutination of Bacteria.","authors":"W. H. Park","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"197 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61381213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S149
E. C. Levy
Although the candle or electric light turbidimeter has largely replaced comparison with silica standards as a laboratory method of determining the turbidity of water, these instruments, equipped with the usual short tube, are of use only where the turbidity is above 100, while the platinum wire method is applicable only in field work. Even there its use is limited to waters of neither very high nor very low turbidity, besides which there is not infrequently great difficulty in securing the necessary conditions of light. Direct comparison with silica standards is, therefore, the method which must be resorted to in most cases where the turbidity is below 100. Of all standards used by the water analyst, the silica turbidity standard is the most difficult to prepare. Even after the very tedious preparation of the diatomaceous silica itself, the powder so obtained is not always of the required degree of fineness, thus necessitating standardization by the platinum wire method or by use of the candle turbidimeter, instead of simply adding a gram per liter as originally recommended, to secure a standard of 1,000 parts turbidity per million.
{"title":"A Ready Method for Preparing a Silica Turbidity Standard.","authors":"E. C. Levy","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S149","url":null,"abstract":"Although the candle or electric light turbidimeter has largely replaced comparison with silica standards as a laboratory method of determining the turbidity of water, these instruments, equipped with the usual short tube, are of use only where the turbidity is above 100, while the platinum wire method is applicable only in field work. Even there its use is limited to waters of neither very high nor very low turbidity, besides which there is not infrequently great difficulty in securing the necessary conditions of light. Direct comparison with silica standards is, therefore, the method which must be resorted to in most cases where the turbidity is below 100. Of all standards used by the water analyst, the silica turbidity standard is the most difficult to prepare. Even after the very tedious preparation of the diatomaceous silica itself, the powder so obtained is not always of the required degree of fineness, thus necessitating standardization by the platinum wire method or by use of the candle turbidimeter, instead of simply adding a gram per liter as originally recommended, to secure a standard of 1,000 parts turbidity per million.","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"149-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61381270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S97
G. A. Johnson, A. Kimberly
{"title":"A Comparative Review of Current Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter in Sewage.","authors":"G. A. Johnson, A. Kimberly","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S97","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"97-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61382083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S175
H. W. Clark, S. Gage
{"title":"On the Bactericidal Action of Copper.","authors":"H. W. Clark, S. Gage","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"175-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61380931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S205
F. Forbes, G. H. Pratt
In the course of a series of experiments carried on by the Massachusetts State Board of Health it became necessary to devise a method for separating and determining quantitatively small amounts of copper in water; such a method has been worked out and is published in detail in the "Standard Methods of Water Analysis" of the Laboratory Section of this Association.1 It is the purpose of this short paper to give a brief outline of the method, together with some experimental results, and to call attention to certain statements that have appeared in print regarding the total disappearance of the copper in a few hours when applied to a water supply, and the impossibility of detecting it in the water by chemical tests. The chemical test in general use for detecting copper in solution in small quantities is that mentioned by Moore and Kellerman in Bulletin 64 of the Bureau of Plaftt Industry, and consists of adding potassium ferrocyanide to the solution to be tested, acidified by acetic acid. The sensitiveness of this test is shown by the following figures.
{"title":"Notes in Regard to the Determination of Copper in Water.","authors":"F. Forbes, G. H. Pratt","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S205","url":null,"abstract":"In the course of a series of experiments carried on by the Massachusetts State Board of Health it became necessary to devise a method for separating and determining quantitatively small amounts of copper in water; such a method has been worked out and is published in detail in the \"Standard Methods of Water Analysis\" of the Laboratory Section of this Association.1 It is the purpose of this short paper to give a brief outline of the method, together with some experimental results, and to call attention to certain statements that have appeared in print regarding the total disappearance of the copper in a few hours when applied to a water supply, and the impossibility of detecting it in the water by chemical tests. The chemical test in general use for detecting copper in solution in small quantities is that mentioned by Moore and Kellerman in Bulletin 64 of the Bureau of Plaftt Industry, and consists of adding potassium ferrocyanide to the solution to be tested, acidified by acetic acid. The sensitiveness of this test is shown by the following figures.","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"205-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61380995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1906-02-01DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S40
H. L. Russell, C. Fuller
In a paper published in this Journal in 1904,1 Jordan, Russell, and Zeit detailed an extensive series of experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water, in which simultaneous, though independent, tests were made on this organism as exposed to the waters of Lake Michigan, the Chicago River, the Chicago Drainage Canal, and the Illinois River. The methods used in this study and the results obtained were so different from those which have previously been reported that it seems desirable to test this question further, employing waters of different origin. The attempt was made in all of this work to approximate, as closely as possible, the conditions that exist in nature, and, for this reason, a marked change in technique was instituted. Heretofore, it has been customary for experiments on the longevity of bacteria to be made in glass containers, filled with sterile or raw waters. The conclusions based on work under these conditions have been shown to be erroneous, and in the work previously referred to, the method was adopted of exposing the typhoid organism in permeable sacs (celloidin and vegetable parchment), filled with the type of water in which the sacs were suspended. If, then, any variation occurred in the composition of the stream in which the sacs were exposed, the influence of such variation, if of any effect, should be felt on the imprisoned cultures within the sac. The results obtained in the experiments conducted on the Chicago Drainage Canal and other waters showed a marked variation in the vitality of B. typhosus. In the relatively pure waters of Lake Michigan, this organism could be recovered readily from the infected sacs, for a period of at least a week, while in the highly polluted waters of
{"title":"The Longevity of Bacillus Typhosus in Natural Waters and in Sewage.","authors":"H. L. Russell, C. Fuller","doi":"10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S40","url":null,"abstract":"In a paper published in this Journal in 1904,1 Jordan, Russell, and Zeit detailed an extensive series of experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water, in which simultaneous, though independent, tests were made on this organism as exposed to the waters of Lake Michigan, the Chicago River, the Chicago Drainage Canal, and the Illinois River. The methods used in this study and the results obtained were so different from those which have previously been reported that it seems desirable to test this question further, employing waters of different origin. The attempt was made in all of this work to approximate, as closely as possible, the conditions that exist in nature, and, for this reason, a marked change in technique was instituted. Heretofore, it has been customary for experiments on the longevity of bacteria to be made in glass containers, filled with sterile or raw waters. The conclusions based on work under these conditions have been shown to be erroneous, and in the work previously referred to, the method was adopted of exposing the typhoid organism in permeable sacs (celloidin and vegetable parchment), filled with the type of water in which the sacs were suspended. If, then, any variation occurred in the composition of the stream in which the sacs were exposed, the influence of such variation, if of any effect, should be felt on the imprisoned cultures within the sac. The results obtained in the experiments conducted on the Chicago Drainage Canal and other waters showed a marked variation in the vitality of B. typhosus. In the relatively pure waters of Lake Michigan, this organism could be recovered readily from the infected sacs, for a period of at least a week, while in the highly polluted waters of","PeriodicalId":88306,"journal":{"name":"Public health papers and reports","volume":"31 Pt 2 1","pages":"40-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/INFDIS/3.SUPPLEMENT_2.S40","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61381614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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