Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2153623
A. Novic, Charrlotte Seib, N. Burton
ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to investigate associations between mastery and physical activity with psychological distress in a population-based sample of mid-aged adults. Method Self-reported measures of psychological distress, mastery and time spent in each of walking, moderate and vigorous physical activity in the previous week were examined in a cross-sectional sample of 7,146 adults aged 40–64 years (M = 53 years, SD = 6.5 years, 42.4% men). Generalized Linear Models were used to examine the inter-relationship between mastery and physical activity with psychological distress. Results In fully adjusted models, only mastery was significantly associated with psychological distress (β = − 0.12, SE = 0.01, p < .01). There was no significant interaction between mastery and physical activity on psychological distress. Conclusions Mastery may be an important resource against psychological distress. A sense of control may therefore be a key component for psychotherapeutic interventions to mitigate distress in mid-aged adults. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Previous research indicates psychological distress is prevalent among Australian mid-aged adults. Mastery and physical activity are resources shown to protect against psychological distress in mid-aged adults. Longitudinal research with mid-aged adults has demonstrated a positive relationship between mastery and physical activity. What this topic adds: The current study showed higher mastery was associated with lower psychological distress in a sample of mid-aged adults. No relationship was observed between physical activity and distress or for an interaction between physical activity and mastery. This evidence may inform the development of interventions to mitigate distress in mid-aged adults.
{"title":"Mastery, physical activity and psychological distress in mid-aged adults","authors":"A. Novic, Charrlotte Seib, N. Burton","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2153623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2153623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to investigate associations between mastery and physical activity with psychological distress in a population-based sample of mid-aged adults. Method Self-reported measures of psychological distress, mastery and time spent in each of walking, moderate and vigorous physical activity in the previous week were examined in a cross-sectional sample of 7,146 adults aged 40–64 years (M = 53 years, SD = 6.5 years, 42.4% men). Generalized Linear Models were used to examine the inter-relationship between mastery and physical activity with psychological distress. Results In fully adjusted models, only mastery was significantly associated with psychological distress (β = − 0.12, SE = 0.01, p < .01). There was no significant interaction between mastery and physical activity on psychological distress. Conclusions Mastery may be an important resource against psychological distress. A sense of control may therefore be a key component for psychotherapeutic interventions to mitigate distress in mid-aged adults. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Previous research indicates psychological distress is prevalent among Australian mid-aged adults. Mastery and physical activity are resources shown to protect against psychological distress in mid-aged adults. Longitudinal research with mid-aged adults has demonstrated a positive relationship between mastery and physical activity. What this topic adds: The current study showed higher mastery was associated with lower psychological distress in a sample of mid-aged adults. No relationship was observed between physical activity and distress or for an interaction between physical activity and mastery. This evidence may inform the development of interventions to mitigate distress in mid-aged adults.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42080201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-04DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2145236
Louise Ferraz de camargo, Kylie Rice, E. Thorsteinsson
ABSTRACT Objective Bullying victimisation is well known to be associated with social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder among adolescents. Study 1 reports on a systematic review to examine these relationships. Study 2 employed a survey to investigate the relationship between overt, reputational, and relational bullying with self-endorsement of social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method Study 1 consists of a systematic review of the literature published between 2011 and 2021. Multiple sources were used to identify potentially eligible studies using keywords in varying combinations and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. The quality of included studies was assessed using a critical appraisal tool. Study 2 collected data through an online questionnaire completed by 338 high-school students aged 12–18 years. Results Study 1 demonstrated that bullying victimisation research limits anxiety outcomes to social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Results also demonstrated that overt and covert bullying types are typically not defined. Study 2 found that covert bullying types (reputational and relational) uniquely predicted increased levels of all anxiety subtypes, while overt bullying did not. Relational bullying was the best predictor of all anxiety subtypes, except obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion These results suggest the need to consider different types of bullying and the need to assess anxiety subtype symptoms more broadly. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Bullying-victimisation is associated with social anxiety disorder and general anxiety disorder among adolescents. Previous research has identified three bullying victimisation subtypes; overt, and two covert types being reputational and relational. Covert bullying victimisation is more strongly related to depression and social anxiety symptomology than overt. What this topic adds: Overt bullying victimisation does not predict self-endorsement of generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Covert bullying victimisation predicts separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Subtypes of bullying victimisation demonstrate unique relationships with a range of anxiety disorder symptomology beyond that of generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.
{"title":"A systematic review and empirical investigation: bullying victimisation and anxiety subtypes among adolescents","authors":"Louise Ferraz de camargo, Kylie Rice, E. Thorsteinsson","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2145236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2145236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Bullying victimisation is well known to be associated with social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder among adolescents. Study 1 reports on a systematic review to examine these relationships. Study 2 employed a survey to investigate the relationship between overt, reputational, and relational bullying with self-endorsement of social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method Study 1 consists of a systematic review of the literature published between 2011 and 2021. Multiple sources were used to identify potentially eligible studies using keywords in varying combinations and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. The quality of included studies was assessed using a critical appraisal tool. Study 2 collected data through an online questionnaire completed by 338 high-school students aged 12–18 years. Results Study 1 demonstrated that bullying victimisation research limits anxiety outcomes to social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Results also demonstrated that overt and covert bullying types are typically not defined. Study 2 found that covert bullying types (reputational and relational) uniquely predicted increased levels of all anxiety subtypes, while overt bullying did not. Relational bullying was the best predictor of all anxiety subtypes, except obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion These results suggest the need to consider different types of bullying and the need to assess anxiety subtype symptoms more broadly. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Bullying-victimisation is associated with social anxiety disorder and general anxiety disorder among adolescents. Previous research has identified three bullying victimisation subtypes; overt, and two covert types being reputational and relational. Covert bullying victimisation is more strongly related to depression and social anxiety symptomology than overt. What this topic adds: Overt bullying victimisation does not predict self-endorsement of generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Covert bullying victimisation predicts separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Subtypes of bullying victimisation demonstrate unique relationships with a range of anxiety disorder symptomology beyond that of generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42954752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2141584
Brigitta Scarfe, C. Adams, E. Gringart, D. McAullay, Moira Sim, N. Strobel
ABSTRACT Objective Older adults are vulnerable to isolation and poor emotional wellbeing during COVID-19, however, their access to appropriate supports is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore older adults’ experiences accessing social and emotional support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Method Ten older adults from Western Australia (Australia) aged 68 to 78 years participated in individual semi-structured interviews between December 2020 and January 2021. Responses were investigated using thematic analysis. Results Three key themes emerged: adaptability and self-sufficiency; informal support-seeking; and digital and online technologies. Older adults were adaptable to COVID-19 restrictions; however, some were anxious about reconnecting with their social networks once restrictions had eased. Older adults relied on their informal support networks to maintain their social and emotional wellbeing during lockdown. Digital platforms (e.g., Zoom, social media) enabled older adults to stay connected with others, yet some older people were unable or reluctant to use technology, leaving them vulnerable to social isolation. Conclusions Older adults are resilient to the challenges of COVID-19. Informal supports and digital technologies are important to maintaining social and emotional wellbeing during lockdown. Local governments and community groups may benefit from increased funding to deliver services that promote social connectedness during times of crisis. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Older adults are vulnerable to social isolation and poor mental health during COVID-19. (2) Older adults are less likely to seek and receive help for their emotional and social health than younger age groups. (3) Barriers to accessing appropriate supports include physical health problems, stigma, negative attitudes towards help-seeking and system-level factors. What this topic adds: (1) Older adults were able to adapt well to COVID-19 restrictions and relied on informal supports to maintain their wellbeing. (2) Older adults with limited social networks and poor access to and/or knowledge of digital technologies are at the greatest risk of social and emotional declines. (3) Telephone “warm” lines, volunteering opportunities, and programs to improve digital literacy may help to protect older adults’ social and emotional wellbeing during times of crises.
{"title":"Maintaining social and emotional wellbeing among older adults during periods of increased social isolation: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Brigitta Scarfe, C. Adams, E. Gringart, D. McAullay, Moira Sim, N. Strobel","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2141584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2141584","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Older adults are vulnerable to isolation and poor emotional wellbeing during COVID-19, however, their access to appropriate supports is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore older adults’ experiences accessing social and emotional support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Method Ten older adults from Western Australia (Australia) aged 68 to 78 years participated in individual semi-structured interviews between December 2020 and January 2021. Responses were investigated using thematic analysis. Results Three key themes emerged: adaptability and self-sufficiency; informal support-seeking; and digital and online technologies. Older adults were adaptable to COVID-19 restrictions; however, some were anxious about reconnecting with their social networks once restrictions had eased. Older adults relied on their informal support networks to maintain their social and emotional wellbeing during lockdown. Digital platforms (e.g., Zoom, social media) enabled older adults to stay connected with others, yet some older people were unable or reluctant to use technology, leaving them vulnerable to social isolation. Conclusions Older adults are resilient to the challenges of COVID-19. Informal supports and digital technologies are important to maintaining social and emotional wellbeing during lockdown. Local governments and community groups may benefit from increased funding to deliver services that promote social connectedness during times of crisis. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Older adults are vulnerable to social isolation and poor mental health during COVID-19. (2) Older adults are less likely to seek and receive help for their emotional and social health than younger age groups. (3) Barriers to accessing appropriate supports include physical health problems, stigma, negative attitudes towards help-seeking and system-level factors. What this topic adds: (1) Older adults were able to adapt well to COVID-19 restrictions and relied on informal supports to maintain their wellbeing. (2) Older adults with limited social networks and poor access to and/or knowledge of digital technologies are at the greatest risk of social and emotional declines. (3) Telephone “warm” lines, volunteering opportunities, and programs to improve digital literacy may help to protect older adults’ social and emotional wellbeing during times of crises.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2138542
Daphne Pillay-Naidoo, P. Nel
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect processes through which cognitive, emotional and behavioural assets function to explain resilience amongst women leaders in higher education institutions. Method A quantitative cross-sectional survey design with a sample of N = 255 women leaders from higher education institutions was employed. Results All the proposed indirect pathways were found to be statistically significant and explained a fair proportion of the variance in the resilience scores of women leaders. Results revealed that cognitive assets (self-efficacy and mindfulness) were associated with resilience through association with emotional assets (positive affect and self-regulation) and behavioural assets (problem-solving skills and authentic functioning), both individually and in serial. Conclusions This study offers support for the direct and indirect relationships between mindfulness, self-efficacy, self-regulation, positive affect, authentic functioning, problem solving skills and resilience. It further generates new insights into the indirect processes through which cognitive, emotional and behavioural domains of influence may explain resilience amongst women leaders. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Women leaders remain underrepresented in higher education institutions when compared to their male counterparts. Women leaders who possess higher levels of resilience are more likely to overcome the numerous barriers women face in higher education institutions when compared women leaders with lower levels of resilience. There is an established direct relationship between personal strengths such as self-efficacy, self-regulation and problem-solving ability and resilience. What this topic adds: By investigating the proposed indirect pathways and the interaction between cognitive, emotional and behavioural assets, this study offers a more nuanced approach to understanding the processes that lead to resilience. Using the cognitive-behavioural perspective of psychology as the theoretical framework to support the hypotheses proposed, this study expands the application of the cognitive behavioural model to explain resilience in the work context. This study offers support for a newly proposed model of cognitive, emotional and behavioural domains of influence on resilience.
{"title":"Testing a model of resilience for women leaders: a strengths based approach","authors":"Daphne Pillay-Naidoo, P. Nel","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2138542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2138542","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect processes through which cognitive, emotional and behavioural assets function to explain resilience amongst women leaders in higher education institutions. Method A quantitative cross-sectional survey design with a sample of N = 255 women leaders from higher education institutions was employed. Results All the proposed indirect pathways were found to be statistically significant and explained a fair proportion of the variance in the resilience scores of women leaders. Results revealed that cognitive assets (self-efficacy and mindfulness) were associated with resilience through association with emotional assets (positive affect and self-regulation) and behavioural assets (problem-solving skills and authentic functioning), both individually and in serial. Conclusions This study offers support for the direct and indirect relationships between mindfulness, self-efficacy, self-regulation, positive affect, authentic functioning, problem solving skills and resilience. It further generates new insights into the indirect processes through which cognitive, emotional and behavioural domains of influence may explain resilience amongst women leaders. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Women leaders remain underrepresented in higher education institutions when compared to their male counterparts. Women leaders who possess higher levels of resilience are more likely to overcome the numerous barriers women face in higher education institutions when compared women leaders with lower levels of resilience. There is an established direct relationship between personal strengths such as self-efficacy, self-regulation and problem-solving ability and resilience. What this topic adds: By investigating the proposed indirect pathways and the interaction between cognitive, emotional and behavioural assets, this study offers a more nuanced approach to understanding the processes that lead to resilience. Using the cognitive-behavioural perspective of psychology as the theoretical framework to support the hypotheses proposed, this study expands the application of the cognitive behavioural model to explain resilience in the work context. This study offers support for a newly proposed model of cognitive, emotional and behavioural domains of influence on resilience.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45190531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2139196
C. Adams, E. Gringart, D. McAullay, Moira Sim, Brigitta Scarfe, Amy Budrikis, N. Strobel
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health and social services among older adults in Western Australia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 194 adults aged ≥70 years or ≥60 years with chronic conditions. A questionnaire co-developed by a consumer reference group was used to collect data on social networks and service access. Frequency analyses were used to assess quantitative data. Qualitative data were assessed using thematic analyses. Results 62.7% of participants reported being not at all/slightly affected by COVID-19; 40.7% reported having three/four people to chat with. 76.3% of participants did not access mental health or social services during the 2020 COVID-19 restrictions. The remaining 23.7% mostly accessed mental health-related services, with GPs the most common source of support. 18.0% of the total sample reported choosing not to access services even though they would have liked to. Conclusions Most older adults in this sample did not access mental health or social care services. 18.0% of all participants felt they needed services but did not access them. This suggests there were some unmet needs within the community. Strengthening social networks may help protect older adults against psychosocial declines during and post-COVID-19. Key points What is already known about this topic: Older adults are at an increased risk of social isolation, loneliness, and mental health declines during COVID-19. COVID-19 has brought a substantial need for, and disruption to, mental health and social care services locally and globally. Services have had to change the way they deliver care, which has presented challenges in providing mental health and social support to older adults. What this topic adds: Most older adults did not access mental health or social care services during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. The greatest barriers to access were the belief that I “should be able to cope on my own” and a preference for face-to-face care. Local governments and community organisations play a key role in strengthening social networks and protecting older adults’ psychosocial wellbeing during and post-COVID-19.
{"title":"Older adults access to mental health and social care services during COVID-19 restrictions in Western Australia","authors":"C. Adams, E. Gringart, D. McAullay, Moira Sim, Brigitta Scarfe, Amy Budrikis, N. Strobel","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2139196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2139196","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health and social services among older adults in Western Australia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 194 adults aged ≥70 years or ≥60 years with chronic conditions. A questionnaire co-developed by a consumer reference group was used to collect data on social networks and service access. Frequency analyses were used to assess quantitative data. Qualitative data were assessed using thematic analyses. Results 62.7% of participants reported being not at all/slightly affected by COVID-19; 40.7% reported having three/four people to chat with. 76.3% of participants did not access mental health or social services during the 2020 COVID-19 restrictions. The remaining 23.7% mostly accessed mental health-related services, with GPs the most common source of support. 18.0% of the total sample reported choosing not to access services even though they would have liked to. Conclusions Most older adults in this sample did not access mental health or social care services. 18.0% of all participants felt they needed services but did not access them. This suggests there were some unmet needs within the community. Strengthening social networks may help protect older adults against psychosocial declines during and post-COVID-19. Key points What is already known about this topic: Older adults are at an increased risk of social isolation, loneliness, and mental health declines during COVID-19. COVID-19 has brought a substantial need for, and disruption to, mental health and social care services locally and globally. Services have had to change the way they deliver care, which has presented challenges in providing mental health and social support to older adults. What this topic adds: Most older adults did not access mental health or social care services during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. The greatest barriers to access were the belief that I “should be able to cope on my own” and a preference for face-to-face care. Local governments and community organisations play a key role in strengthening social networks and protecting older adults’ psychosocial wellbeing during and post-COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41648201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2138543
M. E. El Keshky
ABSTRACT Objective Few studies have investigated the Dark Triad and its impact on behaviour in Saudi Arabia, mostly due to the lack of validated instruments. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen, in the context of Saudi Arabia. Method A sample of 1,329 respondents (59.8% female, mean age = 26.79, SD = 8.47) completed a survey containing the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DD), the Corruption Propensity Scale and the Propensity to Morally Disengage scale, as well as a demographics questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance across gender, internal consistency reliability analysis, test–retest reliability analysis, and concurrent and convergent validity analyses were performed to validate the DD. Results The CFA supported a three-factor model with adequate factor loadings ranging between 0.29 and 0.83 and sufficient fit indices. The scale was gender invariant. The internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability were adequate (0.70–0.86 and 0.58–0.75, respectively). Moderate-to-high Pearson correlations supported the convergent and concurrent validity of the scale. Conclusion The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen is a reliable and valid measure that can be used in Saudi Arabia. Key points What is already known about this topic: (1) In the past two decades, there has been considerable attention in the psychological literature to the Dark Triad personality traits in explaining malicious behaviours. (2) Scales to measure the Dark Triad personality traits in individuals have been developed, among them the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale. (3) The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale is widely used and has been validated in many countries, but not in Saudi Arabia. What this topic adds: (1) This study presents the results of the first validation of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in the context of Saudi Arabia. (2) Results of this study confirmed the psychometric properties of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in Saudi Arabia, joining previous research in other countries. (3) The study results indicate that this scale is a valid and reliable tool for practitioners and researchers to assess the Dark Triad personality traits in Saudis.
{"title":"Psychometric properties of an Arabic Version of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Scale","authors":"M. E. El Keshky","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2138543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2138543","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Few studies have investigated the Dark Triad and its impact on behaviour in Saudi Arabia, mostly due to the lack of validated instruments. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen, in the context of Saudi Arabia. Method A sample of 1,329 respondents (59.8% female, mean age = 26.79, SD = 8.47) completed a survey containing the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DD), the Corruption Propensity Scale and the Propensity to Morally Disengage scale, as well as a demographics questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance across gender, internal consistency reliability analysis, test–retest reliability analysis, and concurrent and convergent validity analyses were performed to validate the DD. Results The CFA supported a three-factor model with adequate factor loadings ranging between 0.29 and 0.83 and sufficient fit indices. The scale was gender invariant. The internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability were adequate (0.70–0.86 and 0.58–0.75, respectively). Moderate-to-high Pearson correlations supported the convergent and concurrent validity of the scale. Conclusion The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen is a reliable and valid measure that can be used in Saudi Arabia. Key points What is already known about this topic: (1) In the past two decades, there has been considerable attention in the psychological literature to the Dark Triad personality traits in explaining malicious behaviours. (2) Scales to measure the Dark Triad personality traits in individuals have been developed, among them the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale. (3) The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale is widely used and has been validated in many countries, but not in Saudi Arabia. What this topic adds: (1) This study presents the results of the first validation of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in the context of Saudi Arabia. (2) Results of this study confirmed the psychometric properties of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in Saudi Arabia, joining previous research in other countries. (3) The study results indicate that this scale is a valid and reliable tool for practitioners and researchers to assess the Dark Triad personality traits in Saudis.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44822660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2136530
Hao Yang, Juan Guo, Y. Wu, Amaryah Hannah Robinson
ABSTRACT Objective The current study attempts to adopt more comprehensive and rigorous methods to deconstruct and confirm the association between guilt and moral dilemma judgements, with the expectation of providing new insights for related research. Methods A total of 170 college participants were employed in separate batches for the experiment, including 53 males and 117 females, ranging from 17 to 28 years old (M = 20.88, SD = 2.29). We first induced guilt in the subjects using recalling and writing tasks and then asked the participants to complete the moral dilemma judgement tasks. Results Results of the analysis using traditional methods showed no association between induced guilt and moral dilemma judgements. However, the results of the process dissociation analysis indicated that induced guilt is related to higher deontological inclination. Moreover, the CNI model analysis revealed that induced guilt has a stronger sensitivity to moral norms. Conclusion Induced guilt was associated with a stronger sensitivity to moral norms, which is reflected in less violation and more compliance with moral norms. There was no direct relation between induced guilt and the sensitivity to consequences and a general preference for action in moral decision-making. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Previous findings on the relation of guilt in moral decision-making were not consistent. The traditional approach treats utilitarianism and deontology as bipolar opposites, which may further confound the relation between guilt and moral decision-making. Numerous studies imply that guilt increases other-oriented empathy and emotional concern for the victims. What this topic adds: Induced Guilt is associated with higher sensitivity to moral norms and will discipline one’s behaviour to be more in line with ethical standards. Induced Guilt is unrelated to utilitarian decisions about the well-being of the majority and is not involved in the inhibition and activation of action. The current study used more comprehensive and rigorous methods to clarify the potential confounding factors.
{"title":"Induced guilt and more self-disciplined moral standards in moral dilemma judgment","authors":"Hao Yang, Juan Guo, Y. Wu, Amaryah Hannah Robinson","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2136530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2136530","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The current study attempts to adopt more comprehensive and rigorous methods to deconstruct and confirm the association between guilt and moral dilemma judgements, with the expectation of providing new insights for related research. Methods A total of 170 college participants were employed in separate batches for the experiment, including 53 males and 117 females, ranging from 17 to 28 years old (M = 20.88, SD = 2.29). We first induced guilt in the subjects using recalling and writing tasks and then asked the participants to complete the moral dilemma judgement tasks. Results Results of the analysis using traditional methods showed no association between induced guilt and moral dilemma judgements. However, the results of the process dissociation analysis indicated that induced guilt is related to higher deontological inclination. Moreover, the CNI model analysis revealed that induced guilt has a stronger sensitivity to moral norms. Conclusion Induced guilt was associated with a stronger sensitivity to moral norms, which is reflected in less violation and more compliance with moral norms. There was no direct relation between induced guilt and the sensitivity to consequences and a general preference for action in moral decision-making. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Previous findings on the relation of guilt in moral decision-making were not consistent. The traditional approach treats utilitarianism and deontology as bipolar opposites, which may further confound the relation between guilt and moral decision-making. Numerous studies imply that guilt increases other-oriented empathy and emotional concern for the victims. What this topic adds: Induced Guilt is associated with higher sensitivity to moral norms and will discipline one’s behaviour to be more in line with ethical standards. Induced Guilt is unrelated to utilitarian decisions about the well-being of the majority and is not involved in the inhibition and activation of action. The current study used more comprehensive and rigorous methods to clarify the potential confounding factors.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46000683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-16DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2123282
Grace Claringbold, Nicky Robinson, Jeromy Anglim, Vicki Kavadas, A. Walker, L. Forsyth
ABSTRACT Objective Emergency service workers (i.e., police, fire, ambulance, rescue personnel) are exposed to stressful events that can adversely impact their mental health and well-being. This systematic review investigated (1) what well-being initiatives and interventions have been implemented with Australian and New Zealand emergency service workers, (2) how they have been evaluated, and (3) whether they were effective. Methods A systematic literature search identified 19 peer-reviewed studies eligible for inclusion. Results Eleven studies examined secondary interventions, seven examined primary interventions and only one study examined a tertiary intervention. Most studies measured mental health outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety). However, some studies used evaluation measures that were not directly related to mental health or well-being (e.g., satisfaction, changes to attitudes). Interventions including physical activity, manager mental health training, social support, psychological debriefing, mindfulness, and an ambulance chaplaincy initiative were found to lead to improvements in mental health and well-being in Australian and New Zealand emergency service workers. Only two ongoing and self-sustaining mental health initiatives were reported. Conclusions Further research is required into primary interventions and organisational-level initiatives to enable a preventative approach to mitigate daily stress and enhance the mental and physical well-being of emergency workers. Key Points What is already known about this topic: Emergency service workers have higher rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression than the general population. Evidence based mental health and well-being support is crucial for emergency service workers to ensure they can protect their respective communities effectively. Research focused on the prevalence of mental health issues for emergency workers is well represented in the literature, however, evidence for interventions designed to improve mental health outcomes is scarce. What this topic adds: This review contributes by identifying and evaluating studies focused on mental health and well-being interventions for emergency service workers in Australia and New Zealand. This review distinguished between interventions (programs with defined start and end points) and initiatives (programs that are ongoing and self-sustaining), and only two initiatives were reported. Interventions that led to improvements in mental health and well-being were those related to mindfulness, physical activity, manager mental health training, social support, psychological debriefing, and an ambulance chaplaincy initiative.
{"title":"A systematic review of well-being interventions and initiatives for Australian and New Zealand emergency service workers","authors":"Grace Claringbold, Nicky Robinson, Jeromy Anglim, Vicki Kavadas, A. Walker, L. Forsyth","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2123282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2123282","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Emergency service workers (i.e., police, fire, ambulance, rescue personnel) are exposed to stressful events that can adversely impact their mental health and well-being. This systematic review investigated (1) what well-being initiatives and interventions have been implemented with Australian and New Zealand emergency service workers, (2) how they have been evaluated, and (3) whether they were effective. Methods A systematic literature search identified 19 peer-reviewed studies eligible for inclusion. Results Eleven studies examined secondary interventions, seven examined primary interventions and only one study examined a tertiary intervention. Most studies measured mental health outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety). However, some studies used evaluation measures that were not directly related to mental health or well-being (e.g., satisfaction, changes to attitudes). Interventions including physical activity, manager mental health training, social support, psychological debriefing, mindfulness, and an ambulance chaplaincy initiative were found to lead to improvements in mental health and well-being in Australian and New Zealand emergency service workers. Only two ongoing and self-sustaining mental health initiatives were reported. Conclusions Further research is required into primary interventions and organisational-level initiatives to enable a preventative approach to mitigate daily stress and enhance the mental and physical well-being of emergency workers. Key Points What is already known about this topic: Emergency service workers have higher rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression than the general population. Evidence based mental health and well-being support is crucial for emergency service workers to ensure they can protect their respective communities effectively. Research focused on the prevalence of mental health issues for emergency workers is well represented in the literature, however, evidence for interventions designed to improve mental health outcomes is scarce. What this topic adds: This review contributes by identifying and evaluating studies focused on mental health and well-being interventions for emergency service workers in Australia and New Zealand. This review distinguished between interventions (programs with defined start and end points) and initiatives (programs that are ongoing and self-sustaining), and only two initiatives were reported. Interventions that led to improvements in mental health and well-being were those related to mindfulness, physical activity, manager mental health training, social support, psychological debriefing, and an ambulance chaplaincy initiative.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49273002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2125341
Nicole M. Steele, G. Fogarty, B. Rodgers, P. Butterworth
ABSTRACT Objective Workplace bullying has predominantly been conceptualised and investigated as an individual phenomenon. However, the effects of workplace bullying are not confined to the individual experiencing negative acts. This study analysed the associations of workplace bullying with psychological distress and job satisfaction at two levels of the organisation: the individual and the group. Method Data were obtained from an organisational climate questionnaire administered to 21 Australian Defence Force (ADF) units (N = 3,193). Multilevel modelling was used to examine the hypothesised relationships of workplace bullying with psychological distress and job satisfaction of ADF personnel at both the individual and group levels. Results The association between the individual-level experience of bullying and each individual-level outcome depended on the extent of workplace bullying at the group level. Those working in low-bullying climates had stronger associations between individual-level bullying and mental health and wellbeing. Even when not directly bullied, employees’ levels of reported psychological distress were higher and levels of job satisfaction were lower in high-bullying climates compared to those working in low-bullying climates who had not directly experienced these behaviours. Conclusion Consistent and strong findings at the individual and group level provide convincing evidence that workplace bullying not only affects the mental health and wellbeing of those who personally experience these behaviours but also those who work within that climate. Key Points What is already known about the topic: (1) Workplace bullying has detrimental effects on an individual’s mental health and wellbeing. (2) Fewer studies have explored the impact of bullying on co-workers who were not the direct targets but who work within a high-bullying climate. (3) The effects of bullying on bystanders can also be harmful. What this topic adds: (1) There is a reliable relationship between workplace bullying and the experience of low job satisfaction and psychological distress. (2) Workplace bullying not only affects the mental health and wellbeing of those who personally experience these behaviours but also those who work within high-bullying climates. (3) Monitoring workplace climates will provide organisations with timely evidence of where interventions may be required.
{"title":"The effects of working in a bullying climate on psychological distress and job satisfaction: a multilevel analysis","authors":"Nicole M. Steele, G. Fogarty, B. Rodgers, P. Butterworth","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2125341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2125341","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Workplace bullying has predominantly been conceptualised and investigated as an individual phenomenon. However, the effects of workplace bullying are not confined to the individual experiencing negative acts. This study analysed the associations of workplace bullying with psychological distress and job satisfaction at two levels of the organisation: the individual and the group. Method Data were obtained from an organisational climate questionnaire administered to 21 Australian Defence Force (ADF) units (N = 3,193). Multilevel modelling was used to examine the hypothesised relationships of workplace bullying with psychological distress and job satisfaction of ADF personnel at both the individual and group levels. Results The association between the individual-level experience of bullying and each individual-level outcome depended on the extent of workplace bullying at the group level. Those working in low-bullying climates had stronger associations between individual-level bullying and mental health and wellbeing. Even when not directly bullied, employees’ levels of reported psychological distress were higher and levels of job satisfaction were lower in high-bullying climates compared to those working in low-bullying climates who had not directly experienced these behaviours. Conclusion Consistent and strong findings at the individual and group level provide convincing evidence that workplace bullying not only affects the mental health and wellbeing of those who personally experience these behaviours but also those who work within that climate. Key Points What is already known about the topic: (1) Workplace bullying has detrimental effects on an individual’s mental health and wellbeing. (2) Fewer studies have explored the impact of bullying on co-workers who were not the direct targets but who work within a high-bullying climate. (3) The effects of bullying on bystanders can also be harmful. What this topic adds: (1) There is a reliable relationship between workplace bullying and the experience of low job satisfaction and psychological distress. (2) Workplace bullying not only affects the mental health and wellbeing of those who personally experience these behaviours but also those who work within high-bullying climates. (3) Monitoring workplace climates will provide organisations with timely evidence of where interventions may be required.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41451220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2121177
Chantal Olckers, E. Koekemoer
ABSTRACT With the increased scholarly interest in career success measurements, this study investigated the construct validity and measurement invariance of the Subjective Career Success Inventory. A sample of 736 South African employees participated in the study. Latent variable modelling was performed to estimate and sequentially compare several independent cluster models of confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) (i.e., unidimensional, first-factor, second-factor, and bifactor models). The results supported the construct validity for an eight-dimensional construct with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. We found measurement invariance across gender. Task performance was related to the eight subjective career success dimensions, providing evidence of nomological validity. Key points What is already known about this topic: (1) The Subjective Career Success Inventory (SCSI) is increasingly being used to measure subjective career success, but studies reporting comprehensive psychometric properties for the SCSI are scarce. (2) Literature indicates various factorial permutations for the instrument, and limited validation studies have been conducted on the SCSI. (3) Although scholars have argued gender gaps in the experiences of career success, a thorough investigation of the SCSI has not been done to corroborate such differences. What this topic adds: (1) The eight-factor structure of the SCSI was confirmed within the South African context. (2) The SCSI demonstrated invariance between males and females. (3) Task performance was related to the eight SCSI dimensions, providing evidence of nomological validity.
{"title":"Psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and construct validity of the subjective career success inventory","authors":"Chantal Olckers, E. Koekemoer","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2121177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2121177","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With the increased scholarly interest in career success measurements, this study investigated the construct validity and measurement invariance of the Subjective Career Success Inventory. A sample of 736 South African employees participated in the study. Latent variable modelling was performed to estimate and sequentially compare several independent cluster models of confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) (i.e., unidimensional, first-factor, second-factor, and bifactor models). The results supported the construct validity for an eight-dimensional construct with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. We found measurement invariance across gender. Task performance was related to the eight subjective career success dimensions, providing evidence of nomological validity. Key points What is already known about this topic: (1) The Subjective Career Success Inventory (SCSI) is increasingly being used to measure subjective career success, but studies reporting comprehensive psychometric properties for the SCSI are scarce. (2) Literature indicates various factorial permutations for the instrument, and limited validation studies have been conducted on the SCSI. (3) Although scholars have argued gender gaps in the experiences of career success, a thorough investigation of the SCSI has not been done to corroborate such differences. What this topic adds: (1) The eight-factor structure of the SCSI was confirmed within the South African context. (2) The SCSI demonstrated invariance between males and females. (3) Task performance was related to the eight SCSI dimensions, providing evidence of nomological validity.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42336500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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