Natalie V Sánchez, Isabel Vargas-Valverde, María José Espejo-Uribe, Daniel J Mennill
For territorial animals, the behavior of conspecific neighbors sets the social context of communication. Despite numerous investigations of vocalizations related to territory defense and mate attraction, the effect of neighbor density on animal vocal behavior has received little attention, particularly in tropical animals and animals where both sexes produce complex acoustic signals. In this study, we used an innovative multi-speaker playback experiment to manipulate the apparent density of neighbors in rufous-and-white wrens, Thryophilus rufalbus, living in Costa Rica’s tropical dry forest. In this tropical songbird, both males and females, defend year-round territories and sing complex, learned songs for territory defense. We recorded singing behavior of 24 subjects (12 pairs) and then we used an array of six loudspeakers to simulate the presence of six new territorial neighbors (3 simulated pairs) outside each subject pair’s breeding territory. The stimuli persisted for three consecutive days with both male and female songs broadcast at a natural rate from dawn to dusk. We found that mean male song rate increased by almost fifty percent in response to the simulated increase in local density. Females showed less frequent song-type switching rates following the simulated increase in local density, although it was a marginal increase. These findings reveal that male and female songbirds’ vocal behavior varies with local density of territorial neighbors. We conclude that birds are sensitive to acoustic signals of conspecific density arising from sounds beyond their territory boundaries, and that they use this public information to guide their vocal behavior.
{"title":"Neighbors affect vocal behavior of tropical wrens: a multi-speaker density-manipulation experiment","authors":"Natalie V Sánchez, Isabel Vargas-Valverde, María José Espejo-Uribe, Daniel J Mennill","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae075","url":null,"abstract":"For territorial animals, the behavior of conspecific neighbors sets the social context of communication. Despite numerous investigations of vocalizations related to territory defense and mate attraction, the effect of neighbor density on animal vocal behavior has received little attention, particularly in tropical animals and animals where both sexes produce complex acoustic signals. In this study, we used an innovative multi-speaker playback experiment to manipulate the apparent density of neighbors in rufous-and-white wrens, Thryophilus rufalbus, living in Costa Rica’s tropical dry forest. In this tropical songbird, both males and females, defend year-round territories and sing complex, learned songs for territory defense. We recorded singing behavior of 24 subjects (12 pairs) and then we used an array of six loudspeakers to simulate the presence of six new territorial neighbors (3 simulated pairs) outside each subject pair’s breeding territory. The stimuli persisted for three consecutive days with both male and female songs broadcast at a natural rate from dawn to dusk. We found that mean male song rate increased by almost fifty percent in response to the simulated increase in local density. Females showed less frequent song-type switching rates following the simulated increase in local density, although it was a marginal increase. These findings reveal that male and female songbirds’ vocal behavior varies with local density of territorial neighbors. We conclude that birds are sensitive to acoustic signals of conspecific density arising from sounds beyond their territory boundaries, and that they use this public information to guide their vocal behavior.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in the morphology, physiology and behavior of parasitized organisms provide an ideal opportunity to examine the extended phenotype of parasites. Since the quality of the host directly affects the fitness of the parasite, parasites may increase their fitness by manipulating phenotypes of low-quality hosts. Males are usually preyed on by females in sexual cannibalism. Thus, the males of sexually cannibalistic species are unsafe and low-quality hosts for parasites, while females may be beneficial hosts because of the chance of nutrient intake from cannibalized males. Under passive modes of transmission, parasites cannot choose the host sex. Such parasites exploiting sexually cannibalistic organisms are subjected to contrasting fitness effects and may evolve to manipulate host mating behavior in a sex-specific manner: decreasing male mating to avoid cannibalism and promoting female mating to engage in cannibalism. We examined this hypothesis by a behavioral experiment using a mantid-hairworm system. Parasitized male mantids (Tenodera angustipennis) changed their behavior as expected, exhibiting increased escapes and decreased courtships and mountings, potentially avoiding encounters with the female. Interestingly, male attack behavior was promoted, possibly decreasing contact with the encountered female. However, contrary to our prediction, parasitized females also exhibited decreased propensities of mating, suggesting costs or little benefits of host mating for parasites in the female host. This study provides novel insights into the evolution of parasite strategies in response to sexual differences in host quality.
{"title":"Sex-specific manipulation of sexually cannibalistic mantid mating behavior by hairworms","authors":"Kazuki Kuroda, Takahiro Kuroda, Hiroto Nishino, Yasuoki Takami","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae071","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the morphology, physiology and behavior of parasitized organisms provide an ideal opportunity to examine the extended phenotype of parasites. Since the quality of the host directly affects the fitness of the parasite, parasites may increase their fitness by manipulating phenotypes of low-quality hosts. Males are usually preyed on by females in sexual cannibalism. Thus, the males of sexually cannibalistic species are unsafe and low-quality hosts for parasites, while females may be beneficial hosts because of the chance of nutrient intake from cannibalized males. Under passive modes of transmission, parasites cannot choose the host sex. Such parasites exploiting sexually cannibalistic organisms are subjected to contrasting fitness effects and may evolve to manipulate host mating behavior in a sex-specific manner: decreasing male mating to avoid cannibalism and promoting female mating to engage in cannibalism. We examined this hypothesis by a behavioral experiment using a mantid-hairworm system. Parasitized male mantids (Tenodera angustipennis) changed their behavior as expected, exhibiting increased escapes and decreased courtships and mountings, potentially avoiding encounters with the female. Interestingly, male attack behavior was promoted, possibly decreasing contact with the encountered female. However, contrary to our prediction, parasitized females also exhibited decreased propensities of mating, suggesting costs or little benefits of host mating for parasites in the female host. This study provides novel insights into the evolution of parasite strategies in response to sexual differences in host quality.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sydney K Kochensparger, Christina J Painting, Bruno A Buzatto, Erin L McCullough
Competition for mates can drive the evolution of exaggerated weaponry and male dimorphism associated with alternative reproductive tactics. In terrestrial arthropods, male dimorphism is often detected as non-linear allometries, where the scaling relationship between weapon size and body size differs in intercept and/or slope between morphs. Understanding the patterns of non-linear allometries is important as it can provide insights into threshold evolution and the strength of selection experienced by each morph. Numerous studies in male-dimorphic arthropods have reported that allometric slopes of weapons are shallower in large “major” males compared to small “minor” males. Because this pattern is common among beetles that undergo complete metamorphosis (holometabolous), researchers have hypothesized that the slope change reflects resource depletion during pupal development. However, no comprehensive survey has examined the generality of this trend. We systematically searched the literature for reports of weapon allometries in male dimorphic species and conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to explore the factors influencing the difference in slopes between morphs. Our search identified 59 effect sizes from 19 studies, 50 species, and 5 orders of terrestrial arthropods. We found strong evidence that metamorphosis type influences the patterns of weapon allometries. Slopes were significantly steeper in minor males compared to major males in holometabolous species, but there was no difference in slopes between morphs in hemimetabolous species (i.e., those that undergo incomplete or no metamorphosis). These results support the hypothesis that holometabolous species face a resource ceiling during pupal development that limits the exaggeration of weapon size.
{"title":"Are weapon allometries steeper in major or minor males? A meta-analysis","authors":"Sydney K Kochensparger, Christina J Painting, Bruno A Buzatto, Erin L McCullough","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae069","url":null,"abstract":"Competition for mates can drive the evolution of exaggerated weaponry and male dimorphism associated with alternative reproductive tactics. In terrestrial arthropods, male dimorphism is often detected as non-linear allometries, where the scaling relationship between weapon size and body size differs in intercept and/or slope between morphs. Understanding the patterns of non-linear allometries is important as it can provide insights into threshold evolution and the strength of selection experienced by each morph. Numerous studies in male-dimorphic arthropods have reported that allometric slopes of weapons are shallower in large “major” males compared to small “minor” males. Because this pattern is common among beetles that undergo complete metamorphosis (holometabolous), researchers have hypothesized that the slope change reflects resource depletion during pupal development. However, no comprehensive survey has examined the generality of this trend. We systematically searched the literature for reports of weapon allometries in male dimorphic species and conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to explore the factors influencing the difference in slopes between morphs. Our search identified 59 effect sizes from 19 studies, 50 species, and 5 orders of terrestrial arthropods. We found strong evidence that metamorphosis type influences the patterns of weapon allometries. Slopes were significantly steeper in minor males compared to major males in holometabolous species, but there was no difference in slopes between morphs in hemimetabolous species (i.e., those that undergo incomplete or no metamorphosis). These results support the hypothesis that holometabolous species face a resource ceiling during pupal development that limits the exaggeration of weapon size.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John A Endler, Selina Meehan, Aida Rodrigues, Vicki Hallett
Sexual selection can result in extreme development of multimodal mate-attracting traits, including complex constructions. Male great bowerbirds build bowers for attracting females. Bowers contain a thatched twig tunnel (avenue) opening onto two courts covered with decorations. Males displaying on a court are seen by a female from within the avenue. She sees and hears displays through the avenue entrance but can only see the male's head and objects in his bill as it passes repeatedly across the entrance. Because the bower may affect the auditory as well as the visual parts of the multimodal male display we investigated bower acoustic properties by playing standard sounds from multiple court positions, recording the resulting sounds at the female's head position within the avenue. Bower geometry results in a limited zone at the avenue entrance where his vocalisations can be heard with maximum intensity; this corresponds to his typical display position. Experiments show that court decorations increase the intensity of some frequencies and reduce the intensity of others. Bower structure simultaneously affects both visual and auditory male display components and could be important in sexual selection. It is important to consider more than one sensory mode, especially in the context of built signalling structures.
{"title":"Acoustic effects complement visual displays of Great Bowerbird bowers","authors":"John A Endler, Selina Meehan, Aida Rodrigues, Vicki Hallett","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae070","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual selection can result in extreme development of multimodal mate-attracting traits, including complex constructions. Male great bowerbirds build bowers for attracting females. Bowers contain a thatched twig tunnel (avenue) opening onto two courts covered with decorations. Males displaying on a court are seen by a female from within the avenue. She sees and hears displays through the avenue entrance but can only see the male's head and objects in his bill as it passes repeatedly across the entrance. Because the bower may affect the auditory as well as the visual parts of the multimodal male display we investigated bower acoustic properties by playing standard sounds from multiple court positions, recording the resulting sounds at the female's head position within the avenue. Bower geometry results in a limited zone at the avenue entrance where his vocalisations can be heard with maximum intensity; this corresponds to his typical display position. Experiments show that court decorations increase the intensity of some frequencies and reduce the intensity of others. Bower structure simultaneously affects both visual and auditory male display components and could be important in sexual selection. It is important to consider more than one sensory mode, especially in the context of built signalling structures.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) is an enigma in behavioral ecology as it does not result in reproduction. Proximately, the effect of sexual signals on SSB could be distinct between signal receivers and senders. For receivers, the absence of sexual signals leads to smaller phenotypic sex differences, leading to frequent accidental SSB between receivers. Alternatively, for senders, sexual signals could help locate another sender, enhancing intentional SSB. Here, we demonstrate this link between sex pheromone signaling and the frequency of same-sex pairing in two Coptotermes termites that use the same chemical as sex pheromones but in different quantities. In termites, mating pairs engage in tandem runs, where a female emits sex pheromones to guide a male as they move together in searching a potential nest site. So, females are signal senders, and males are signal receivers for sexual communication. We found that female-female tandems were more stable in C. formosanus, whose females produce more pheromones. On the other hand, although both species did not show stable male-male tandems, males of C. gestroi, whose females produce fewer pheromones, spent more time attempting to follow another male. Thus, stronger pheromones lead to sender-sender SSB, while weaker pheromones lead to receiver-receiver SSB. The proximate mechanism of SSB is diverse according to the properties of sexual communications in heterosexual contexts.
{"title":"The strength of sexual signals predicts same-sex pairing in two Coptotermes termites","authors":"Nobuaki Mizumoto, Sang-Bin Lee, Thomas Chouvenc","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae067","url":null,"abstract":"Same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) is an enigma in behavioral ecology as it does not result in reproduction. Proximately, the effect of sexual signals on SSB could be distinct between signal receivers and senders. For receivers, the absence of sexual signals leads to smaller phenotypic sex differences, leading to frequent accidental SSB between receivers. Alternatively, for senders, sexual signals could help locate another sender, enhancing intentional SSB. Here, we demonstrate this link between sex pheromone signaling and the frequency of same-sex pairing in two Coptotermes termites that use the same chemical as sex pheromones but in different quantities. In termites, mating pairs engage in tandem runs, where a female emits sex pheromones to guide a male as they move together in searching a potential nest site. So, females are signal senders, and males are signal receivers for sexual communication. We found that female-female tandems were more stable in C. formosanus, whose females produce more pheromones. On the other hand, although both species did not show stable male-male tandems, males of C. gestroi, whose females produce fewer pheromones, spent more time attempting to follow another male. Thus, stronger pheromones lead to sender-sender SSB, while weaker pheromones lead to receiver-receiver SSB. The proximate mechanism of SSB is diverse according to the properties of sexual communications in heterosexual contexts.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-induced rapid environmental changes introduce animals to novel selection pressures that may impact how individuals allocate resources into life-history traits. One pervasive anthropogenic stressor, artificial light at night (ALAN), extends into remote areas and masks the day:night cycles to which animals are attuned. Here we ask how animals use this environmental input to dictate their investment in survival and reproductive traits and whether they must trade off investment in these traits in female Gryllus veletis field crickets. Using the second generation of field-collected individuals from a location absent from ALAN, we reared females from the antepenultimate instar through adulthood in either a control environment or one with ALAN. We then measured their investment in survival through two aspects of immunity, encapsulation and lysozyme activity, and their reproductive investment as the number of eggs within a female. We found that ALAN reduced one aspect of immunity, lysozyme activity, and reproductive investment. Further, there was a negative trade-off in investment in encapsulation and reproduction, an investment cost that was not present in females reared without ALAN. Our results suggest a two-fold cost of ALAN on females: one on investment in individual traits and another on a trade-off between them. These maladaptive responses to ALAN could substantially impact natural populations in the short term, and whether populations could respond in the long term remains an open question.
人类引起的快速环境变化使动物面临新的选择压力，这些压力可能会影响个体如何将资源分配到生命史特征上。一种普遍存在的人为压力--夜间人造光（ALAN）--延伸到偏远地区，掩盖了动物所适应的昼夜周期。在这里，我们想知道动物如何利用这种环境输入来决定它们在生存和繁殖特征上的投资，以及它们是否必须在雌性田野蟋蟀（Gryllus veletis field crickles）的这些特征投资上进行权衡。我们利用从一个没有ALAN的地方采集的第二代田间个体，在对照环境或有ALAN的环境中饲养雌性蟋蟀从初生到成年。然后，我们通过免疫力的两个方面--包囊和溶菌酶活性--测量了它们的生存投资，并通过雌虫体内的卵数测量了它们的生殖投资。我们发现，ALAN降低了免疫力的一个方面，即溶菌酶活性和生殖投资。此外，在封装和繁殖方面的投资出现了负的权衡，这种投资成本在未饲养 ALAN 的雌性中并不存在。我们的研究结果表明，ALAN对雌性动物造成了两方面的成本：一方面是对个体性状的投资，另一方面是对它们之间的权衡。这些对ALAN的不适应反应可能会在短期内对自然种群产生重大影响，而种群是否能在长期内做出反应仍是一个悬而未决的问题。
{"title":"Anthropogenic light impacts life-history traits and induces a trade-off in female field crickets","authors":"Darren Rebar, Tingyuan Xiao, Elizabeth Murdock","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae064","url":null,"abstract":"Human-induced rapid environmental changes introduce animals to novel selection pressures that may impact how individuals allocate resources into life-history traits. One pervasive anthropogenic stressor, artificial light at night (ALAN), extends into remote areas and masks the day:night cycles to which animals are attuned. Here we ask how animals use this environmental input to dictate their investment in survival and reproductive traits and whether they must trade off investment in these traits in female Gryllus veletis field crickets. Using the second generation of field-collected individuals from a location absent from ALAN, we reared females from the antepenultimate instar through adulthood in either a control environment or one with ALAN. We then measured their investment in survival through two aspects of immunity, encapsulation and lysozyme activity, and their reproductive investment as the number of eggs within a female. We found that ALAN reduced one aspect of immunity, lysozyme activity, and reproductive investment. Further, there was a negative trade-off in investment in encapsulation and reproduction, an investment cost that was not present in females reared without ALAN. Our results suggest a two-fold cost of ALAN on females: one on investment in individual traits and another on a trade-off between them. These maladaptive responses to ALAN could substantially impact natural populations in the short term, and whether populations could respond in the long term remains an open question.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hypothesis of slow-fast syndromes predicts a correlation between personality type and learning style; fast explorers would have a more proactive (fast but inflexible) learning style whereas slow explorers would be more reactive (slow but flexible) learners. Empirical evidence for this personality-cognition coupling remains inconclusive and heavily biased towards birds. Moreover, most studies did not examine the personality-cognition correlation when the cognitive task is discerning food quality, a scenario directly related to energy acquisition that underpins the evolution of slow-fast syndromes. In this study, we examined the exploration-cognition correlation in the context of avoidance learning in an opportunistic predator - the common sun skink Eutropis multifasciata. We quantified exploration tendencies of individuals in an unfamiliar environment and compared foraging behaviors when lizards associated prey color and taste during the initial learning trials and subsequent reverse learning trials, where the color-taste associations were switched. We found that fast explorers were less choosy and modified their foraging behaviors less with experience, conforming to a more proactive cognitive style. In contrast, slow explorers were reactive learners and were able to change foraging behaviors in both learning and reverse learning phases, even though the ability to do so depended on the color-taste treatment. Contrary to conventional predictions, the proactive-reactive learning styles in our focal species was not differentiated by a learning speed-flexibility trade-off. Our findings offer nuanced support to the slow-fast syndromes and suggest that the two types of exploration-cognition correlations could be different responses to fast-changing environmental predictability.
{"title":"Exploration correlates with dietary choosiness and avoidance learning style in a generalist predator","authors":"Chi-Yun Kuo, Yu-Hsi Chen, Ai-Ching Meng, Yu-Zhe Wu, Shan-Yu Yang, Ching-Ning Yeh","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae065","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesis of slow-fast syndromes predicts a correlation between personality type and learning style; fast explorers would have a more proactive (fast but inflexible) learning style whereas slow explorers would be more reactive (slow but flexible) learners. Empirical evidence for this personality-cognition coupling remains inconclusive and heavily biased towards birds. Moreover, most studies did not examine the personality-cognition correlation when the cognitive task is discerning food quality, a scenario directly related to energy acquisition that underpins the evolution of slow-fast syndromes. In this study, we examined the exploration-cognition correlation in the context of avoidance learning in an opportunistic predator - the common sun skink Eutropis multifasciata. We quantified exploration tendencies of individuals in an unfamiliar environment and compared foraging behaviors when lizards associated prey color and taste during the initial learning trials and subsequent reverse learning trials, where the color-taste associations were switched. We found that fast explorers were less choosy and modified their foraging behaviors less with experience, conforming to a more proactive cognitive style. In contrast, slow explorers were reactive learners and were able to change foraging behaviors in both learning and reverse learning phases, even though the ability to do so depended on the color-taste treatment. Contrary to conventional predictions, the proactive-reactive learning styles in our focal species was not differentiated by a learning speed-flexibility trade-off. Our findings offer nuanced support to the slow-fast syndromes and suggest that the two types of exploration-cognition correlations could be different responses to fast-changing environmental predictability.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel Máximo Xavier, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, Vitor Campos de Castro, William Dias Silva, Alisson Montanheiro Valentim, Rafael Rios Moura
Parasitoid larvae consume their hosts to obtain the nutritional resources required for their development. Parasitoid wasps can optimally select the size of their hosts by laying unfertilised and fertilised eggs according to the amount of biomass available for consumption by the larvae. However, parasitoids may eventually experience low host availability within the optimal range of body sizes, affecting the survival of their offspring. In this study, we identified a situation in which all available hosts (Leucauge volupis) were smaller than those previously observed to be parasitised by Hymenoepimecis pinheirensis at the same study site. Therefore, we investigated how these parasitoids can bypass the scarcity of ideal hosts. Female wasps biased their oviposition toward the largest L. volupis females available. In this suboptimal scenario, they did not oviposit only unfertilised eggs, which developed into relatively small offspring (males). In this situation, they lay fertilised eggs mainly on larger spiders. Larval mortality was high, but the larvae attached to the larger spiders were more likely to complete their development. In general, H. pinheirensis females managed to target the best hosts available, but could not delay the oviposition of fertilised eggs or avoid offspring mortality. Here, we discuss the potential causes of asynchronies in the life cycles of parasitoid wasps and their hosts, the availability of optimal hosts, and how these factors may affect their populations
寄生幼虫消耗宿主以获得发育所需的营养资源。寄生蜂可以根据幼虫可消耗的生物量，通过产下未受精卵和受精卵来选择寄主的大小。然而，寄生蜂最终可能会在最佳体型范围内遇到宿主可用性低的情况，从而影响其后代的生存。在本研究中，我们发现在同一研究地点，所有可用宿主（Leucauge volupis）的体型都小于之前观察到的被 Pinheirensis Hymenoepimecis 寄生的宿主。因此，我们研究了这些寄生虫如何绕过理想寄主稀缺的问题。雌蜂偏向于向最大的 L. volupis 雌蜂产卵。在这种次优情况下，它们不会只产下未受精卵，这些卵会发育成相对较小的后代（雄性）。在这种情况下，它们主要将受精卵产在较大的蜘蛛身上。幼虫死亡率很高，但附着在较大蜘蛛身上的幼虫更有可能完成发育。总的来说，松毛虫雌性能够选择最好的宿主，但却不能延迟受精卵的产卵时间或避免后代死亡。在此，我们讨论了造成寄生蜂及其寄主生命周期不同步的潜在原因、最佳寄主的可用性，以及这些因素可能对其种群产生的影响
{"title":"Effects of host size on progeny sex and survivorship of Hymenoepimecis pinheirensis","authors":"Gabriel Máximo Xavier, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, Vitor Campos de Castro, William Dias Silva, Alisson Montanheiro Valentim, Rafael Rios Moura","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae068","url":null,"abstract":"Parasitoid larvae consume their hosts to obtain the nutritional resources required for their development. Parasitoid wasps can optimally select the size of their hosts by laying unfertilised and fertilised eggs according to the amount of biomass available for consumption by the larvae. However, parasitoids may eventually experience low host availability within the optimal range of body sizes, affecting the survival of their offspring. In this study, we identified a situation in which all available hosts (Leucauge volupis) were smaller than those previously observed to be parasitised by Hymenoepimecis pinheirensis at the same study site. Therefore, we investigated how these parasitoids can bypass the scarcity of ideal hosts. Female wasps biased their oviposition toward the largest L. volupis females available. In this suboptimal scenario, they did not oviposit only unfertilised eggs, which developed into relatively small offspring (males). In this situation, they lay fertilised eggs mainly on larger spiders. Larval mortality was high, but the larvae attached to the larger spiders were more likely to complete their development. In general, H. pinheirensis females managed to target the best hosts available, but could not delay the oviposition of fertilised eggs or avoid offspring mortality. Here, we discuss the potential causes of asynchronies in the life cycles of parasitoid wasps and their hosts, the availability of optimal hosts, and how these factors may affect their populations","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13eCollection Date: 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arae066
Pengzhen Huang, Malgorzata E Arlet, Krishna N Balasubramaniam, Brianne A Beisner, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, Lauren J N Brent, Julie Duboscq, Iván García-Nisa, Stefano S K Kaburu, Rachel Kendal, Martina Konečná, Pascal R Marty, Brenda McCowan, Jérôme Micheletta, Julia Ostner, Oliver Schülke, Gabriele Schino, Bonaventura Majolo
In animal social groups, the extent to which individuals consistently win agonistic interactions and their ability to monopolize resources represent 2 core aspects of their competitive regime. However, whether these two aspects are closely correlated within groups has rarely been studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hierarchy steepness, which is generally used to represent power differentials between group members, predicts the variation in the distribution of fitness-related benefits (i.e. fecundity, infant survival, mating success, and feeding success) in relation to individual dominance ranks. We tested this hypothesis in primate groups using comparative phylogenetic meta-analytical techniques. Specifically, we reviewed published and unpublished studies to extract data on individual dominance ranks, their access to fitness-related benefits, and hierarchy steepness. We collected and included in our analysis a total of 153 data points, representing 27 species (including 2 chimpanzee sub-species). From these, we used 4 common methods to measure individual dominance ranks and hierarchy steepness, i.e. Dij -based normalized David's scores, randomized Elo-ratings, and David's scores and Elo-ratings estimated in Bayesian frameworks. We found that hierarchy steepness had no effect on the strength of the relationship between dominance rank and access to fitness-related benefits. Our results suggest that hierarchy steepness does not reflect between-group variation in the extent to which individual dominance affects the acquisition of fitness-related benefits in primates. Although the ability to win agonistic encounters is essential, we speculate that other behavioral strategies adopted by individuals may play crucial roles in resource acquisition in animal competitive regimes.
在动物社会群体中，个体持续赢得争斗的程度和垄断资源的能力是其竞争机制的两个核心方面。然而，这两个方面在群体内部是否密切相关却很少有人研究。在这里，我们检验了一个假设，即等级陡度（通常用来表示群体成员之间的权力差异）可以预测与个体优势等级相关的适生性相关利益（即繁殖力、婴儿存活率、交配成功率和觅食成功率）分布的变化。我们利用系统发育元分析比较技术在灵长类群体中检验了这一假设。具体来说，我们回顾了已发表和未发表的研究，提取了有关个体优势等级、它们获得与适生相关的益处以及等级陡峭度的数据。我们共收集了 153 个数据点，代表 27 个物种（包括 2 个黑猩猩亚种），并将其纳入分析。在这些数据中，我们使用了 4 种常用的方法来测量个体的优势等级和等级陡度，即基于 D ij 的归一化大卫评分、随机 Elo 评分以及贝叶斯框架中估算的大卫评分和 Elo 评分。我们发现，等级制度的陡峭程度对支配等级与获得体能相关利益之间的关系强度没有影响。我们的研究结果表明，在灵长类动物中，等级陡峭度并不能反映个体优势地位对获取体能相关益处的影响程度的群体间差异。虽然赢得争斗的能力至关重要，但我们推测个体采取的其他行为策略可能在动物竞争制度中对资源获取起着至关重要的作用。
{"title":"Relationship between dominance hierarchy steepness and rank-relatedness of benefits in primates.","authors":"Pengzhen Huang, Malgorzata E Arlet, Krishna N Balasubramaniam, Brianne A Beisner, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, Lauren J N Brent, Julie Duboscq, Iván García-Nisa, Stefano S K Kaburu, Rachel Kendal, Martina Konečná, Pascal R Marty, Brenda McCowan, Jérôme Micheletta, Julia Ostner, Oliver Schülke, Gabriele Schino, Bonaventura Majolo","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae066","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/arae066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In animal social groups, the extent to which individuals consistently win agonistic interactions and their ability to monopolize resources represent 2 core aspects of their competitive regime. However, whether these two aspects are closely correlated within groups has rarely been studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hierarchy steepness, which is generally used to represent power differentials between group members, predicts the variation in the distribution of fitness-related benefits (i.e. fecundity, infant survival, mating success, and feeding success) in relation to individual dominance ranks. We tested this hypothesis in primate groups using comparative phylogenetic meta-analytical techniques. Specifically, we reviewed published and unpublished studies to extract data on individual dominance ranks, their access to fitness-related benefits, and hierarchy steepness. We collected and included in our analysis a total of 153 data points, representing 27 species (including 2 chimpanzee sub-species). From these, we used 4 common methods to measure individual dominance ranks and hierarchy steepness, i.e. <i>D</i> <sub><i>ij</i></sub> -based normalized David's scores, randomized Elo-ratings, and David's scores and Elo-ratings estimated in Bayesian frameworks. We found that hierarchy steepness had no effect on the strength of the relationship between dominance rank and access to fitness-related benefits. Our results suggest that hierarchy steepness does not reflect between-group variation in the extent to which individual dominance affects the acquisition of fitness-related benefits in primates. Although the ability to win agonistic encounters is essential, we speculate that other behavioral strategies adopted by individuals may play crucial roles in resource acquisition in animal competitive regimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11347755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin J Toscano, Hassen Allegue, Daniel Bauloye, Marta Drausnik, Peyton Orloff
The relationship between risk-prone behavior and growth is central to tradeoff models that explain the existence and maintenance of among-individual variation in behavior (i.e., animal personality). These models posit positive relationships between among-individual variation in risk-prone behaviors and growth, yet how the strength and direction of such relationships depend on ecological conditions is unclear. We tested how different levels of predation risk from crayfish (Faxonius limosus) mediate the association between among-individual variation in snail (Helisoma trivolvis) boldness (emergence time) and growth in shell size. We found that crayfish predation risk reduced snail growth, but that the effect of snail boldness on individual growth was context-dependent – snail boldness was unrelated to growth in the absence of risk and under high risk, but shy snails grew faster than bold snails under low predation risk. Other traits (snail size, body condition and intrinsic growth rate measured under ad libitum food conditions) failed to explain snail growth variation under any risk level. Though opposite to the prediction of tradeoff models, enhanced growth of shy snails could function as a predator defense mechanism that protects their prospects for future reproduction consistent with the underlying premise of tradeoff models. Thus, our results highlight the importance of accounting for ecological conditions in understanding behavior-life history associations.
{"title":"Predation risk elicits a negative relationship between boldness and growth in Helisoma snails","authors":"Benjamin J Toscano, Hassen Allegue, Daniel Bauloye, Marta Drausnik, Peyton Orloff","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arae063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae063","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The relationship between risk-prone behavior and growth is central to tradeoff models that explain the existence and maintenance of among-individual variation in behavior (i.e., animal personality). These models posit positive relationships between among-individual variation in risk-prone behaviors and growth, yet how the strength and direction of such relationships depend on ecological conditions is unclear. We tested how different levels of predation risk from crayfish (Faxonius limosus) mediate the association between among-individual variation in snail (Helisoma trivolvis) boldness (emergence time) and growth in shell size. We found that crayfish predation risk reduced snail growth, but that the effect of snail boldness on individual growth was context-dependent – snail boldness was unrelated to growth in the absence of risk and under high risk, but shy snails grew faster than bold snails under low predation risk. Other traits (snail size, body condition and intrinsic growth rate measured under ad libitum food conditions) failed to explain snail growth variation under any risk level. Though opposite to the prediction of tradeoff models, enhanced growth of shy snails could function as a predator defense mechanism that protects their prospects for future reproduction consistent with the underlying premise of tradeoff models. Thus, our results highlight the importance of accounting for ecological conditions in understanding behavior-life history associations.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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