Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10005
J. Casaban, J. Kimura
The Manila galleon San Francisco sank off the coast of Japan in 1609 after almost two months of sailing through storms and hurricanes that damaged the ship to the point that it was carrying more than two metres of water in its hold. This article provides an account of the final journey of San Francisco according to primary and secondary sources. It also proposes a set of theoretical dimensions for the galleon based on its tonnage, contemporary vessels of similar tonnages, hull ratios provided in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century shipbuilding treatises and ordinances, and archaeological parallels. In addition, the authors estimate possible distances from the wreck of the galleon to the shore, using the distances provided in accounts of wreck and contemporary marine leagues, and the theoretical draft of the vessel.
1609年，马尼拉大帆船旧金山号(Manila galleon San Francisco)在经历了近两个月的风暴和飓风航行后，在日本海岸沉没。风暴和飓风对这艘船造成了严重破坏，导致船舱积水超过两米。这篇文章根据第一手资料和第二手资料记述了旧金山的最后一段旅程。它还根据大帆船的吨位、相似吨位的当代船只、16世纪晚期和17世纪早期造船论文和条例中提供的船体比例以及考古学上的相似之处，提出了一套大帆船的理论尺寸。此外，作者利用沉船记录和当代航海联盟提供的距离，以及该船的理论吃水，估计了从大帆船残骸到海岸的可能距离。
{"title":"The Wreck of the Galleon San Francisco (1609): Anatomy of a Maritime Disaster in the Manila-Acapulco Trade Route","authors":"J. Casaban, J. Kimura","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Manila galleon San Francisco sank off the coast of Japan in 1609 after almost two months of sailing through storms and hurricanes that damaged the ship to the point that it was carrying more than two metres of water in its hold. This article provides an account of the final journey of San Francisco according to primary and secondary sources. It also proposes a set of theoretical dimensions for the galleon based on its tonnage, contemporary vessels of similar tonnages, hull ratios provided in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century shipbuilding treatises and ordinances, and archaeological parallels. In addition, the authors estimate possible distances from the wreck of the galleon to the shore, using the distances provided in accounts of wreck and contemporary marine leagues, and the theoretical draft of the vessel.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90686157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10008
A. Postnikov, M. V. Konstantinov
This article analyses the cession of Russian America (Alaska) to the United States (1867), the role of American geopolitical plans and dreams, and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky’s strategic decision to concentrate Russia’s resources on its continental regions. He considered Russia’s main task to be the development of the Amur and its consolidation at its mouth and on the Pacific Ocean coast to head off the clear aspirations of Britain and France. The East Asian achievements of Nikolay N. Muravyov-Amursky are recognized, while his personal authorship of the original political plan linking Alaska’s peaceful concession to the United States was a hidden consequence of subsequent events. The undeclared but real connection between the development of the Amur and the cession of Alaska was no mystery to contemporaries in Europe, but in Russia itself, due to the censorship, this issue has not entered the public consciousness, remaining the topic of basic historical works alone.
{"title":"History of a Geopolitical Choice of the Russian Empire","authors":"A. Postnikov, M. V. Konstantinov","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyses the cession of Russian America (Alaska) to the United States (1867), the role of American geopolitical plans and dreams, and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky’s strategic decision to concentrate Russia’s resources on its continental regions. He considered Russia’s main task to be the development of the Amur and its consolidation at its mouth and on the Pacific Ocean coast to head off the clear aspirations of Britain and France. The East Asian achievements of Nikolay N. Muravyov-Amursky are recognized, while his personal authorship of the original political plan linking Alaska’s peaceful concession to the United States was a hidden consequence of subsequent events. The undeclared but real connection between the development of the Amur and the cession of Alaska was no mystery to contemporaries in Europe, but in Russia itself, due to the censorship, this issue has not entered the public consciousness, remaining the topic of basic historical works alone.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89629715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10006
R. A. Pegg
Every time a Ryūkyū king came to the throne from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries, a mission was sent from the Chinese court in Beijing to Fuzhou, then via investiture ships from Fuzhou to Naha and finally by land to the royal capital of Shuri, Ryūkyū, to officially acknowledge the new king. From 1404 to 1866 there were a total of twentythree such official missions celebrating the new kings. Each appointed Chinese envoy kept an official record of the entire journey. During the Ming dynasty they took the form of published woodblock-printed books known as Record of a Ryūkyū Mission (Shi Liuqiu lu). During the Qing dynasty a second manuscript format, consisting of a commemorative album containing sets of paintings, also appeared. Both formats, books and albums, are historical records enhancing our understanding of how a part of the wider China Seas maritime trading systems functioned at that time.
{"title":"For the Record: Chinese Investiture Missions to Ryūkyū, 1404–1866","authors":"R. A. Pegg","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Every time a Ryūkyū king came to the throne from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries, a mission was sent from the Chinese court in Beijing to Fuzhou, then via investiture ships from Fuzhou to Naha and finally by land to the royal capital of Shuri, Ryūkyū, to officially acknowledge the new king. From 1404 to 1866 there were a total of twentythree such official missions celebrating the new kings.\u0000Each appointed Chinese envoy kept an official record of the entire journey. During the Ming dynasty they took the form of published woodblock-printed books known as Record of a Ryūkyū Mission (Shi Liuqiu lu). During the Qing dynasty a second manuscript format, consisting of a commemorative album containing sets of paintings, also appeared. Both formats, books and albums, are historical records enhancing our understanding of how a part of the wider China Seas maritime trading systems functioned at that time.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"27 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72387734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220003
V. Mair
{"title":"Gazing Eastwards: Of Buddhist Monks and Revolutionaries in China, 1957 written by Romila Thapar","authors":"V. Mair","doi":"10.1163/26662523-20220003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-20220003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78089681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10007
Mathias Istrup Karlsmose
This article will describe the first attempt made by the Danish East India Company to establish trade with Japan in 1637–1645, as described in Dutch and Portuguese sources. In doing this, it will contribute to a rich historiography of early modern European contacts with Japan. In English-language historiography on seventeenth-century maritime East Asia, the Danish East India Company has largely been overlooked as an actor compared to its larger European counterparts. Conversely, in Danish historiography the interactions between the Danish company and its larger competitors, especially the Dutch, have been overlooked as well. The article will show how the governor of the Danish East India Company tried to cooperate with the Spanish and Portuguese in bypassing the Dutch monopoly in Japan. In addition, it will show how the Japanese relied on Dutch intelligence on the outside world.
{"title":"Danish Attempts to Open Trade with Japan, 1637–1645","authors":"Mathias Istrup Karlsmose","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article will describe the first attempt made by the Danish East India Company to establish trade with Japan in 1637–1645, as described in Dutch and Portuguese sources. In doing this, it will contribute to a rich historiography of early modern European contacts with Japan. In English-language historiography on seventeenth-century maritime East Asia, the Danish East India Company has largely been overlooked as an actor compared to its larger European counterparts. Conversely, in Danish historiography the interactions between the Danish company and its larger competitors, especially the Dutch, have been overlooked as well. The article will show how the governor of the Danish East India Company tried to cooperate with the Spanish and Portuguese in bypassing the Dutch monopoly in Japan. In addition, it will show how the Japanese relied on Dutch intelligence on the outside world.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"138 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83542800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/26662523-20220004
Tzu-hui Celina Hung
{"title":"The Votive Pen: Writings on Edwin Thumboo written by Nilanjana Sengupta","authors":"Tzu-hui Celina Hung","doi":"10.1163/26662523-20220004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-20220004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73955542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10004
Hilário de Sousa
Pinghua 平話 is a Sinitic dialect group spoken in Guangxi in southern China. Within Chinese linguistics, there have been many debates on its affiliation. Pinghua is associated with the earliest Han Chinese migrants in Guangxi, but in terms of number of speakers in Guangxi Pinghua has been overtaken by Yue, Southwestern Mandarin, and Hakka. Pinghua is primarily associated with the Han Chinese migrants who entered Guangxi through Hunan, whereas Yue is primarily associated with those who entered Guangdong through Jiangxi. Yue speakers have subsequently spread westward in large numbers from Guangdong to Guangxi. Linguistically, the Pinghua dialects sit on a dialect continuum with the non-Cantonese Yue dialects in Guangxi. On the other hand, the Cantonese enclaves in Guangxi are the results of Cantonese people moving directly from the Pearl River Delta to Guangxi within the last 150 years or so.
{"title":"On Pinghua and Yue: Some Historical and Linguistic Perspectives","authors":"Hilário de Sousa","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pinghua 平話 is a Sinitic dialect group spoken in Guangxi in southern China. Within Chinese linguistics, there have been many debates on its affiliation. Pinghua is associated with the earliest Han Chinese migrants in Guangxi, but in terms of number of speakers in Guangxi Pinghua has been overtaken by Yue, Southwestern Mandarin, and Hakka. Pinghua is primarily associated with the Han Chinese migrants who entered Guangxi through Hunan, whereas Yue is primarily associated with those who entered Guangdong through Jiangxi. Yue speakers have subsequently spread westward in large numbers from Guangdong to Guangxi. Linguistically, the Pinghua dialects sit on a dialect continuum with the non-Cantonese Yue dialects in Guangxi. On the other hand, the Cantonese enclaves in Guangxi are the results of Cantonese people moving directly from the Pearl River Delta to Guangxi within the last 150 years or so.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81648952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.1163/26662523-12340011
J. Whitmore
The expansion of the Sông Cái (Red River) delta combined with the first Chinese diaspora and settlement in the region led to the Chen/Trần clan emerging and rising to power in the polity of Ðại Việt 大越. Emerging among the Ngô (吳 Sino-Vietnamese) community in the lower delta, the Trần 陳 emphasized the agricultural development of this area as they built their power. I approach Trần rule in three phases: 1220s–1260s, 1260s–1330s, and 1330s–1420. In the first phase, under the tight clan control of Trần Thủ Ðộ, the Trần developed Ðại Việt in their own form within the existing Viet pattern, politically, administratively, and economically. After Thủ Ðộ’s death, the clan reformed, as a new generation of princes first fought off the Mongols, then retired to their country estates, leading to a decentralization of power. To counter this decentralization, the kings and the court developed their Thiền Buddhism of the Trúc Lâm school. But in the end this was not successful, and in the third phase the court turned to a brand of Chinese Classical thought (that of Han Yu) in the face of many calamities, natural and social. Eventually three political and ideological crises emerged, the Champa invasions (1370–1390), the seizure of power by Lê/Hồ Quý Ly (1380–1407), and the Ming conquest and occupation (1407–1427) turning Ðại Việt into its province of Jiaozhi. Each crisis led to deeper Sinic ideological penetration.
{"title":"The Sông Cái (Red River) Delta, the Chinese Diaspora, and the Trần/Chen Clan of Ðại Việt","authors":"J. Whitmore","doi":"10.1163/26662523-12340011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-12340011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The expansion of the Sông Cái (Red River) delta combined with the first Chinese diaspora and settlement in the region led to the Chen/Trần clan emerging and rising to power in the polity of Ðại Việt 大越. Emerging among the Ngô (吳 Sino-Vietnamese) community in the lower delta, the Trần 陳 emphasized the agricultural development of this area as they built their power. I approach Trần rule in three phases: 1220s–1260s, 1260s–1330s, and 1330s–1420. In the first phase, under the tight clan control of Trần Thủ Ðộ, the Trần developed Ðại Việt in their own form within the existing Viet pattern, politically, administratively, and economically. After Thủ Ðộ’s death, the clan reformed, as a new generation of princes first fought off the Mongols, then retired to their country estates, leading to a decentralization of power. To counter this decentralization, the kings and the court developed their Thiền Buddhism of the Trúc Lâm school. But in the end this was not successful, and in the third phase the court turned to a brand of Chinese Classical thought (that of Han Yu) in the face of many calamities, natural and social. Eventually three political and ideological crises emerged, the Champa invasions (1370–1390), the seizure of power by Lê/Hồ Quý Ly (1380–1407), and the Ming conquest and occupation (1407–1427) turning Ðại Việt into its province of Jiaozhi. Each crisis led to deeper Sinic ideological penetration.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85590946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.1163/26662523-bja10001
James A Anderson
This article conducts a preliminary examination of the “Long Twelfth Century” to gain a better understanding of the dynamic nature of the network and mechanism whereby trade overland and by sea was conducted in this important contact zone between China and Vietnam. Court-based tribute relations served as a focal point around which traditional Sino-Vietnamese political, economic, and cultural exchange revolved. With the shift from sea routes to overland connections in this period, it was trade issues, not tributary protocol, that would drive official Sino-Vietnamese exchanges in the early period of asserting and securing Vietnamese independence. Indeed, it was trade that stimulated relations throughout the period of the Song dynasty’s decline.
{"title":"Trade Relations between the Ðại Việt Kingdom and the Song Empire in the Long Twelfth Century","authors":"James A Anderson","doi":"10.1163/26662523-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article conducts a preliminary examination of the “Long Twelfth Century” to gain a better understanding of the dynamic nature of the network and mechanism whereby trade overland and by sea was conducted in this important contact zone between China and Vietnam. Court-based tribute relations served as a focal point around which traditional Sino-Vietnamese political, economic, and cultural exchange revolved. With the shift from sea routes to overland connections in this period, it was trade issues, not tributary protocol, that would drive official Sino-Vietnamese exchanges in the early period of asserting and securing Vietnamese independence. Indeed, it was trade that stimulated relations throughout the period of the Song dynasty’s decline.","PeriodicalId":88461,"journal":{"name":"Crossroads (De Kalb, Ill.)","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82267612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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