Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.21307/CONNECTIONS-2019.016
Sun Kyong Lee, Somik Ghosh
Abstract The current study modeled formal and informal communication networks of an integrated project delivery (IPD) team and examined the interplay between the two networks. The IPD format as an alternative method of building construction relies on its multiple stakeholders’ equal and active collaboration. Analyses of both endogenous and exogenous network variables found very distinctive tie formation dynamics between the formal and informal communication networks. While both networks were rather decentralized, a preferred structure for facilitating collaboration in IPD teams, reciprocal communication was identified only in formal (i.e., project-related information exchange), not in informal (i.e., social conversations) networks in valued exponential random graph modeling (VERGM). Ethnic heterophily, also a preferred structure for the IPD collaboration, was significant for formal, but not for informal communication networks. A small number of female members (4 out of 26) were more participating in formal, but less in informal conversations compared to males. Team members from designer and contractor organizations were active in project-related information exchange, but not as much in social conversations compared to the owner’s representatives. While a multiplexity effect was identified between formal and informal communication networks in VERGM, MR-QAP regressions revealed the cyclicality of each network significantly predicted the other type of communication frequency above and beyond its own structural configuration.
{"title":"Communication networks of an integrated project delivery team for construction: relationships between formal and informal communication networks","authors":"Sun Kyong Lee, Somik Ghosh","doi":"10.21307/CONNECTIONS-2019.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/CONNECTIONS-2019.016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current study modeled formal and informal communication networks of an integrated project delivery (IPD) team and examined the interplay between the two networks. The IPD format as an alternative method of building construction relies on its multiple stakeholders’ equal and active collaboration. Analyses of both endogenous and exogenous network variables found very distinctive tie formation dynamics between the formal and informal communication networks. While both networks were rather decentralized, a preferred structure for facilitating collaboration in IPD teams, reciprocal communication was identified only in formal (i.e., project-related information exchange), not in informal (i.e., social conversations) networks in valued exponential random graph modeling (VERGM). Ethnic heterophily, also a preferred structure for the IPD collaboration, was significant for formal, but not for informal communication networks. A small number of female members (4 out of 26) were more participating in formal, but less in informal conversations compared to males. Team members from designer and contractor organizations were active in project-related information exchange, but not as much in social conversations compared to the owner’s representatives. While a multiplexity effect was identified between formal and informal communication networks in VERGM, MR-QAP regressions revealed the cyclicality of each network significantly predicted the other type of communication frequency above and beyond its own structural configuration.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"40 1","pages":"103 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41717517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019.014
Naoki Maejima
Abstract In which social worlds does gender homophily operate more strongly – offline or online? To address this question, the following two aspects must be considered. First, people currently use many types of online communication media. Second, to examine the homophily effects exclusively, it is necessary to control for other network formation mechanisms such as ‘foci’ and ‘triadic closure.’ For this study, I conducted a mixed-method research in a high school in rural Japan. I asked students about who they interacted with face-to-face (F2F), through instant messenger (IM), and social networking services (SNS) and then analyzed the social networks using exponential random graph models (ERGMs). Subsequently, I conducted semi-structured interviews to uncover the practices and social contexts of each communication media and explain the results of the quantitative analysis. The results showed that SNS was more gender heterogeneous than offline. In the IM network, a small gender homophily effect was initially observed. However, three months later, its strength decreased to almost the same as that in the SNS networks. From the qualitative research, some key mechanisms producing the difference in gender homophily are specified, such as precedence of F2F communication to IM interaction, independence of SNS communication from F2F, recommending functions, and hobby homophily. Overall, this study implies that considering offline or online alone may cause misunderstanding regarding homophily in organizations because the observed strength of homophily effects depends on whether the space is examined offline or online, what kind of media is examined, and when the online social network data are collected.
{"title":"Comparing Gender Homophily among the Multilayer Media Social Networks of Face-to-Face, Instant Messenger and Social Networking Services: A Case Study of a High School Classroom","authors":"Naoki Maejima","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019.014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In which social worlds does gender homophily operate more strongly – offline or online? To address this question, the following two aspects must be considered. First, people currently use many types of online communication media. Second, to examine the homophily effects exclusively, it is necessary to control for other network formation mechanisms such as ‘foci’ and ‘triadic closure.’ For this study, I conducted a mixed-method research in a high school in rural Japan. I asked students about who they interacted with face-to-face (F2F), through instant messenger (IM), and social networking services (SNS) and then analyzed the social networks using exponential random graph models (ERGMs). Subsequently, I conducted semi-structured interviews to uncover the practices and social contexts of each communication media and explain the results of the quantitative analysis. The results showed that SNS was more gender heterogeneous than offline. In the IM network, a small gender homophily effect was initially observed. However, three months later, its strength decreased to almost the same as that in the SNS networks. From the qualitative research, some key mechanisms producing the difference in gender homophily are specified, such as precedence of F2F communication to IM interaction, independence of SNS communication from F2F, recommending functions, and hobby homophily. Overall, this study implies that considering offline or online alone may cause misunderstanding regarding homophily in organizations because the observed strength of homophily effects depends on whether the space is examined offline or online, what kind of media is examined, and when the online social network data are collected.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"40 1","pages":"77 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49529011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019.012
A. Smedlund, Emily W. Choi
Abstract In this paper, we consider whether brokerage in an intra-organizational communication network and type of work role interact to predict individual performance in a professional organization. The independent–interdependent nature of work roles is considered a key factor in structural contingency theory, but is yet to be studied in relation to brokerage. We propose that a brokerage position has a joint effect on performance along with work role in a study of organization-wide communication network in an architectural firm with 65 employees. Our analysis suggests an association between brokerage and role-prescribed performance for individuals in both interdependent and independent types of work roles. Our findings also suggest that interdependent roles requiring broad, organization-wide collaboration, and communication with others, brokerage is positively associated with the performance prescribed by the role, but for independent roles, wherein collaboration and communication are somewhat limited by the formal role, brokerage has far less of an effect. Our findings contribute to brokerage theory by comparing how brokerage affects performance in two distinct work roles by illustrating how the benefits of brokerage seem more restricted to those in interdependent work roles. The contribution of this paper is to suggest the independent–interdependent nature of work role as a boundary condition for brokerage.
{"title":"The contingent effect of work roles on brokerage in professional organizations","authors":"A. Smedlund, Emily W. Choi","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019.012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we consider whether brokerage in an intra-organizational communication network and type of work role interact to predict individual performance in a professional organization. The independent–interdependent nature of work roles is considered a key factor in structural contingency theory, but is yet to be studied in relation to brokerage. We propose that a brokerage position has a joint effect on performance along with work role in a study of organization-wide communication network in an architectural firm with 65 employees. Our analysis suggests an association between brokerage and role-prescribed performance for individuals in both interdependent and independent types of work roles. Our findings also suggest that interdependent roles requiring broad, organization-wide collaboration, and communication with others, brokerage is positively associated with the performance prescribed by the role, but for independent roles, wherein collaboration and communication are somewhat limited by the formal role, brokerage has far less of an effect. Our findings contribute to brokerage theory by comparing how brokerage affects performance in two distinct work roles by illustrating how the benefits of brokerage seem more restricted to those in interdependent work roles. The contribution of this paper is to suggest the independent–interdependent nature of work role as a boundary condition for brokerage.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"40 1","pages":"47 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67974578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019.017
S. Gesell, Evan C Sommer, S. Barkin
Abstract The GROW Social Network datasets were compiled as part of a 3-year community-based family-based pediatric obesity prevention intervention (N = 610). The datasets include (i) multiplex edges between adult study participants at four timepoints (baseline, 3, 12, and 36 mon), and (ii) multiplex edges within small intervention-only subgroups (30 groups of approximately 10 adult intervention participants) and a previously validated self-report measure of perceived cohesion at three timepoints (3, 6, and 12 wk). Actor attributes are richly characterized in a linkable dataset.
{"title":"The ‘GROW Social Network’ datasets","authors":"S. Gesell, Evan C Sommer, S. Barkin","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019.017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The GROW Social Network datasets were compiled as part of a 3-year community-based family-based pediatric obesity prevention intervention (N = 610). The datasets include (i) multiplex edges between adult study participants at four timepoints (baseline, 3, 12, and 36 mon), and (ii) multiplex edges within small intervention-only subgroups (30 groups of approximately 10 adult intervention participants) and a previously validated self-report measure of perceived cohesion at three timepoints (3, 6, and 12 wk). Actor attributes are richly characterized in a linkable dataset.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"40 1","pages":"123 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67974588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-007
Clio Andris, Sara E. Cavallo, Elizabeth a. Dzwonczyk, Laura Clemente-Harding, C. Hultquist, M. Ozanne
Abstract Relational geography asserts that social networks provide geographic benefits, and geographies are transmitted through the sharing of local knowledge and experience. To articulate the spatial expanse and geographic benefits of an individual’s social network, researchers require better social-spatial geographic information system models illustrating how contacts are dispersed, and how many distinct places they inhabit. In this work, the authors conduct a case study to map social network ties in geographic space. The authors retrieve social network matrices for 20 volunteers (egos) via Facebook.com, amounting to over 8,500 friends (alters). Each ego listed the alter’s hometown city at two time periods: at relationship inception and at the time of the study. The authors measure specific tie locations, tie expanse, deviation from a gravity model prediction, and expansion of alter groups (family, clubs, neighbors, etc.) over time. The authors find that social networks geographically spread over time, on average, from 2,679 km (standard distance) to 3,258 km (standard distance), and that the average ego had alters in 21 unique locations when they met, and 38 locations at the time of the study. Regarding friend groups, the authors discover that high school friends and friends from non-residential gatherings (ex. conferences) dispersed the most (over 1,900 km), and cultural groups (churches, sports teams) and family dispersed the least (less than 800 km) over time. Our results lead to a discussion of how mapping and measuring the distribution of social connections can uncover changing dynamics of social interaction, and one’s ability to access and engage with places through social ties.
{"title":"Mapping the Distribution and Spread of Social Ties Over Time: A Case Study Using Facebook Friends","authors":"Clio Andris, Sara E. Cavallo, Elizabeth a. Dzwonczyk, Laura Clemente-Harding, C. Hultquist, M. Ozanne","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Relational geography asserts that social networks provide geographic benefits, and geographies are transmitted through the sharing of local knowledge and experience. To articulate the spatial expanse and geographic benefits of an individual’s social network, researchers require better social-spatial geographic information system models illustrating how contacts are dispersed, and how many distinct places they inhabit. In this work, the authors conduct a case study to map social network ties in geographic space. The authors retrieve social network matrices for 20 volunteers (egos) via Facebook.com, amounting to over 8,500 friends (alters). Each ego listed the alter’s hometown city at two time periods: at relationship inception and at the time of the study. The authors measure specific tie locations, tie expanse, deviation from a gravity model prediction, and expansion of alter groups (family, clubs, neighbors, etc.) over time. The authors find that social networks geographically spread over time, on average, from 2,679 km (standard distance) to 3,258 km (standard distance), and that the average ego had alters in 21 unique locations when they met, and 38 locations at the time of the study. Regarding friend groups, the authors discover that high school friends and friends from non-residential gatherings (ex. conferences) dispersed the most (over 1,900 km), and cultural groups (churches, sports teams) and family dispersed the least (less than 800 km) over time. Our results lead to a discussion of how mapping and measuring the distribution of social connections can uncover changing dynamics of social interaction, and one’s ability to access and engage with places through social ties.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43145503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-008
Sofiya Voytiv
Abstract This paper investigates whether the Maidan Revolution in Kyiv (late 2013–early 2014) and the ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine (early 2014) have been reflected in the collaboration networks of Ukrainian and Russian organizations in Sweden between 2013 and 2016. I use ERG models to account for the probabilities of ties between the organizations, depending on the network structure and individual attributes such as ethnic identification and the choice of a side to support in the conflict. Results suggest that it is support for a certain side in the conflict, and not ethnic self-identification, which drives the clustering of the networks during the most violent period.
{"title":"Ukrainian and Russian organizations in Sweden and the conflict “back home”","authors":"Sofiya Voytiv","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates whether the Maidan Revolution in Kyiv (late 2013–early 2014) and the ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine (early 2014) have been reflected in the collaboration networks of Ukrainian and Russian organizations in Sweden between 2013 and 2016. I use ERG models to account for the probabilities of ties between the organizations, depending on the network structure and individual attributes such as ethnic identification and the choice of a side to support in the conflict. Results suggest that it is support for a certain side in the conflict, and not ethnic self-identification, which drives the clustering of the networks during the most violent period.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46982459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-005
Seungyoon Lee, Zachary Wittrock, Bailey C. Benedict
Abstract The activity facilitates students’ understanding of network measures, including different types of node centrality, shortest paths, cliques, and communities, and their implications for information flow in groups or organizations. The goal of the game is for students (a minimum of 10 and maximum of 28 participants in a network; a larger class can be divided into two or more networks) to solve a company mystery by exchanging information clues with other students based on an imposed communication network configuration. The activity can be debriefed by discussing the game outcomes, analyzing the network structure (using a software to input data and calculate key network measures), and evaluating the practicality of the game. Examples of network configuration, data sets, and a script which uses the igraph package in R are included.
{"title":"Who Dunnit: The Party Mystery Game for Analyzing Network Structure and Information Flow","authors":"Seungyoon Lee, Zachary Wittrock, Bailey C. Benedict","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The activity facilitates students’ understanding of network measures, including different types of node centrality, shortest paths, cliques, and communities, and their implications for information flow in groups or organizations. The goal of the game is for students (a minimum of 10 and maximum of 28 participants in a network; a larger class can be divided into two or more networks) to solve a company mystery by exchanging information clues with other students based on an imposed communication network configuration. The activity can be debriefed by discussing the game outcomes, analyzing the network structure (using a software to input data and calculate key network measures), and evaluating the practicality of the game. Examples of network configuration, data sets, and a script which uses the igraph package in R are included.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48128963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-001
J. Mackay
Abstract This paper provides details about a historical dataset of Canadian corporations and business elites who served on corporate boards circa 1912. The source of this corporate interlock data is the Directory of Directors in Canada, 1912, a public domain volume listing Canadian public companies in Canada. Because these data are thought to be of interest not only to network researchers, but also to business historians and management scholars, an attempt has been made to make the data as easy to use as possible. Supplementary information has also been added to the network files provided. All of the individuals and companies in the dataset have been geolocated. The proper 1911 Census Division a company was located in has also been added so that the networks can be combined with other publicly available data from the period. Two sets of graph files are provided in CSV format with other formats provided on the author’s website. The first file contains corporations as the nodes with directors as edges. The second file has the individual directors as nodes and edges connecting them are corporate boards individuals both sat on.
{"title":"Networks of Canadian Business Elites: Historical Corporate Interlock Networks circa 1912","authors":"J. Mackay","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides details about a historical dataset of Canadian corporations and business elites who served on corporate boards circa 1912. The source of this corporate interlock data is the Directory of Directors in Canada, 1912, a public domain volume listing Canadian public companies in Canada. Because these data are thought to be of interest not only to network researchers, but also to business historians and management scholars, an attempt has been made to make the data as easy to use as possible. Supplementary information has also been added to the network files provided. All of the individuals and companies in the dataset have been geolocated. The proper 1911 Census Division a company was located in has also been added so that the networks can be combined with other publicly available data from the period. Two sets of graph files are provided in CSV format with other formats provided on the author’s website. The first file contains corporations as the nodes with directors as edges. The second file has the individual directors as nodes and edges connecting them are corporate boards individuals both sat on.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48450904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-009
Patrick D. Allen, Mark Alan Matties, Elisha Peterson
Abstract Hairball buster (HB) (also called node-neighbor centrality or NNC) is an approach to graph analytic triage that uses simple calculations and visualization to quickly understand and compare graphs. Rather than displaying highly interconnected graphs as ‘hairballs’ that are difficult to understand, HB provides a simple standard visual representation of a graph and its metrics, combining a monotonically decreasing curve of node metrics with indicators of each node’s neighbors’ metrics. The HB visual is canonical, in the sense that it provides a standard output for each node-link graph. It helps analysts quickly identify areas for further investigation, and also allows for easy comparison between graphs of different data sets. The calculations required for creating an HB display is order M plus N log N, where N is the number of nodes and M is the number of edges. This paper includes examples of the HB approach applied to four real-world data sets. It also compares HB to similar visual approaches such as degree histograms, adjacency matrices, blockmodeling, and force-based layout techniques. HB presents greater information density than other algorithms at lower or equal calculation cost, efficiently presenting information in a single display that is not available in any other single display.
{"title":"Hairball Buster: A Graph Triage Method for Viewing and Comparing Graphs","authors":"Patrick D. Allen, Mark Alan Matties, Elisha Peterson","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hairball buster (HB) (also called node-neighbor centrality or NNC) is an approach to graph analytic triage that uses simple calculations and visualization to quickly understand and compare graphs. Rather than displaying highly interconnected graphs as ‘hairballs’ that are difficult to understand, HB provides a simple standard visual representation of a graph and its metrics, combining a monotonically decreasing curve of node metrics with indicators of each node’s neighbors’ metrics. The HB visual is canonical, in the sense that it provides a standard output for each node-link graph. It helps analysts quickly identify areas for further investigation, and also allows for easy comparison between graphs of different data sets. The calculations required for creating an HB display is order M plus N log N, where N is the number of nodes and M is the number of edges. This paper includes examples of the HB approach applied to four real-world data sets. It also compares HB to similar visual approaches such as degree histograms, adjacency matrices, blockmodeling, and force-based layout techniques. HB presents greater information density than other algorithms at lower or equal calculation cost, efficiently presenting information in a single display that is not available in any other single display.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49262232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21307/connections-2019-006
W. Porter, R. Schroeder, C. Callaghan, Albert Barreto, Sam Bussell, B. Young, M. Loewer, D. Funk, Janet von Eiff
Abstract This research focused on the identification and tracking of subgroups of vessels of interest, owners, operators, ports, cargoes, and specific activities associated with artificial reef enhancement and construction in the South China Sea. Historical automated information system (AIS) tracks and current maritime databases were used to develop sociogram depictions of the gray (licit but only partially transparent) maritime network that connects these nodes (ships, events, organizations, ports, activities). Social network matrices were dynamically updated by open source databases to provide insights into real-time awareness and tracking for operational purposes. The maritime network data set was populated by, and dynamically updated through, the integration of unclassified data using algorithms developed as part of the research. Longitudinal topographic metrics – average degree, average clustering coefficient, and centralization – were used to analyze the multi-mode (e.g., ship to ship, ship to owners/operators, owner/operators to owner/operators, ships to locations) relationships within the gray maritime network. Additionally, the network of ports and reefs in the area of operations was mapped and insights were gained by leveraging directed centrality measures – hubs and authorities – connecting them.
{"title":"Mapping Gray Maritime Networks","authors":"W. Porter, R. Schroeder, C. Callaghan, Albert Barreto, Sam Bussell, B. Young, M. Loewer, D. Funk, Janet von Eiff","doi":"10.21307/connections-2019-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research focused on the identification and tracking of subgroups of vessels of interest, owners, operators, ports, cargoes, and specific activities associated with artificial reef enhancement and construction in the South China Sea. Historical automated information system (AIS) tracks and current maritime databases were used to develop sociogram depictions of the gray (licit but only partially transparent) maritime network that connects these nodes (ships, events, organizations, ports, activities). Social network matrices were dynamically updated by open source databases to provide insights into real-time awareness and tracking for operational purposes. The maritime network data set was populated by, and dynamically updated through, the integration of unclassified data using algorithms developed as part of the research. Longitudinal topographic metrics – average degree, average clustering coefficient, and centralization – were used to analyze the multi-mode (e.g., ship to ship, ship to owners/operators, owner/operators to owner/operators, ships to locations) relationships within the gray maritime network. Additionally, the network of ports and reefs in the area of operations was mapped and insights were gained by leveraging directed centrality measures – hubs and authorities – connecting them.","PeriodicalId":88856,"journal":{"name":"Connections (Toronto, Ont.)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43765424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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