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Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)最新文献

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Yekewan wai de rensheng 椰殼碗外的人生 (A Life Beyond Boundaries: A Memoir), written by Benedict Anderson [本尼迪克特·安德森] and translated by Xu Delin 徐德林 Yekewan wai de rensheng 椰殼碗外的人生 (A Life Beyond Boundaries: A Memoir), written by Benedict Anderson [本尼迪克特·安德森] and translated by Xu Delin 徐德林
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220008
Yifan Zhang (张奕凡)
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引用次数: 0
A Matter of Taste: Tea, Opium, and Trade Monopolies in Tibet 口味问题:西藏的茶、鸦片和贸易垄断
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10013
This article chronicles the British Indian state’s attempt, and eventual failure, to break the Chinese monopoly on trading tea in Tibet at the very time Britain replaced Qing China as the largest exporter of tea on the global stage. I explore this short history by analysing the trade marts established in Tibet and the eastern Himalayas between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, not simply as centres of imperial trade between two powerful empires, but as occupied territories meant to form key nodes on land networks throughout the Tibetan plateau and highlands. Following its failure to push Indian tea into Tibetan markets, the British government in India experimented with the sale of opium in British-controlled marts in Tibet, thus marking important continuities in commodity trade competition with China across market spheres. The competition between Chinese and Indian tea has been richly documented as a narrative of ascendancy and industrial modernisation that rapidly reshaped global imperial hierarchies as well as local socio-cultural relationships (including those of labour accumulation). By contrast, the British failure in Tibet highlights how militarised frontier-making alone advanced market capitalism throughout the trans-Himalayan theatre. This article demonstrates how the exigencies of war propaganda and imperial frontier-making shaped not only the spatial and cultural frames of tea consumption in Tibet, but the territorial entities of the Himalayan “borderlands”, and indeed, “Tibet” itself.
这篇文章记录了英属印度政府试图打破中国对西藏茶叶贸易的垄断,但最终失败了,当时英国正在取代清朝成为全球舞台上最大的茶叶出口国。我通过分析19世纪末至20世纪初在西藏和喜马拉雅东部建立的贸易市场来探索这段短暂的历史,这些贸易市场不仅是两个强大帝国之间的帝国贸易中心,而且是被占领的领土,旨在形成整个西藏高原和高地陆地网络的关键节点。在将印度茶叶推向西藏市场失败后,英国驻印度政府尝试在英国控制的西藏市场销售鸦片,从而标志着与中国在各个市场领域的商品贸易竞争的重要连续性。中国和印度茶叶之间的竞争被大量记录下来,作为一种优势地位和工业现代化的叙述,迅速重塑了全球帝国等级制度,以及当地的社会文化关系(包括劳动力积累)。相比之下,英国在西藏的失败凸显出,仅靠军事化的边境开拓,就在整个喜马拉雅地区推动了市场资本主义的发展。这篇文章展示了战争宣传和帝国拓荒的迫切性如何不仅塑造了西藏茶叶消费的空间和文化框架,而且塑造了喜马拉雅“边疆”的领土实体,甚至是“西藏”本身。
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引用次数: 0
Ziben de lüxing: Huaqiao, qiaohui yu Zhonghua wang 資本的旅行:華僑、僑匯與中華網 (The Journey of Capital: The Chinese Diaspora, Remittance, and the Chinese Network), written by Hamashita Takeshi 濱下武志 Ziben de lüxing: Huaqiao, qiaohui yu Zhonghua wang 资本的旅行:华侨、侨汇与中华网 (The Journey of Capital: The Chinese Diaspora, Remittance, and the Chinese Network), written by Hamashita Takeshi 滨下武志
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220009
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: China and India across Disciplines 介绍:中国和印度跨学科
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220007
Adhira Mangalagiri
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引用次数: 0
The Medicine Monopoly Contract in Manila: A Perspective on Medical Provision and the Circulation of Medicine in the Early Eighteenth Century 马尼拉的药品垄断合同:18世纪早期医疗供应和药品流通的视角
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10014
Juan Carlos González Balderas
This article outlines the establishment of a monopoly contract for medicines in Manila. Although colonial medicine has gained prominence in current historiography, little is known about New Spain’s role in providing remedies to the Spanish population in the Philippines. This article maps the factors that motivated the Spanish Crown to modify a two-centuries-old medicine provision system led by New Spanish merchandisers and establish a monopoly contract (asiento) to administer and prepare all necessary medical treatments. Examining the causes, this study argues that this monopoly contract represents a unique royal strategy in the Philippines, in concordance with the Bourbon dynasty’s ambition to improve the medical care of Spaniards in the eighteenth century. Furthermore, this new agreement signified a period of improvement in the conditions of the Royal Hospital for Spaniards in Manila and a new era in the manufacture of medicines in the Philippines that would last throughout the first half of the eighteenth century.
本文概述了马尼拉药品垄断合同的建立。虽然殖民医学在当前的史学中获得了突出的地位,但人们对新西班牙在向菲律宾的西班牙人提供补救措施方面的作用知之甚少。本文描绘了促使西班牙王室修改由新西班牙商人主导的长达两个世纪的药品供应制度,并建立垄断合同(asiento)来管理和准备所有必要的医疗的因素。考察其原因,本研究认为,这种垄断合同代表了菲律宾独特的皇家战略,与波旁王朝在18世纪改善西班牙人医疗保健的雄心一致。此外,这项新协议标志着马尼拉西班牙人皇家医院的条件得到了改善,菲律宾的药品生产进入了一个新时代,这一时代将持续整个十八世纪上半叶。
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引用次数: 0
Memories, Morals, and Motives: An Inquiry into China-India Interactions at the World Trade Organization 记忆、道德与动机:中印在世界贸易组织中的互动探究
Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10012
P. Pandit, Saheli Chattaraj
As China and India have begun to rapidly integrate into the world economy, they have generated scholarly interest in the processes of their economic transformations and consequences of their international economic engagements across a range of domains such as trade, finance, development, global economic governance, etc. However, research in these areas is primarily comparative, exploring the apparent variations with little focus on how they relate to each other in their response to “circulatory global forces”. This article discusses the challenges of understanding China-India interactions in the field of global economic governance in general and in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in particular, and examines how they have responded, adapted, or innovated, both individually and as part of a collective or coalition, at similar points in time. In contrast to the other international economic institutions, the WTO has emerged as a site of struggle between ideas, actors, and norms, replete with instances of solidarity, failed solidarity, etc.
随着中国和印度开始迅速融入世界经济,学术界对两国经济转型的过程及其在贸易、金融、发展、全球经济治理等一系列领域的国际经济参与的后果产生了兴趣。然而,这些领域的研究主要是比较的,探索明显的变化,很少关注它们在应对“循环全球力量”时如何相互关联。本文讨论了理解中印在全球经济治理领域的互动所面临的挑战,特别是在世界贸易组织(WTO)的背景下,并考察了他们在类似的时间点上是如何应对、适应或创新的,无论是单独的还是作为集体或联盟的一部分。与其他国际经济机构相比,世贸组织已经成为思想、行为者和规范之间斗争的场所,充满了团结、失败的团结等实例。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese Buddhist Narratives in Light of Indian Sources: A Case Study of the Sudāna/Vessantara Jātaka’s Reception in Early Medieval China 印度文献背景下的中国佛教叙事:以中国中世纪早期Sudāna/维萨塔罗Jātaka的接受为例
Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10009
Jinchao Zhao
The Vessantara jātaka (also called the Sudāna jātaka in its Chinese versions) is one of the most highly renowned and widely circulated jātakas, or birth stories of the Buddha, in the Buddhist world. During the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the story was frequently depicted in Chinese murals and reliefs. Among a few sixth-century reliefs, scenes showing Prince Sudāna in exile appear to have been selected to crystallise the whole story, replacing the focus on Sudāna’s gifting of his children in the previous tradition. This study integrates early Indian sources with other relevant scholarship to explore the reason why Sudāna’s exile was selected. I argue that the choice of depicting Sudāna’s exile was shaped by two historical contexts. The first relates to a specific rhetorical strategy of integrating indigenous Chinese accounts of immortals into the story’s textual tradition in the third century. The second refers to the underlying religious mentality that focused on the quest for transcendence in the mountains, an idea that grew more popular during the flourishing of Buddhist meditation practice in the early sixth century. This article provides further methodological reflections on the study of Chinese Buddhist art, focusing on how important it is to incorporate more Indian sources and scholarship. It therefore engages with ongoing methodological reflections on China-India studies.
维萨塔拉jātaka(在其中文版本中也称为Sudāna jātaka)是佛教世界中最著名和最广泛流传的jātakas或佛陀诞生的故事之一。在公元5世纪和6世纪,中国的壁画和浮雕经常描绘这个故事。在一些6世纪的浮雕中,王子Sudāna流亡的场景似乎被选中使整个故事变得清晰,取代了之前传统中对Sudāna给孩子们礼物的关注。本研究将早期印度文献与其他相关学术文献相结合,探讨Sudāna流落他乡的原因。我认为,选择描绘Sudāna的流亡是由两个历史背景决定的。第一个问题涉及到一种特殊的修辞策略,即在三世纪将中国本土神仙的叙述融入故事的文本传统中。第二点指的是一种潜在的宗教心态,即在山里寻求超越,这种想法在六世纪早期佛教冥想实践的繁荣时期变得更加流行。本文对中国佛教艺术的研究提供了进一步的方法论思考,重点是纳入更多印度资源和学术的重要性。因此,它参与了对中印研究的方法论反思。
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引用次数: 0
Rockefeller Foundation Philanthropy and Modern Public Health in China and India 洛克菲勒基金会慈善事业与中国和印度的现代公共卫生
Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10011
T. Longkumer
The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) was the first major American philanthropic organization to engage in public health issues in China and India. Since the early years of its inception, the RF has been very influential in the global development of public health, not only through its grant-making but also by participating in shaping concepts and policies. Science-based innovations with a biomedical focus have formed the basis of the foundation’s public health approach and there has always been an overt focus on technological solutions to social issues. This article explores the differences in the scope, nature, and depth of the engagement of the RF with health institutions and programmes in China and India in the early twentieth century. Drawing from archival resources and secondary literature, this article traces the RF’s historical development in China and India in depth, its philanthropic giving, its impact on knowledge construction, social policies, and the agenda it has sought to fulfil.
洛克菲勒基金会(RF)是第一个参与中国和印度公共卫生问题的美国主要慈善组织。基金会自成立初期以来,不仅通过提供赠款,而且通过参与制定概念和政策,对全球公共卫生发展产生了非常大的影响。以生物医学为重点的以科学为基础的创新已经形成了基金会公共卫生方法的基础,并且一直公开关注社会问题的技术解决方案。本文探讨了20世纪初中国和印度两国卫生机构和规划中射频参与的范围、性质和深度的差异。从档案资源和二手文献中,本文深入追溯了基金会在中国和印度的历史发展,它的慈善捐赠,它对知识建设的影响,社会政策,以及它寻求实现的议程。
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引用次数: 0
A Study of Aromatic Woods in Seventeenth-Century India: Circulation of Aloewood and Sandalwood through Facilitating Port Cities and Trade Networks 17世纪印度芳香木研究:通过港口城市和贸易网络促进沉香和檀香的流通
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10010
A. Chattopadhyay
During the seventeenth century, various commodities carved out an economic sphere for themselves across the littoral parts of the Indian Ocean through the interconnectedness of its port cities. The present article focuses on two significant aromatic woods: aloewood and sandalwood, both plant-based materials, and locates them as “commodities” in commercial networks across the maritime space. Various port cities like Surat, Patna, Mausalipatam and Cambay, all central to the trading activities of the European companies, served as chief nodes in the grid of circulation that enabled their mobility, value addition and economic exchanges. Revisiting English factory records, Dutch East India Company documents and European travel accounts, this article explores the neglect of ephemeral objects in the material hierarchy of trading items. It also accounts for the thriving presence of these aromatic woods in the Indian Ocean maritime networks as two key materials in European trading interests and as facilitators of the early modern economy.
在17世纪,各种商品通过港口城市的相互联系,在印度洋沿岸地区为自己开辟了一个经济领域。本文着重于两种重要的芳香木材:芦荟和檀香,两者都是植物性材料,并将它们定位为跨海洋空间商业网络中的“商品”。各个港口城市,如苏拉特、巴特那、摩萨利帕坦和坎贝,都是欧洲公司贸易活动的中心,是流通网格中的主要节点,使他们能够流动、增值和经济交流。本文回顾了英国工厂记录、荷兰东印度公司文件和欧洲旅行记录,探讨了在贸易项目的物质层次中对短暂物品的忽视。这也解释了这些芳香木材在印度洋海上网络中的繁荣存在,它们是欧洲贸易利益的两种关键材料,也是早期现代经济的促进者。
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引用次数: 0
Mingji haifen: He Qiaoyuan de haiyang guanhuai yu youlü 明季 海氛: 何喬遠的海洋關懷與憂慮 (The Maritime Atmosphere of the Ming: He Qiaoyuan’s Concern and Worry About the Ocean), written by Liu Lulu 劉璐璐 Mingji haifen: He Qiaoyuan de haiyang guanhuai yu youlü 明季 海氛: 何乔远的海洋关怀与忧虑 (The Maritime Atmosphere of the Ming: He Qiaoyuan’s Concern and Worry About the Ocean), written by Liu Lulu 刘璐璐
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220001
Ruhong Pan (謝國楨)
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引用次数: 0
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Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)
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