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Letter from the Editor 编辑来信

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2123134

J. Madrick

In this important piece, Income Inequality, Cause and Cure, by B.N. Kausik, the author argues that the recent growth in income inequality is driven by disparate growth in investment income rather that disparate growth in wages. Specifically, they present evidence that real wages are flat across a range of professions, doctors, software engineers, auto mechanics, and cashiers, while stock ownership favors higher education and income levels. Artificial intelligence and automation allocate an increased share of job tasks toward capital and away from labor. The rewards of automation accrue to capital and are reflected in the growth of the stock market, with several companies now valued in the trillions. The author proposes an investment payroll plan to enable all workers to participate in the rewards of automation and they analyze the performance of such a plan. In A Constitution of Many Minds (Sunstein 2009), Cass Sunstein, Harvard University scholar, argues that taxonomic references to constitutional literalism and purposive constitutionalism are unhelpful because they say much less about whether such philosophies espouse traditionalism, populism, or cosmopolitanism. In this piece, The Purpose of Constitutional Political Economy, Franklin Obeng-Odoom argue that constitutional interpretation is an art of juggling many ways of reasoning. Odoom analyzes these contentions using two recent books by Stephen Breyer and Samuel Kofi Date-Bah, two leading supreme court scholars. They demonstrate the intriguing purpose of constitutional political economy as a challenge to orthodoxy. Chile is the Global South’s “exceptional nation” in terms of wealth and historical development patterns, but most recently it has been aligning with some of the geopolitical area’s traits. In Chile’s New Start, Roland Benedikter and Miguel Zlosilio, the resounding victory of the left under the lead of Gabriel Boric Font (born 1986) in Chile’s December 2021 presidential elections has opened up a new socio-political landscape for the country. At the center of the nation’s potential restart remains once again social policy which traditionally touches upon the core of Chile’s political culture and basic understanding of the institutions. The expectations for a “progressive renewal” are hopeful yet mixed. This article analyzes Chile’s presidential election of 2021 and what the winning of the Social Convergence Party (Convergencia Social) means for the country‘s future. The reasons of the left‘s triumph, the national and the international implications of president Boric’s government, and the cultural and institutional challenges facing the new government in terms of economic reforms could become examples for other areas in the Global South—both in the positive and in the negative sense. Due to its exceptional geographic, socio-cultural and institutional situation Chile may deserve the status of one of those rare “small states” in international affairs that infuse some case study teachin

在B.N.考斯克的这篇重要文章《收入不平等，原因与解决》中，作者认为，最近收入不平等的扩大是由投资收入的不同增长驱动的，而不是工资的不同增长。具体来说，他们提供的证据表明，医生、软件工程师、汽车修理工和收银员等一系列职业的实际工资都是持平的，而拥有股票的人更倾向于接受高等教育和收入水平的人。人工智能和自动化将越来越多的工作任务分配给了资本，而不是劳动力。自动化的回报累积到资本上，并反映在股票市场的增长上，现在有几家公司的估值达到数万亿美元。作者提出了一个投资工资计划，使所有工人都能参与自动化的奖励，并分析了该计划的绩效。哈佛大学学者卡斯·桑斯坦(Cass Sunstein)在《多思想的宪法》(A Constitution of Many Minds, Sunstein 2009)中认为，对宪法直译主义和目的宪政的分类参考是没有帮助的，因为它们对这些哲学是否支持传统主义、民粹主义或世界主义的说法很少。在《宪政政治经济学的目的》这篇文章中，富兰克林·奥本-奥多姆认为，宪法解释是一门兼顾多种推理方式的艺术。奥多姆用两位著名的最高法院学者斯蒂芬·布雷耶和塞缪尔·科菲·达特-巴最近出版的两本书分析了这些争论。它们展示了宪政政治经济学挑战正统的有趣目的。就财富和历史发展模式而言，智利是全球南方的“特殊国家”，但最近它一直与该地缘政治地区的一些特征保持一致。在智利的《新起点》中，罗兰·本尼迪克特和米格尔·兹洛西利奥指出，在加布里埃尔·博利克·丰特(1986年出生)的领导下，左翼在2021年12月的智利总统选举中大获全胜，为智利开辟了一个新的社会政治格局。这个国家可能重新启动的核心仍然是社会政策，传统上触及智利政治文化的核心和对制度的基本理解。人们对“渐进式复兴”的期望充满希望，但也喜忧参半。本文分析了智利2021年的总统选举，以及社会融合党(Convergencia Social)的胜利对该国未来的意义。左翼胜利的原因，总统博尔奇政府的国内和国际影响，以及新政府在经济改革方面面临的文化和制度挑战，可以成为全球南方其他地区的榜样——无论是积极的还是消极的。由于其特殊的地理、社会文化和体制状况，智利可能值得成为在国际事务中为数不多的“小国”之一，为其同行和更大的国际社会注入一些案例研究的教训。尽管该国的地缘政治环境相对独特，但它作为全球南方更平衡未来的典范的潜力可能大于其实际的地区规模和影响力。Matıas Vernengo和Esteban Perez Caldentey回应了他们在讨论我们对现代货币理论(MMT)的看法时所声称的不准确之处，正如奥古斯丁·马里奥之前所讨论的那样。我们认为，注意到自主支出产生税收和财政平衡是正确的，但MMT作者忽视了在

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引用次数: 0

Chile’s New Start 智利的新开始

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2090749

Roland Benedikter, Miguel Zlosilo

Abstract Chile is the Global South’s “exceptional nation” in terms of wealth and historical development patterns, but most recently it has been aligning with some of the geopolitical area’s traits. Together with the constitutional reform process, the resounding victory of the left under the lead of Gabriel Boric Font (born 1986) in Chile’s December 2021 presidential elections has opened up a new socio-political landscape for the country. At the center of the nation’s potential restart remains once again social policy which traditionally touches upon the core of Chile’s political culture and basic understanding of the institutions. The expectations for a “progressive renewal” are hopeful yet mixed. This article analyzes Chile‘s presidential election of 2021 and what the winning of the Social Convergence Party (Convergencia Social) means for the country‘s future. The reasons of the left‘s triumph, the national and the international implications of president Boric‘s government, and the cultural and institutional challenges facing the new government in terms of economic reforms could become examples for other areas in the Global South—both in the positive and in the negative sense. Due to its exceptional geographic, socio-cultural and institutional situation Chile may deserve the status of one of those rare “small states” in international affairs that infuse some case study teachings to their peers and the greater global community. Although the nation is relatively unique in its geopolitical environment, its potential as a model of a more balanced future in the Global South can be bigger than its actual regional size and influence.

就财富和历史发展模式而言，智利是全球南方的“特殊国家”，但最近它已经与该地区的一些地缘政治特征保持一致。与宪法改革进程一起，加布里埃尔·博利克·丰特(1986年出生)领导的左翼在2021年12月的智利总统选举中大获全胜，为智利开辟了新的社会政治格局。这个国家可能重新启动的核心仍然是社会政策，传统上触及智利政治文化的核心和对制度的基本理解。人们对“渐进式复兴”的期望充满希望，但也喜忧参半。本文分析了智利2021年的总统选举，以及社会融合党(Convergencia Social)的胜利对该国未来的意义。左翼胜利的原因，总统博尔奇政府的国内和国际影响，以及新政府在经济改革方面面临的文化和制度挑战，可以成为全球南方其他地区的榜样——无论是积极的还是消极的。由于其特殊的地理、社会文化和体制状况，智利可能值得成为在国际事务中为数不多的“小国”之一，为其同行和更大的国际社会注入一些案例研究的教训。尽管该国的地缘政治环境相对独特，但它作为全球南方更平衡未来的典范的潜力可能大于其实际的地区规模和影响力。

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引用次数: 0

Reviewed Work: One Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger 书评:《十亿美国人:从更大的角度思考》

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2021.1912987

Louis Uchitelle

引用次数: 0

Modern Money Theory in the Tropics: A Reply to Agustin Mario 热带地区的现代货币理论:对奥古斯丁·马里奥的回答

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2090751

M. Vernengo, Esteban Pérez Caldentey

Abstract This paper responds to some inaccuracies on the discussion of our views on Modern Money Theory (MMT), as discussed by Agustin Mario. We believe that while is correct in noting that autonomous spending generates taxes, and fiscal balances are a result, MMT authors overlook the difficulties in pursuing expansionary fiscal policy in the developing countries. These are constrained by the existence of an external constraint that cannot be solved with a flexible exchange rate policy regime. Foreign reserves and capital controls are needed.

摘要本文对奥古斯丁·马里奥关于我们对现代货币理论(MMT)的看法的一些不准确的讨论进行了回应。我们认为，虽然指出自主支出产生税收和财政平衡是正确的，但MMT作者忽视了在发展中国家推行扩张性财政政策的困难。它们受到外部约束的制约，而这种外部约束无法用灵活的汇率政策机制来解决。外汇储备和资本管制是必要的。

引用次数: 0

The Purpose of Constitutional Political Economy 宪政经济学的目的

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2065108

F. Obeng-Odoom

Abstract In A Constitution of Many Minds (Sunstein 2009), Cass Sunstein, Harvard University scholar, argues that taxonomic references to constitutional literalism and purposive constitutionalism are unhelpful because they say much less about whether such philosophies espouse traditionalism, populism, or cosmopolitanism. Constitutional interpretation is, therefore, an art of juggling many ways of reasoning. In this article, I analyze these contentions using two recent books by Stephen Breyer and Samuel Kofi Date-Bah, two leading supreme court justices. They demonstrate the intriguing purpose of constitutional political economy as a challenge to orthodoxy.

哈佛大学学者卡斯·桑斯坦(Cass Sunstein)在《多思想的宪法》(A Constitution of Many Minds, Sunstein 2009)一书中认为，对宪法直译主义和目的宪政的分类参考是没有帮助的，因为它们很少说明这些哲学是支持传统主义、民粹主义还是世界主义。因此，宪法解释是一门兼顾多种推理方式的艺术。在本文中，我将使用两位最高法院大法官斯蒂芬·布雷耶(Stephen Breyer)和塞缪尔·科菲·达特-巴(Samuel Kofi Date-Bah)最近出版的两本书来分析这些争论。它们展示了宪政政治经济学挑战正统的有趣目的。

引用次数: 0

Introducing Future Studies to ECON 101 Students 向经济学101学生介绍未来的研究

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2046876

Junaid B. Jahangir

Abstract The objective in this paper is to introduce ECON 101 students, who usually learn about stylized neoclassical economics models, to the pressing issues of our times including climate change and economic inequality. In this regard a review of the book, Making Sense of the Future by interdisciplinary scholar, Rick Szostak, is undertaken and paired with ancillary material based on videos and articles. Students will learn that working for a better future does not mean a lifetime of limitless sacrifice, and that they can use their education to push for meaningful change in the world.

本文的目的是向通常学习程式化新古典经济学模型的经济学101学生介绍我们这个时代的紧迫问题，包括气候变化和经济不平等。在这方面，我们对跨学科学者里克·绍斯塔克(Rick Szostak)所著的《让未来有意义》(Making Sense of the Future)一书进行了回顾，并结合了基于视频和文章的辅助材料。学生们将了解到，为更美好的未来而工作并不意味着一生都要做出无限的牺牲，他们可以利用自己的教育来推动世界发生有意义的变化。

引用次数: 0

Awakening from the Chinese Dream 从中国梦中觉醒

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2046881

Arne Jon Isachsen, Thorvaldur Gylfason

While Mao saw China throw off the yoke of foreign powers, and Deng’s reforms increased economic growth, Xi finds new legitimacy in nationalism – emphasizing China’s greatness. When the People’s Republic of China turns one hundred years old in 2049, China will appear as a leading superpower in the world, if not the leading power – economically and politically as well as militarily and scientifically. Whether this Chinese Dream comes true depends not only upon China, but also on how the rest of the world responds and develops. Acknowledgment: The authors thank J on Ormur Halld orsson for his helpful comments on an earlier version of the text. The Olympic Games in Beijing in August 2008 were a glittering show. Many pollution-spewing factories in the neighborhood had been closed a few weeks before so the air was better than usual. The sun smiled. The whole world was taken aback by the impeccable arrangements. The Games were opened to the words of the Analects of Confucius: “It is a joy to have friends come from afar.” Norway’s national poet Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson had a similar saying: “You are foreign, you are welcome! “The maxim of the games, “One World, One Dream,” was expressed thus: “In the Olympian spirit we shall together build a better future for mankind.” As the new General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) four years later, Xi Jinping laid out his own “Chinese Dream,” a rejuvenation of the Middle Kingdom, thus juxtaposing Confucius and Mao. At eight o’clock on the eighth day of the eighth month of 2008 the Olympic Games were opened. With eight being the luckiest number in Chinese culture, the hospitality of the host was destined to shine, and it did. China won the most gold medals even as the United States won the most medals. Three generations of leaders seated at the tribune of honor had three glorious weeks to look forward to. Then top leader, Hu Jintao – President of China from 2003 to 2013 – was there, as well as Jiang Zemin, President 1993–2003. And so was Xi Jinping, recently appointed Vice President. Ready to take over from Hu Jintao as the country’s

当中华人民共和国在2049年年满100岁时，中国将成为世界上一个领先的超级大国，即使不是领先的大国——经济、政治、军事和科学。中国梦能否实现，不仅取决于中国，也取决于世界各国如何应对和发展。致谢:作者感谢J on Ormur Halld orsson对本文早期版本的有益评论。2008年8月在北京举行的奥运会是一场耀眼的表演。附近许多排放污染物的工厂几周前就关闭了，所以空气比平时好。太阳笑了。这一无懈可击的安排震惊了全世界。奥运会开幕式以《论语》中的一句话开场:“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。”挪威民族诗人比约恩斯特耶恩·比约恩松也有类似的说法:“你是外国人，欢迎你!”奥运会的格言“同一个世界，同一个梦想”是这样表达的:“在奥林匹克精神下，我们将共同为人类创造更美好的未来。”2008年8月8日8时，奥运会开幕了。在中国文化中，8是最吉利的数字，主人的热情好客注定会大放光芒，事实也确实如此。中国获得的金牌最多，而美国获得的奖牌最多。坐在荣誉讲坛上的三代领导人有三个光荣的星期可以期待。

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引用次数: 0

International Liberalization: Its Implications for Countries’ Social Wellbeing 国际自由化:对国家社会福利的影响

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2038885

Joaquim Vergés-Jaime

Abstract The traditional economic theory of international trade has, from its inception, played a crucial role in sustaining the doctrine of economic policy that promotes free foreign trade overall as something beneficial for all parties involved. The paper specifically stresses the need, when assessing the consequences of free international trade (i.e., free imports) on social-economic well-being, to perform analyses that distinguish between social-sectors (within this or that country), as opposed to the usual practice of doing so at the whole country level. It is also discussed here the standard (implicit) assumption that there are sufficient possibilities regarding comparative advantages for every country in the world to exploit one to develop its exports to the point of countervailing the value of its imports under a no-tariffs rule.

传统的国际贸易经济理论从一开始就在维护经济政策学说方面发挥了至关重要的作用，该学说促进了总体上的自由对外贸易，使所有相关方都受益。该文件特别强调，在评估自由国际贸易(即自由进口)对社会经济福利的影响时，需要进行区分社会部门(在这个或那个国家内)的分析，而不是在整个国家一级这样做的通常做法。这里还讨论了标准(隐含)假设，即在比较优势方面，世界上每个国家都有足够的可能性利用比较优势来发展其出口，以抵消其在无关税规则下进口的价值。

引用次数: 0

Using ESOPs to Democratize Labor-Based Platforms 利用员工持股计划实现劳动力平台的民主化

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2038887

T. Gonza, D. Ellerman

Abstract This paper explores a new strategy to address the problem of “gig-workers” in labor-based platform companies. The two current strategies are (1) regulations (e.g., requiring platforms to recognized workers as employees) or (2) creating new platform cooperatives to compete with the established platforms. The authors propose a third complementary approach, which is democratizing and adapting the Employee Stock Ownership Plan to gain co-ownership in the local subsidiaries of the labor-based platforms (LBP). This option puts a new tool in the hands of the municipal and national regulatory authorities.

摘要本文探讨了解决劳务平台公司“零工”问题的新策略。目前的两个策略是(1)法规(例如，要求平台承认工人为雇员)或(2)创建新的平台合作社与现有平台竞争。作者提出了第三种补充方法，即民主化和调整员工持股计划，以获得基于劳动力的平台(LBP)的当地子公司的共同所有权。这一选择为市政和国家监管机构提供了一种新工具。

引用次数: 1

Reflections on the Volcker Rule: Innovations in the Financial Services Industry and Fixing Too Big to Succeed 对沃尔克规则的反思:金融服务业的创新和解决太大而无法成功的问题

Challenge (Atlanta, Ga.)

Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2022.2038888

Koushik Ghosh, Yurim Lee

Abstract Ever since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the policy community has woken up to the pressing need for reform of the banking and financial sector. An important goal is to institute structural changes that would maintain robust financial markets and the use of innovative financial products, while preventing the corrosive social and political crises that have bedeviled the world since 2007–2008. The authors analyze and critique how recent rule changes in proprietary trading (Volcker Rule), emergent knowledge about banking structure and the scope of activities of banks, may be employed to reduce systemic risk in the future, and thus avoid costly financial collapses, and damaging political-economic fallout.

自2007-2008年金融危机以来，政策界已经意识到银行和金融业改革的迫切需要。一个重要的目标是实施结构性改革，以保持金融市场的强劲和创新金融产品的使用，同时防止自2007-2008年以来困扰全球的具有腐蚀性的社会和政治危机。作者分析和批判了最近在自营交易中的规则变化(沃尔克规则)，关于银行结构和银行活动范围的新兴知识，如何被用来降低未来的系统性风险，从而避免代价高昂的金融崩溃，以及破坏性的政治经济后果。

引用次数: 0

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