Cellular bioenergetics has been interpreted for several decades using the Keilin-Mitchell-Boyer (KMB) model of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), and for understanding/managing of the pertinent mitochondrial pathophysiological states. Although decades of research had revealed many faulty chemico-physical aspects of KMB perspective, recent critical insights from our group’s writings have sufficiently brought out the errors in the KMB model, rendering it obsolete/redundant. The murburn model proposed in lieu is a compelling alternative for explaining OxPhos because it reasons several facets of mitochondrial structure-function correlations, reaction chemistry and thermodynamics. However, the mitochondrial research community appears to be recalcitrant, and continues to follow the erstwhile erroneous ideas and not take cognizance of the new insights. Hence, we deemed it opportune to make a clarion call for a jettisoning of the superseded terminologies (or keywords) and concepts routinely used by researchers in this field. First, we present a statistical perspective of the usage of these terms in the past and recent times, to support our claims and call. Then, we articulate simplified arguments why the key elements/terms of the KMB model like “electron-transfer/electron-transport/respiratory chain”, “mitochondrial proton pumps”, “mitochondrial membrane po-tential”, “chemiosmosis”, “proton motive force” and “rotary ATP synthase/synthesis” violate scientific/semantic logic. Finally, we conclude with summative statements projecting the importance of our claims and call.
{"title":"2020: murburn concept heralds a new era in cellular bioenergetics","authors":"D. A. Gideon, Vivian David Jacob, K. Manoj","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v30.6390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v30.6390","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular bioenergetics has been interpreted for several decades using the Keilin-Mitchell-Boyer (KMB) model of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), and for understanding/managing of the pertinent mitochondrial pathophysiological states. Although decades of research had revealed many faulty chemico-physical aspects of KMB perspective, recent critical insights from our group’s writings have sufficiently brought out the errors in the KMB model, rendering it obsolete/redundant. The murburn model proposed in lieu is a compelling alternative for explaining OxPhos because it reasons several facets of mitochondrial structure-function correlations, reaction chemistry and thermodynamics. However, the mitochondrial research community appears to be recalcitrant, and continues to follow the erstwhile erroneous ideas and not take cognizance of the new insights. Hence, we deemed it opportune to make a clarion call for a jettisoning of the superseded terminologies (or keywords) and concepts routinely used by researchers in this field. First, we present a statistical perspective of the usage of these terms in the past and recent times, to support our claims and call. Then, we articulate simplified arguments why the key elements/terms of the KMB model like “electron-transfer/electron-transport/respiratory chain”, “mitochondrial proton pumps”, “mitochondrial membrane po-tential”, “chemiosmosis”, “proton motive force” and “rotary ATP synthase/synthesis” violate scientific/semantic logic. Finally, we conclude with summative statements projecting the importance of our claims and call.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82248228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Torday’s prognosis for aging and mortality: more evolution and better life!","authors":"K. Manoj","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v30.6384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v30.6384","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"468 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76357235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding lectin, containing carbohydrate-recognition domain, which interacts with a number of ligands. It is found in many tissues and is distributed intra– and extracellularly. The localization of the biomarker determines its function. Galectin-3 is involved in variety of biological processes sush as inflammation, fibrosis, immunological response and neoplastic growth. It may be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker especially in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The present review summarizes some of the properties of this biomarker. Biomed Rev 2019;30:83-88
{"title":"Galectin-3: multiple clinical applications","authors":"A. Kisheva, Y. Yotov","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v30.6389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v30.6389","url":null,"abstract":"Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding lectin, containing carbohydrate-recognition domain, which interacts with a number of ligands. It is found in many tissues and is distributed intra– and extracellularly. The localization of the biomarker determines its function. Galectin-3 is involved in variety of biological processes sush as inflammation, fibrosis, immunological response and neoplastic growth. It may be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker especially in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The present review summarizes some of the properties of this biomarker. Biomed Rev 2019;30:83-88","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75077616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Todor A Popov, A. Petlichkovski, T. Mustakov, T. Kralimarkova
Rationale: Sputum examination is a valuable research tool to study airway diseases, but the requirement to process the samples within 2 hours of their collection poses limitations to its wider applicability. A way to bypass this hurdle would be to freeze the sample at the time of collection and to examine it at a later stage. Methods and Subjects: We developed a protocol for freezing of sputum upon collection by adding dimethylsulfoxide to it. We tested the reproducibility of cell counts in frozen samples and in fresh portions from the same sputum specimens. We took sputum from 41 asthmatics (18 males) with different levels of control of their disease: 19 of the samples were spontaneously produced and 22 were induced with hypertonic saline. Results: Significant correlations (p<0.05) were established between the total cell counts, the relative and absolute number of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in the paired fresh and frozen sputum samples. Cell viability in frozen sputum was slightly but consistently lower. Only one frozen sample had viability < 50%. Outcomes in paired samples from induced sputum had better reproducibility than the spontaneous ones. Conclusion: Examination of frozen sputum samples does not change total cell counts and differential cell counts, despite consistently affecting cell viability compared with fresh sputum cellularity. Still cell viability in frozen sputum was above 50% in all but one examined specimens.
{"title":"Freezing of sputum as a way to improve the applicability of sputum studies","authors":"Todor A Popov, A. Petlichkovski, T. Mustakov, T. Kralimarkova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5853","url":null,"abstract":"Rationale: Sputum examination is a valuable research tool to study airway diseases, but the requirement to process the samples within 2 hours of their collection poses limitations to its wider applicability. A way to bypass this hurdle would be to freeze the sample at the time of collection and to examine it at a later stage. Methods and Subjects: We developed a protocol for freezing of sputum upon collection by adding dimethylsulfoxide to it. We tested the reproducibility of cell counts in frozen samples and in fresh portions from the same sputum specimens. We took sputum from 41 asthmatics (18 males) with different levels of control of their disease: 19 of the samples were spontaneously produced and 22 were induced with hypertonic saline. Results: Significant correlations (p<0.05) were established between the total cell counts, the relative and absolute number of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in the paired fresh and frozen sputum samples. Cell viability in frozen sputum was slightly but consistently lower. Only one frozen sample had viability < 50%. Outcomes in paired samples from induced sputum had better reproducibility than the spontaneous ones. Conclusion: Examination of frozen sputum samples does not change total cell counts and differential cell counts, despite consistently affecting cell viability compared with fresh sputum cellularity. Still cell viability in frozen sputum was above 50% in all but one examined specimens.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72996937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Male infertility represents around half of all cases of infertility. The microdeletions of the azoospermia factor (AZF) region, located in the long arm of Y chromosome, are the second most common reason for reproductive problems among men. This genetic mutation results in low sperm count and fertility rate. The presence of Y microdeletions can lower the success rate of in vitro procedures and would be transmitted to the next generation. We have analyzed 30 articles about the connection between the deletions of the Y chromosome and the decreased sperm count. 25 of them confirm the role of this genetic mutation, while the rest do not, but they investigate only some AZF loci. The negative results could also be due to the different ethnic origin of the participants, difference between the research method and etc. Testing infertile men for Y chromosome deletions could lead to a major improvement in the options for treating infertility. Also, if such mutation is diagnosed, this is an indication for genetic counseling in order to avoid future fertility issues in the next generation. The review of the included articles proves the role of the Y chromosome microdeletions as a reason for male infertility and outlines the main principles when performing the genetic test for this mutation.
{"title":"Y chromosome microdeletions as a cause for male infertility","authors":"M. Levkova, T. Chervenkov, L. Angelova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5850","url":null,"abstract":"Male infertility represents around half of all cases of infertility. The microdeletions of the azoospermia factor (AZF) region, located in the long arm of Y chromosome, are the second most common reason for reproductive problems among men. This genetic mutation results in low sperm count and fertility rate. The presence of Y microdeletions can lower the success rate of in vitro procedures and would be transmitted to the next generation. We have analyzed 30 articles about the connection between the deletions of the Y chromosome and the decreased sperm count. 25 of them confirm the role of this genetic mutation, while the rest do not, but they investigate only some AZF loci. The negative results could also be due to the different ethnic origin of the participants, difference between the research method and etc. Testing infertile men for Y chromosome deletions could lead to a major improvement in the options for treating infertility. Also, if such mutation is diagnosed, this is an indication for genetic counseling in order to avoid future fertility issues in the next generation. The review of the included articles proves the role of the Y chromosome microdeletions as a reason for male infertility and outlines the main principles when performing the genetic test for this mutation.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75294867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last decades, increasing interest has been attracted towards the nanotechnology which provide a set of promising research tools and theranostic approaches. Tremendous research efforts in nanofabrication technology have led to the production of biocompatible nanostructures and advanced carriers with various configurations for protection of the loaded biomolecules or drugs against the metabolism or excretion. Furthermore, controlled delivery and targeted therapy may result in the improved therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases and reduced adverse effects of drugs. The efficiency of protein drugs may be negatively affected by their limited transportation within the body and short half-lives. Application of nanoparticles may significantly improve the pharmacological profiles of protein drugs. In neurology, high-resolution imaging techniques, nanoengineered materials capable of interaction with the nervous systems, and nanopharmaceuticals with minimal toxicity and improved bioavailability may be of great theranostic significance. This may provide remarkable breakthroughs in the pharmaceutical industry and health-care system. In the present review, the significance of nanotechnology and modeling approaches in health-care system has been highlighted.
{"title":"Nanoparticles reshape the biomedical industry","authors":"P. Hassanzadeh, F. Atyabi, R. Dinarvand","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5846","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decades, increasing interest has been attracted towards the nanotechnology which provide a set of promising research tools and theranostic approaches. Tremendous research efforts in nanofabrication technology have led to the production of biocompatible nanostructures and advanced carriers with various configurations for protection of the loaded biomolecules or drugs against the metabolism or excretion. Furthermore, controlled delivery and targeted therapy may result in the improved therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases and reduced adverse effects of drugs. The efficiency of protein drugs may be negatively affected by their limited transportation within the body and short half-lives. Application of nanoparticles may significantly improve the pharmacological profiles of protein drugs. In neurology, high-resolution imaging techniques, nanoengineered materials capable of interaction with the nervous systems, and nanopharmaceuticals with minimal toxicity and improved bioavailability may be of great theranostic significance. This may provide remarkable breakthroughs in the pharmaceutical industry and health-care system. In the present review, the significance of nanotechnology and modeling approaches in health-care system has been highlighted.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78577313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Tarani, G. Micangeli, D. Rasio, Silvia Ottombrino, N. Liberati, D. D. Angelis, Valentina Carito, A. Greco, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore
The child affected by a malformative syndrome represents a care challenge for the pediatrician. He is in fact the heart of the multidisciplinary team that has to manage the patient, trying to control the complications of his/her syndrome and promoting the correct psychophysical development. What we must not forget is that the pediatrician provides a continuous support to the child`s family, assisting them from the diagnosis to the management of problems related to the syndrome. This encourages the continuous follow-up of these children remembering also that the pediatrician is fundamental in the clinical management of the syndrome and for facilitating the social integration of these children.
{"title":"Clinical and genetic approach to the dysmorphic child","authors":"L. Tarani, G. Micangeli, D. Rasio, Silvia Ottombrino, N. Liberati, D. D. Angelis, Valentina Carito, A. Greco, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v29.5848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v29.5848","url":null,"abstract":"The child affected by a malformative syndrome represents a care challenge for the pediatrician. He is in fact the heart of the multidisciplinary team that has to manage the patient, trying to control the complications of his/her syndrome and promoting the correct psychophysical development. What we must not forget is that the pediatrician provides a continuous support to the child`s family, assisting them from the diagnosis to the management of problems related to the syndrome. This encourages the continuous follow-up of these children remembering also that the pediatrician is fundamental in the clinical management of the syndrome and for facilitating the social integration of these children.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79942898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefania CiafrÃ, Valentina Carito, G. Ferraguti, A. Greco, M. Ralli, P. Tirassa, G. Chaldakov, M. Messina, M. L. Attilia, R. Ceccarelli, L. Tarani, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to a family of proteins termed neurotrophins, consisting of NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5 and NT-6. Today, NGF is well recognized to mediate a large number of trophobiological actions resulting in neurotrophic, immunotrophic and/or metabotrophic effects. The pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression and schizophrenia) and brain parasitic infections have in common the effect of altering the brain levels of neurotrophins and in particular NGF. The involvement of NGF and its TrkA receptor in these pathologies and the recent promising results of NGF therapies are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Nerve growth factor in brain diseases","authors":"Stefania CiafrÃ, Valentina Carito, G. Ferraguti, A. Greco, M. Ralli, P. Tirassa, G. Chaldakov, M. Messina, M. L. Attilia, R. Ceccarelli, L. Tarani, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5845","url":null,"abstract":"The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to a family of proteins termed neurotrophins, consisting of NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5 and NT-6. Today, NGF is well recognized to mediate a large number of trophobiological actions resulting in neurotrophic, immunotrophic and/or metabotrophic effects. The pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression and schizophrenia) and brain parasitic infections have in common the effect of altering the brain levels of neurotrophins and in particular NGF. The involvement of NGF and its TrkA receptor in these pathologies and the recent promising results of NGF therapies are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88278369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grasso, M. Ralli, G. Agolli, M. Fiore, M. Ceccanti, P. Tirassa, M. Vicentiis, A. Greco
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract after cancer of the oral cavity. Over the past two decades, even though patients have benefited greatly from the latest advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the survival rate of LSCC has not improved significantly. It is reported that changes in the expression of cytokines and growth factors have implications in the malignant transformation of many cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and, more recently, LSCC. It has been hypothesized that some of these cytokines may be used as additional diagnostic markers in the sera of patients because of their excessive production by the tumor cells. This could be of great value since there are currently no reliable markers to predict either tumor development or relapse. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), is now reported to play an important role in cancer invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Recent studies have shown an increased concentration of IL-8 in patients with LSCC and a positive association with lymph node metastasis and T classification. Interleukin-8 levels were not significantly associated with shorter overall survival and cancer progression-free survival. The investigation of the mechanisms of origin, invasion, and metastasis of the cancer is one of the emergent and most promising scientific fields in head and neck cancer, especially in LSCC. Biomarkers such as IL-8 could have a role as a screening test and as a support of the clinical decisions for appropriate therapy and postoperative care in individual patients.
{"title":"Interleukin-8 and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma","authors":"M. Grasso, M. Ralli, G. Agolli, M. Fiore, M. Ceccanti, P. Tirassa, M. Vicentiis, A. Greco","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5849","url":null,"abstract":"Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract after cancer of the oral cavity. Over the past two decades, even though patients have benefited greatly from the latest advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the survival rate of LSCC has not improved significantly. It is reported that changes in the expression of cytokines and growth factors have implications in the malignant transformation of many cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and, more recently, LSCC. It has been hypothesized that some of these cytokines may be used as additional diagnostic markers in the sera of patients because of their excessive production by the tumor cells. This could be of great value since there are currently no reliable markers to predict either tumor development or relapse. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), is now reported to play an important role in cancer invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Recent studies have shown an increased concentration of IL-8 in patients with LSCC and a positive association with lymph node metastasis and T classification. Interleukin-8 levels were not significantly associated with shorter overall survival and cancer progression-free survival. The investigation of the mechanisms of origin, invasion, and metastasis of the cancer is one of the emergent and most promising scientific fields in head and neck cancer, especially in LSCC. Biomarkers such as IL-8 could have a role as a screening test and as a support of the clinical decisions for appropriate therapy and postoperative care in individual patients.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86988567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microglia are commonly referred to as the brain`s macrophages, which leads to confusion due to the presence of several other macrophage populations in the central nervous system. The morphological, molecular and ontological differences between these cells are subtle. They need to be clearly defined in the light of the new evidence suggesting that microglia originate not in the bone marrow, but from yolk sac, or, possibly, pericyte progenitors. Recent paradigm shift redefines the specific roles of microglia during brain development, health and disease. Microglia have emerged as key players in important events such as neurogenesis, programmed cell death, elimination of synapses and remodeling of neural circuits. These novel discoveries imply a need for a better morphological and molecular differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte populations and their subtypes in the brain. This may improve our knowledge of their specific contributions and possible pharmacological manipulation in brain health and disease.
{"title":"Microglia are not brain macrophages?","authors":"Marin Zhelezov, A. Tonchev","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5855","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia are commonly referred to as the brain`s macrophages, which leads to confusion due to the presence of several other macrophage populations in the central nervous system. The morphological, molecular and ontological differences between these cells are subtle. They need to be clearly defined in the light of the new evidence suggesting that microglia originate not in the bone marrow, but from yolk sac, or, possibly, pericyte progenitors. Recent paradigm shift redefines the specific roles of microglia during brain development, health and disease. Microglia have emerged as key players in important events such as neurogenesis, programmed cell death, elimination of synapses and remodeling of neural circuits. These novel discoveries imply a need for a better morphological and molecular differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte populations and their subtypes in the brain. This may improve our knowledge of their specific contributions and possible pharmacological manipulation in brain health and disease.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89586793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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