The Aarhus Convention lays down a legislative framework for participatory rights in environmental matters and potentially has wide-ranging application in and across the European Union and its Member States. This analysis identifies how these participation requirements can or may be imposed upon the European Commission as it sets about developing a regulatory framework for nanotechnologies. It then proceeds to identify a set of practical guidelines regarding public participation and nanotechnologies that could guide and assist the Commission in its current work on nanotechnology regulation. It is also suggested that these guidelines could provide an appropriate basis for assisting in the development of a suitable regulatory framework for new technologies in the future.
{"title":"For Me to Know and You to Find Out? Participatory Mechanisms, The Aarhus Convention and New Technologies","authors":"J. D'Silva, Geert van Calster","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1125","url":null,"abstract":"The Aarhus Convention lays down a legislative framework for participatory rights in environmental matters and potentially has wide-ranging application in and across the European Union and its Member States. This analysis identifies how these participation requirements can or may be imposed upon the European Commission as it sets about developing a regulatory framework for nanotechnologies. It then proceeds to identify a set of practical guidelines regarding public participation and nanotechnologies that could guide and assist the Commission in its current work on nanotechnology regulation. It is also suggested that these guidelines could provide an appropriate basis for assisting in the development of a suitable regulatory framework for new technologies in the future.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68800276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late 2009, the Microsoft Corporation terminated its sales, distribution and upgrading of Microsoft Office Accounting. This article presents an ethical analysis of the way in which Microsoft Corporation effected its decision to withdraw the product with special emphasis on how consumer expectations were formed, maintained and handled throughout the lifecycle of the accounting software in question. The analysis proceeds from initial reflections on and arguments for the ethical significance of consumer expectations an area which has until recently only received little attention in moral analysis.
{"title":"The Ethical Significance of Expectations and the Case of Microsoft Office Accounting","authors":"Thomas Ploug","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1128","url":null,"abstract":"Late 2009, the Microsoft Corporation terminated its sales, distribution and upgrading of Microsoft Office Accounting. This article presents an ethical analysis of the way in which Microsoft Corporation effected its decision to withdraw the product with special emphasis on how consumer expectations were formed, maintained and handled throughout the lifecycle of the accounting software in question. The analysis proceeds from initial reflections on and arguments for the ethical significance of consumer expectations an area which has until recently only received little attention in moral analysis.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68800433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Transgenic technologies avails new ways that alter plants and animals to be better suited for applications in food, feed, and processing. The ability to express foreign genes and proteins opens the door to producing many commercially important industrial and pharmaceutical products. However, despite the promise of these technologies, there are many concerns about the environmental impact of genetically engineered (GE) food plants and how to contain them. Risk assessment and monitoring are vital for this industry: the regulatory agencies aimed to monitor the specific environment and public health hazards associated with GE food and organisms. In the United States, the FDA, USDA, and EPA are responsible for these regulations. Several agencies in other countries also monitor GE foods and frame guidelines for the safe application of recombinant genes in agro-industries. This article gives an overview on the tracking of GE DNA in foods and the general public's concerns about them. The role of regulatory agencies are also summarized in regulating GE products while ensuring the public health.
{"title":"Regulation and Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Food","authors":"O. Singh","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Transgenic technologies avails new ways that alter plants and animals to be better suited for applications in food, feed, and processing. The ability to express foreign genes and proteins opens the door to producing many commercially important industrial and pharmaceutical products. However, despite the promise of these technologies, there are many concerns about the environmental impact of genetically engineered (GE) food plants and how to contain them. Risk assessment and monitoring are vital for this industry: the regulatory agencies aimed to monitor the specific environment and public health hazards associated with GE food and organisms. In the United States, the FDA, USDA, and EPA are responsible for these regulations. Several agencies in other countries also monitor GE foods and frame guidelines for the safe application of recombinant genes in agro-industries. This article gives an overview on the tracking of GE DNA in foods and the general public's concerns about them. The role of regulatory agencies are also summarized in regulating GE products while ensuring the public health.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68798636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the principal findings from a three-year research project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) on ethics of human enhancement technologies. To help untangle this ongoing debate, we have organized the discussion as a list of questions and answers, starting with background issues and moving to specific concerns, including: freedom & autonomy, health & safety, fairness & equity, societal disruption, and human dignity. Each question-and-answer pair is largely self-contained, allowing the reader to skip to those issues of interest without affecting continuity.
{"title":"Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers","authors":"Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, J. Moor, J. Weckert","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the principal findings from a three-year research project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) on ethics of human enhancement technologies. To help untangle this ongoing debate, we have organized the discussion as a list of questions and answers, starting with background issues and moving to specific concerns, including: freedom & autonomy, health & safety, fairness & equity, societal disruption, and human dignity. Each question-and-answer pair is largely self-contained, allowing the reader to skip to those issues of interest without affecting continuity.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68799442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, we are concerned with the ethical implications of the distinction between natural reproduction (via sexual intercourse) and reproduction that requires assistance (either medical or social). We argue that the current practice of enforcing regulations on the latter but not on the former means of reproduction is ethically unjustified. It is not defensible to tolerate parental ignorance or abuse in natural reproduction and subsequently in natural parenting, whilst submitting assisted reproduction and parenting to invasive scrutiny. Our proposal is to guarantee equal (ethical and legal) treatment to people engaging in either form of reproduction or parenting.
{"title":"Natural versus Assisted Reproduction: In Search of Fairness","authors":"D. Cutas, L. Bortolotti","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we are concerned with the ethical implications of the distinction between natural reproduction (via sexual intercourse) and reproduction that requires assistance (either medical or social). We argue that the current practice of enforcing regulations on the latter but not on the former means of reproduction is ethically unjustified. It is not defensible to tolerate parental ignorance or abuse in natural reproduction and subsequently in natural parenting, whilst submitting assisted reproduction and parenting to invasive scrutiny. Our proposal is to guarantee equal (ethical and legal) treatment to people engaging in either form of reproduction or parenting.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68799370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The growing threat of the misuse of science and technology for terrorist or criminal purposes has led scientists, institutions, professional organizations, funding agencies, journals, and governments to consider how best to control research that can be readily used to cause significant harm to public health, the economy, the environment, or national security, also known as dual use research. This commentary argues that scientists can regulate dual use research, provided that they are committed to developing effective dual use policies and a culture of shared responsibility.
{"title":"Can Scientists Regulate the Publication of Dual Use Research?","authors":"David B Resnik","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1124","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The growing threat of the misuse of science and technology for terrorist or criminal purposes has led scientists, institutions, professional organizations, funding agencies, journals, and governments to consider how best to control research that can be readily used to cause significant harm to public health, the economy, the environment, or national security, also known as dual use research. This commentary argues that scientists can regulate dual use research, provided that they are committed to developing effective dual use policies and a culture of shared responsibility.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29863330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on two reports, one on biotechnology and one on nanotechnology, this article discusses how we can learn from the mistakes made in respect to intellectual property in the biotechnology field to avoid future difficulties with respect to nanotechnology research. In particular, this article points to the importance of collaborations in advancing research and the key role of trust and communication in facilitating those collaborations.
{"title":"Avoiding the Mistakes of Biotech: How Intellectual Property Can Be Better Managed to Advance Nanotechnology Research","authors":"R. Gold","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1114","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on two reports, one on biotechnology and one on nanotechnology, this article discusses how we can learn from the mistakes made in respect to intellectual property in the biotechnology field to avoid future difficulties with respect to nanotechnology research. In particular, this article points to the importance of collaborations in advancing research and the key role of trust and communication in facilitating those collaborations.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68799146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Marchant, Douglas J. Sylvester, Kenneth W. Abbott, T. Danforth
Nanomedicine holds enormous promise for the improved prevention, detection and treatment of disease. Yet, at the same time, countervailing concerns about the potential safety risks of nano-technologies generally, and nanomedical products specifically, threaten to derail or at least delay the introduction and commercial viability of many nanomedicine applications. All around the globe, national governments are struggling with balancing these competing benefits and risks of nanotechnology in the medical and other sectors. It is becoming increasingly clear that reasonable, effective and predictable regulatory structures will be critical to the successful implementation of nanotechnology. The question examined in this paper is whether there are mechanisms of international harmonization or cooperation that can facilitate the development of more effective and efficient regulatory regimes for nanomedicine?Part I of this paper briefly summarizes the promise of nanomedicine as well as potential concerns about the risks of nanomedical applications that will require regulatory oversight. In Part II, we analyze the various factors weighing for and against attempts to harmonize regulatory requirements at the international level. Finally, in Part III we identify some specific existing or feasible mechanisms that may be useful for fostering international harmonization in the regulation of nanomedicine.
{"title":"International Harmonization of Regulation of Nanomedicine","authors":"G. Marchant, Douglas J. Sylvester, Kenneth W. Abbott, T. Danforth","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1120","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomedicine holds enormous promise for the improved prevention, detection and treatment of disease. Yet, at the same time, countervailing concerns about the potential safety risks of nano-technologies generally, and nanomedical products specifically, threaten to derail or at least delay the introduction and commercial viability of many nanomedicine applications. All around the globe, national governments are struggling with balancing these competing benefits and risks of nanotechnology in the medical and other sectors. It is becoming increasingly clear that reasonable, effective and predictable regulatory structures will be critical to the successful implementation of nanotechnology. The question examined in this paper is whether there are mechanisms of international harmonization or cooperation that can facilitate the development of more effective and efficient regulatory regimes for nanomedicine?Part I of this paper briefly summarizes the promise of nanomedicine as well as potential concerns about the risks of nanomedical applications that will require regulatory oversight. In Part II, we analyze the various factors weighing for and against attempts to harmonize regulatory requirements at the international level. Finally, in Part III we identify some specific existing or feasible mechanisms that may be useful for fostering international harmonization in the regulation of nanomedicine.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68799584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This editorial introduces a collection of articles that is a collaborative effort to discuss the impact of nanotechnology-based innovation on biomedical products development, on public health infrastructure, and on healthcare service delivery. The goal of this special issue of Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology is to assess the effects of these transformations on the equity of access to healthcare, on the potential and actual disparities, especially at the international level, as well as to examine the possible strategies to make nanotechnology help attain the highest standard of health for all.
{"title":"Nanotechnologies and Equal Access to Healthcare","authors":"S. Arnaldi, M. Piccinni","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1116","url":null,"abstract":"This editorial introduces a collection of articles that is a collaborative effort to discuss the impact of nanotechnology-based innovation on biomedical products development, on public health infrastructure, and on healthcare service delivery. The goal of this special issue of Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology is to assess the effects of these transformations on the equity of access to healthcare, on the potential and actual disparities, especially at the international level, as well as to examine the possible strategies to make nanotechnology help attain the highest standard of health for all.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68799544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of this article is fair access to nanomedicine, which refers to the application of nanotechnology to medicine. By use of nanotechnology improved diagnostics and therapy are expected in medicine and health care. Researchers, however, warn that nanomedicine products may be so expensive when they go on the market that they may provisionally make health inequalities worse both nationally and internationally. If this is true, it raises specific questions of justice as to whether we should accept these inequalities and accept that some persons may not have access to health care.This article argues that a promising approach to the ethics of nanomedicine is given with the ethics of the American ethicists Tom L. Beauchamp & James F. Childress. The article introduces the basic ethical principles of these authors: respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Specific attention is dedicated to the principle of justice and fair access to national health care. The principle of justice of Beauchamp & Childress is discussed and with the aim of creating fair access to nanomedicine, this article suggests an appropriate principle of justice to evaluate this field.Accordingly, this article defends a national health care system based on an egalitarian principle of justice, which requires equal access to health care including long-term and chronic care services. Also, it is argued that, contrary to the suggestion by Beauchamp & Childress, persons are entitled to social coverage of health care even though they suffer from a disease caused by personal autonomous activities. If it is economically feasible, nanomedicine should be included in the national health care system and it should be accessible to all citizens.
本文的重点是纳米医学的公平获取，即纳米技术在医学中的应用。利用纳米技术有望改善医学和卫生保健领域的诊断和治疗。然而，研究人员警告说，纳米药物产品在进入市场时可能非常昂贵，以至于它们可能暂时加剧国家和国际上的卫生不平等。如果这是真的，它提出了具体的正义问题，即我们是否应该接受这些不平等，并接受一些人可能无法获得保健。本文认为，美国伦理学家Tom L. Beauchamp和James F. Childress的伦理学为纳米医学伦理学提供了一条有希望的途径。本文介绍了这些作者的基本伦理原则:尊重自治、仁慈、无害和正义。特别重视公正和公平获得国家保健的原则。本文讨论了波尚和柴尔德里斯的公正原则，并以创造纳米医学的公平获取为目的，提出了一种适当的公正原则来评价这一领域。因此，本文捍卫以平等正义原则为基础的国家卫生保健制度，这要求平等获得卫生保健，包括长期和慢性护理服务。此外，有人认为，与Beauchamp & Childress的建议相反，个人即使患有由个人自主活动引起的疾病，也有权享受社会医疗保险。如果纳米医学在经济上可行，它应该被纳入国家卫生保健系统，并且应该向所有公民开放。
{"title":"The Principle of Justice and Access to Nanomedicine in National Healthcare Systems","authors":"M. Ebbesen","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1121","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this article is fair access to nanomedicine, which refers to the application of nanotechnology to medicine. By use of nanotechnology improved diagnostics and therapy are expected in medicine and health care. Researchers, however, warn that nanomedicine products may be so expensive when they go on the market that they may provisionally make health inequalities worse both nationally and internationally. If this is true, it raises specific questions of justice as to whether we should accept these inequalities and accept that some persons may not have access to health care.This article argues that a promising approach to the ethics of nanomedicine is given with the ethics of the American ethicists Tom L. Beauchamp & James F. Childress. The article introduces the basic ethical principles of these authors: respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Specific attention is dedicated to the principle of justice and fair access to national health care. The principle of justice of Beauchamp & Childress is discussed and with the aim of creating fair access to nanomedicine, this article suggests an appropriate principle of justice to evaluate this field.Accordingly, this article defends a national health care system based on an egalitarian principle of justice, which requires equal access to health care including long-term and chronic care services. Also, it is argued that, contrary to the suggestion by Beauchamp & Childress, persons are entitled to social coverage of health care even though they suffer from a disease caused by personal autonomous activities. If it is economically feasible, nanomedicine should be included in the national health care system and it should be accessible to all citizens.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68800019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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