{"title":"Microglia as Potential Regulators of Empathy and Prosocial Behavior – A Hypothesis","authors":"Marin Zhelezov","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V27.2113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V27.2113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89892865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefania CiafrÃ, M. Fiore, M. Ceccanti, M. Messina, P. Tirassa, Valentina Carito
Here, an overview of neurophysiological, pharmacological and genetic research on the role of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) in ethanol consumption and withdrawal is presented. NPY is abundantly expressed in the extended amygdala and is critically involved in the regulation of negative affective states in rats, also is involved with neurobiological responses to ethanol and other drug of abuse. Genetic, molecular and pharmacological evidences suggest that NPY is an important neurobiological substrate for the predisposition to alcoholism. Administration, as well as the withdrawal of ethanol, alters central NPY expression. Alcohol-preferring rats exhibit basal NPY deficits in central amygdala. In the latter, NPY may rescue dependence-induced increases in anxiety and alcohol drinking. Low NPY levels in some brain regions following ethanol withdrawal contribute to the increased sensitivity to seizure and the heightened levels of anxiety characteristic of withdrawal responses. Mice with deletion of NPY gene exhibit a high-anxiety, high-alcohol-drinking phenotype. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations suggest that central NPY signaling modulates ethanol consumption via Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors. Analysis of chromosomal regions (QTLs) associated with alcohol consumption identified NPY as one of the genes that influence alcohol dependence and as a promising target for pharmacotherapeutics to combat alcohol associated disorders. Consequently, NPY is a potentially new pharmacological target for the treatment of alcohol diseases.
{"title":"Role of Neuropeptide Tyrosine (NPY) in Ethanol Addiction","authors":"Stefania CiafrÃ, M. Fiore, M. Ceccanti, M. Messina, P. Tirassa, Valentina Carito","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V27.2110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V27.2110","url":null,"abstract":"Here, an overview of neurophysiological, pharmacological and genetic research on the role of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) in ethanol consumption and withdrawal is presented. NPY is abundantly expressed in the extended amygdala and is critically involved in the regulation of negative affective states in rats, also is involved with neurobiological responses to ethanol and other drug of abuse. Genetic, molecular and pharmacological evidences suggest that NPY is an important neurobiological substrate for the predisposition to alcoholism. Administration, as well as the withdrawal of ethanol, alters central NPY expression. Alcohol-preferring rats exhibit basal NPY deficits in central amygdala. In the latter, NPY may rescue dependence-induced increases in anxiety and alcohol drinking. Low NPY levels in some brain regions following ethanol withdrawal contribute to the increased sensitivity to seizure and the heightened levels of anxiety characteristic of withdrawal responses. Mice with deletion of NPY gene exhibit a high-anxiety, high-alcohol-drinking phenotype. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations suggest that central NPY signaling modulates ethanol consumption via Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors. Analysis of chromosomal regions (QTLs) associated with alcohol consumption identified NPY as one of the genes that influence alcohol dependence and as a promising target for pharmacotherapeutics to combat alcohol associated disorders. Consequently, NPY is a potentially new pharmacological target for the treatment of alcohol diseases.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"68 1","pages":"27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85208577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last decade, remarkable achievements in nanofabrication technology has led to the development of hybrid intelligent systems including the nanomechanical devices powered by the chemical energy sources or biomolecular motors. In this context, nanorobotics has emerged as a highly-advanced technology for designing the fully functional smart devices or robots at nano scale. Development of these highly-controlled and functional nanostructures for sensing, information processing, signaling, and actuation may provide remarkable breakthroughs in medicine such as the improved imaging or targeted therapeutic interventions. Besides the detection and destroying the toxic materials and ecosystem restoration, the stimuli-responsive nanorobots may be used for the diagnosis or treatment of cardiac disorders, traumatic injuries, diabetes, and bacterial or viral infections. These molecular tools with nanoscale resolution facilitates early diagnosis in cancer and precise localization of anticancer agents leading to the minimal side effects. Nanorobots may easily traverse the human body and repair the cells or assist an improper functioning organ. These tiny devices integrated with wireless locomotion, external or internal power supply, artificial intelligence, and smart sensors may also be used for targeted delivery of genes or drugs into the single cells or tissues, tele-operation, or patient monitoring. Indeed, development of the medical nanorobots with a wide range of capabilities is a proof of concept and art in modern science and a breakthrough in nanotechnology which has been highlighted in the present manuscript.
{"title":"Creation of Nanorobots: Both State-of-the-Science and State-of-the-Art","authors":"P. Hassanzadeh, F. Atyabi, R. Dinarvand","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V27.2109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V27.2109","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, remarkable achievements in nanofabrication technology has led to the development of hybrid intelligent systems including the nanomechanical devices powered by the chemical energy sources or biomolecular motors. In this context, nanorobotics has emerged as a highly-advanced technology for designing the fully functional smart devices or robots at nano scale. Development of these highly-controlled and functional nanostructures for sensing, information processing, signaling, and actuation may provide remarkable breakthroughs in medicine such as the improved imaging or targeted therapeutic interventions. Besides the detection and destroying the toxic materials and ecosystem restoration, the stimuli-responsive nanorobots may be used for the diagnosis or treatment of cardiac disorders, traumatic injuries, diabetes, and bacterial or viral infections. These molecular tools with nanoscale resolution facilitates early diagnosis in cancer and precise localization of anticancer agents leading to the minimal side effects. Nanorobots may easily traverse the human body and repair the cells or assist an improper functioning organ. These tiny devices integrated with wireless locomotion, external or internal power supply, artificial intelligence, and smart sensors may also be used for targeted delivery of genes or drugs into the single cells or tissues, tele-operation, or patient monitoring. Indeed, development of the medical nanorobots with a wide range of capabilities is a proof of concept and art in modern science and a breakthrough in nanotechnology which has been highlighted in the present manuscript.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"101 2 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77264371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ancient Greek word ἀρeτή (arete), in its basic sense, means „excellence of any kind“, and, respectively, aristocrat (aristos - best, kratos - power) – power of the best, of the excellence, of the moral virtue, of the nobility, of the knowledge and study. The man of arete is a person of the highest effectiveness, using all own creative faculties to achieve real results.
{"title":"Luigi Aloe: Son of calabria, aristocrat of world neuroscience","authors":"G. Chaldakov","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v26.1537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v26.1537","url":null,"abstract":"The ancient Greek word ἀρeτή (arete), in its basic sense, means „excellence of any kind“, and, respectively, aristocrat (aristos - best, kratos - power) – power of the best, of the excellence, of the moral virtue, of the nobility, of the knowledge and study. The man of arete is a person of the highest effectiveness, using all own creative faculties to achieve real results.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75376834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, alternative and complementary medicine including the plant-based drugs with antioxidant and neuroptotective effects has attracted a growing interest. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound which is found in various plant species, has emerged as a promising nutraceutical with therapeutic potentials in neuropsychiatric, cardiometabolic and cancer diseases, also aging. The abundance of research providing promising findings about the multi-spectrum therapeutic applications of resveratrol and its encouraging potential to treat or prevent chronic and age-related disorders has raised a considerable number of clinical trials. Recently, resveratrol is implicated the biology of nerve growth factor (NGF), a critical player in the maintenance of neuronal growth and function. Furthermore, resveratrol affects the endocannabinoid signalling (eCBs) which exerts modulatory effects in the survival signalling pathways, neural plasticity, and a variety of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The therapeutic effects of this ubiquitous signalling system in Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, mood and movement disorders, spinal cord injury, and stroke have been well-documented. In the present review, the implication of NGF and eCBs in the mechanism of action of resveratrol, that may be of therapeutic significance in neurological and non-neurological disorders, is highlighted. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 13-21.
{"title":"RESVERATROL: MORE THAN A PHYTOCHEMICAL","authors":"P. Hassanzadeh, F. Atyabi, R. Dinarvand","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V26.1540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V26.1540","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, alternative and complementary medicine including the plant-based drugs with antioxidant and neuroptotective effects has attracted a growing interest. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound which is found in various plant species, has emerged as a promising nutraceutical with therapeutic potentials in neuropsychiatric, cardiometabolic and cancer diseases, also aging. The abundance of research providing promising findings about the multi-spectrum therapeutic applications of resveratrol and its encouraging potential to treat or prevent chronic and age-related disorders has raised a considerable number of clinical trials. Recently, resveratrol is implicated the biology of nerve growth factor (NGF), a critical player in the maintenance of neuronal growth and function. Furthermore, resveratrol affects the endocannabinoid signalling (eCBs) which exerts modulatory effects in the survival signalling pathways, neural plasticity, and a variety of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The therapeutic effects of this ubiquitous signalling system in Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, mood and movement disorders, spinal cord injury, and stroke have been well-documented. In the present review, the implication of NGF and eCBs in the mechanism of action of resveratrol, that may be of therapeutic significance in neurological and non-neurological disorders, is highlighted. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 13-21.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"56 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88890383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbal and plant based remedies have been used since times immemorial for treating illnesses or maladies of variant aetiology, whereas during the past two centuries, the pharmaceutical chemists have discovered many important modern drugs from natural botanicals and microbes. Generally, herbal and plant-derived products containing multiple compounds are administered orally for therapeutic purposes. Currently, targeted drug-delivery systems are being developed and investigated for the treatment of cardio-respiratory disorders, pain relief, wound healing, and life threatening diseases like cancers. A number of novel nanofiber membranes and devices are available for sustained release and to deliver steady supply of natural bioactive ingredients, herbal-based extracts, and a few have been approved by US-FDA and other drug regulatory agencies. The purpose of this mini review is to provide an update on the role of nanofiber devices used for the targeted-delivery of therapeutically active ingredients of plant and herbal origin as well as to underscore the potential for the delivery of cost-effective herbal ingredients and natural plant-based extracts for their biomedical applications in wound healing, inflammation-related diseases and cancer treatment. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 37-42. Key words: targeted-delivery, natural botanicals, plant-derived ingredients, nanofibrous medical devices, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers
{"title":"Nanofiber devices for the targeted-delivery of therapeutically active plant and herbal ingredients","authors":"S. Bhullar, H. Buttar","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V26.1542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V26.1542","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal and plant based remedies have been used since times immemorial for treating illnesses or maladies of variant aetiology, whereas during the past two centuries, the pharmaceutical chemists have discovered many important modern drugs from natural botanicals and microbes. Generally, herbal and plant-derived products containing multiple compounds are administered orally for therapeutic purposes. Currently, targeted drug-delivery systems are being developed and investigated for the treatment of cardio-respiratory disorders, pain relief, wound healing, and life threatening diseases like cancers. A number of novel nanofiber membranes and devices are available for sustained release and to deliver steady supply of natural bioactive ingredients, herbal-based extracts, and a few have been approved by US-FDA and other drug regulatory agencies. The purpose of this mini review is to provide an update on the role of nanofiber devices used for the targeted-delivery of therapeutically active ingredients of plant and herbal origin as well as to underscore the potential for the delivery of cost-effective herbal ingredients and natural plant-based extracts for their biomedical applications in wound healing, inflammation-related diseases and cancer treatment. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 37-42. Key words: targeted-delivery, natural botanicals, plant-derived ingredients, nanofibrous medical devices, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"153 4 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90406151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interview with Dr. G.N. Chaldakov","authors":"G. Chaldakov","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V26.1546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V26.1546","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74909117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is in the human nature to be curious about how we feel pain, see the world, hear bird’s songs, remember, forget, reason. We want to understand the nature of love, anger, satisfaction, desire and madness. This is a short story about the evolution of the science on the human brain and about major brain discoveries. It gives a concise historic perspective of the understanding of the nervous system - from ancient Egypt to the birth of Renaissance, with the works of Vesalius and his esteemed contemporaries. The contributions of 17th century neuroanatomists such as Tomas Willis followed by the pre-modern neuroscience researchers Camillo Golgi and especially Santiago Ramon y Cajal are highlighted. The contribution of transgenic mouse models and the application of modern noninvasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ground braking functional studies on the human brain are briefly reviewed. Important 21st century projects such as the Human and Mouse Connectome projects and the White House Brain Initiative are also presented. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 1-12. Key words : psychikon pneuma, census communis, NGF, PET, fMRI, connectome
{"title":"The amazing brain","authors":"K. Dikranian","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V26.1538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V26.1538","url":null,"abstract":"It is in the human nature to be curious about how we feel pain, see the world, hear bird’s songs, remember, forget, reason. We want to understand the nature of love, anger, satisfaction, desire and madness. This is a short story about the evolution of the science on the human brain and about major brain discoveries. It gives a concise historic perspective of the understanding of the nervous system - from ancient Egypt to the birth of Renaissance, with the works of Vesalius and his esteemed contemporaries. The contributions of 17th century neuroanatomists such as Tomas Willis followed by the pre-modern neuroscience researchers Camillo Golgi and especially Santiago Ramon y Cajal are highlighted. The contribution of transgenic mouse models and the application of modern noninvasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ground braking functional studies on the human brain are briefly reviewed. Important 21st century projects such as the Human and Mouse Connectome projects and the White House Brain Initiative are also presented. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 1-12. Key words : psychikon pneuma, census communis, NGF, PET, fMRI, connectome","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75191258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Ivanov, A. Kaprelyan, Ivan Dimitrov, Margarita Grudkova, N. Usheva, V. Nestorova, N. Deleva
The role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson`s disease is still controversial. Most authors suggest that higher The role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson`s disease is still controversial. Most authors suggest that higher serum cholesterol may be associated with a lower risk of Parkinson`s disease. Debates exist as to whether essential tremor shares similar neuropathological mechanisms as Parkinson`s disease. We investigated serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in a clinical setting of Parkinson`s disease versus essential tremor patients. Two hundred and sixteen Parkinson`s disease patients (126 males), aged 68.04 years, with 4.58 years disease duration and 342 essential tremor patients (118 males), aged 69.39 years, with 5.3 years disease duration were included, hospitalized during a period of 7 years in First Clinic of Neurology, University St Marina Hospital, Varna, Bulgaria. We found insignificantly higher levels of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in essential tremor patients. Results differ statistically only on gender level with increased cholesterol in males and triglycerides in females. Our findings may indicate divergent pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Parkinson`s disease and essential tremor. Further research may elucidate the role of lipid metabolism changes in both diseases. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 43-46. Key words: serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Parkinson`s disease, essential tremor
{"title":"SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND ESSENTIAL TREMOR","authors":"B. Ivanov, A. Kaprelyan, Ivan Dimitrov, Margarita Grudkova, N. Usheva, V. Nestorova, N. Deleva","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V26.1543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V26.1543","url":null,"abstract":"The role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson`s disease is still controversial. Most authors suggest that higher The role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson`s disease is still controversial. Most authors suggest that higher serum cholesterol may be associated with a lower risk of Parkinson`s disease. Debates exist as to whether essential tremor shares similar neuropathological mechanisms as Parkinson`s disease. We investigated serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in a clinical setting of Parkinson`s disease versus essential tremor patients. Two hundred and sixteen Parkinson`s disease patients (126 males), aged 68.04 years, with 4.58 years disease duration and 342 essential tremor patients (118 males), aged 69.39 years, with 5.3 years disease duration were included, hospitalized during a period of 7 years in First Clinic of Neurology, University St Marina Hospital, Varna, Bulgaria. We found insignificantly higher levels of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in essential tremor patients. Results differ statistically only on gender level with increased cholesterol in males and triglycerides in females. Our findings may indicate divergent pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Parkinson`s disease and essential tremor. Further research may elucidate the role of lipid metabolism changes in both diseases. Biomed Rev 2015; 26: 43-46. Key words: serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Parkinson`s disease, essential tremor","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"43-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77270258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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