Until the mid-1990s, the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection was uniformly low in countries across the Central and Eastern European region. In the past decade, however, this has changed dramatically, with a rapid increase in HIV infections in the region, especially in Eastern Europe where 41% of new HIV infection cases were among injecting drug users (IDUs) and as much as 66% of IDUs are infected with HIV in certain regions. While Russia, the largest country in Eastern Europe, has the fastest growing HIV rates in the world, the situation is different in Central Europe. For example, Hungary has low levels of HIV infection - estimated less than 1% of IDUs. Understanding the role of network factors in the spread and prevention of HIV could not only enable us to keep the HIV rates low among IDUs in countries like Hungary, but also provide a means for the effective prevention of other blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that share similar routes of transmission as HIV. Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory may help explain why HIV rates among IDUs are low in Hungary. Valente's related exposure or contagion model postulates that the more individuals within a social network adopt an innovation or a practice, the greater the probability of an individual is to adopt this innovation or practice. Personal network exposure (PNE), measured both within egocentric and sociocentric networks quantifies the extent to which a person is exposed to risk through their social network. The aim of this analysis was to assess the association of PNE and other correlates with injecting equipment sharing among IDUs in Budapest, Hungary.
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Some, but not all, "big events" such as wars, revolutions, socioeconomic transitions, economic collapses, and ecological disasters in recent years seem to lead to large-scale HIV outbreaks (Friedman et al, in press; Hankins et al 2002). This was true of transitions in the USSR, South Africa and Indonesia, for example, but not those in the Philippines or (so far) in Argentina. It has been hypothesized that whether or not HIV outbreaks occur is shaped in part by the nature and extent of changes in the numbers of voluntary or involuntary risk-takers, which itself may be related to the growth of roles such as sex-sellers or drug sellers; the riskiness of the behaviors engaged in by risk-takers; and changes in sexual and injection networks and other "mixing patterns" variables. Each of these potential causal processes, in turn, is shaped by the nature of pre-existing social networks and the patterns and content of normative regulation and communication that happen within these social networks-and on how these social networks and their characteristics are changed by the "big event" in question. We will present ideas about what research is needed to help understand these events and to help guide both indigenous community-based efforts to prevent HIV outbreaks and also to guide those who organize external intervention efforts and aid.
近年来，一些（但不是全部）“大事件”，如战争、革命、社会经济转型、经济崩溃和生态灾难，似乎导致了大规模的艾滋病毒爆发(Friedman等人，in press；Hankins et al 2002)。例如，苏联、南非和印度尼西亚的转型都是如此，但菲律宾和阿根廷（到目前为止）的转型却并非如此。据推测，艾滋病毒是否会爆发，部分取决于自愿或非自愿承担风险者数量变化的性质和程度，这本身可能与性贩子或贩毒者等角色的增加有关；风险承担者行为的风险性；性和注射网络以及其他“混合模式”变量的变化。每一个潜在的因果过程，反过来，都是由预先存在的社会网络的本质，以及这些社会网络中发生的规范规则和交流的模式和内容，以及这些社会网络及其特征如何被所讨论的“大事件”改变所塑造的。我们将提出一些想法，说明需要进行哪些研究，以帮助了解这些事件，并帮助指导以土著社区为基础的预防艾滋病毒爆发的努力，并指导那些组织外部干预努力和援助的人。
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Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789907285.00009
N. Lin
In the past two decades, social capital in its various forms and contexts has emerged as one of the most salient concepts in social sciences. While much excitement has been generated, divergent views, perspectives, and expectations have also raised the serious question : is it a fad or does it have enduring qualities that will herald a new intellectual enterprise? This presentation's purpose is to review social capital as discussed in the literature, identify controversies and debates, consider some critical issues, and propose conceptual and research strategies in building a theory. I will argue that such a theory and the research enterprise must be based on the fundamental understanding that social capital is captured from embedded resources in social networks . Deviations from this understanding in conceptualization and measurement lead to confusion in analyzing causal mechanisms in the macroand microprocesses. It is precisely these mechanisms and processes, essential for an interactive theory about structure and action, to which social capital promises to make contributions .
{"title":"Buidling a Network Theory of Social Capital","authors":"N. Lin","doi":"10.4337/9781789907285.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907285.00009","url":null,"abstract":"In the past two decades, social capital in its various forms and contexts has emerged as one of the most salient concepts in social sciences. While much excitement has been generated, divergent views, perspectives, and expectations have also raised the serious question : is it a fad or does it have enduring qualities that will herald a new intellectual enterprise? This presentation's purpose is to review social capital as discussed in the literature, identify controversies and debates, consider some critical issues, and propose conceptual and research strategies in building a theory. I will argue that such a theory and the research enterprise must be based on the fundamental understanding that social capital is captured from embedded resources in social networks . Deviations from this understanding in conceptualization and measurement lead to confusion in analyzing causal mechanisms in the macroand microprocesses. It is precisely these mechanisms and processes, essential for an interactive theory about structure and action, to which social capital promises to make contributions .","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"2(1) 1","pages":"28-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70711617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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