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Fantasies of Revenge: An Evolutionary and Individual Differences Account 复仇幻想:进化论和个体差异论
Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221133322
Stephen M. Yoshimura, S. Boon
In this study, we examine the descriptive qualities of revenge fantasies and test evolutionary and individual-difference accounts for the experience of them. Participants recalled and described a revenge fantasy, and rated its recency, duration, intensity, and the frequency with which they fantasized about revenge overall. They also completed measures of narcissistic entitlement and vengefulness. Consistent with an evolutionary approach to understanding revenge, the results show that men were twice as likely to report fantasies of direct/overt acts of revenge than were women. Vengefulness and narcissistic entitlement did not relate to whether the fantasized revenge act was direct/overt or indirect/covert, but related to the frequency and intensity of participants’ revenge fantasies and the affective experiences participants reported while thinking of them. The findings add specificity to the three-phase model of revenge ( Yoshimura & Boon, 2018), and reveal areas of potential growth in research on revenge, in general, and revenge fantasies specifically.
在这项研究中,我们考察了复仇幻想的描述性特征,并测试了它们经历的进化和个体差异解释。参与者回忆并描述了一个复仇幻想,并对其发生的时间、持续时间、强度和频率进行了评分。他们还完成了自恋权利和报复心理的测试。与理解复仇的进化方法一致,结果表明,男性报告直接或公开报复行为的可能性是女性的两倍。复仇和自恋权利与幻想的报复行为是直接/公开还是间接/隐蔽无关,但与参与者复仇幻想的频率和强度以及参与者在想到它们时报告的情感体验有关。这些发现为复仇的三阶段模型增加了特异性(Yoshimura & Boon, 2018),并揭示了复仇研究的潜在增长领域,特别是复仇幻想。
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引用次数: 1
Reality Monitoring and Metamemory in Twins and Friends 双胞胎和朋友的现实监测和元记忆
Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221131244
E. Krackow, Brianna N. DeLarge, Victoria DiSciullo, E. Deming, Madison G. Gallimore
The current study examined source memory/reality monitoring ability and metamemory accuracy in same-sex twins (n = 60) versus friends (n = 49). Dyads were provided a series of actions and imaginings followed by a reality monitoring and metamemory test that included both reality monitoring questions and appraisals of the likelihood of having made a memory error. There were no significant differences between twins and friends on the number of correct performed action items recalled, but twins were more likely than were friends to confuse whether they or their co-twin was the subject of the imaginings. Friends were more apt than twins to accurately appraise the likelihood of having made a memory error. Implications for twins as eyewitnesses are discussed.
目前的研究考察了同性双胞胎(n = 60)和朋友(n = 49)的源记忆/现实监测能力和元记忆准确性。二人组被要求进行一系列的动作和想象,然后进行现实监测和元记忆测试,其中包括现实监测问题和对犯记忆错误可能性的评估。双胞胎和朋友之间在正确回忆的动作项目数量上没有显著差异,但双胞胎比朋友更容易混淆他们或他们的孪生兄弟是想象的对象。朋友比双胞胎更容易准确地判断出记忆错误的可能性。对双胞胎作为目击证人的影响进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the Relationship Between Conventional Versus Idiosyncratic Role-Identity Meanings and Identity Commitment 传统与特质角色认同意义与认同承诺之关系研究
Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221123769
Michael J. Carter, Jazmin Liliana Hernandez, Danielle Morales
Role identity meanings consist of two dimensions: a conventional dimension (representing role identity meanings that are socialized via society or the collective) and an idiosyncratic dimension (representing unique or individual identity meanings one defines for engaging in a role). In the identity literature, these distinctions have mostly been theoretical and assumed. However, recent empirical research has begun to examine how the balance of conventional versus idiosyncratic role identity meanings functions within the self. In this article, we contribute to the literature by presenting the results of a study that examines how the balance of conventional versus idiosyncratic role identity meanings relates to identity commitment. We administer a survey to 934 study participants that measures the conventional/idiosyncratic balance and commitment to the student, worker, and friend role identities. Our results show that, generally, the more conventionally defined one's role identities, the greater one's commitment to the identities.
角色身份含义由两个维度组成:传统维度(代表通过社会或集体社会化的角色身份含义)和特质维度(代表一个人为扮演角色而定义的独特或个人身份含义)。在身份文学中,这些区别大多是理论上的和假定的。然而,最近的实证研究已经开始检验传统与特质角色身份意义的平衡是如何在自我中发挥作用的。在这篇文章中,我们通过展示一项研究的结果来对文献做出贡献,该研究考察了传统与特质角色身份意义的平衡与身份承诺之间的关系。我们对934名研究参与者进行了一项调查,测量了传统/特质的平衡以及对学生、员工和朋友角色身份的承诺。我们的研究结果表明,一般来说,一个人的角色身份越是传统定义,他对身份的承诺就越大。
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引用次数: 0
Editor's Statement 编辑器的声明
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221112757
J. M. Honeycutt, K. Markman, A. D’Angiulli
changes. Findings allowed for: the conceptualizing of the friendzone, highlighting obstacles for navigating non-normative relationship scripts, and identifying risks involved with relationship change.
的变化。研究结果允许:朋友圈的概念化,强调在非规范关系脚本中导航的障碍,以及识别关系变化所涉及的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Subjective Lateralization within Auditory Imagery: Valence and Verbality 听觉意象中的主观侧化:效价与言语
Pub Date : 2022-08-25 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221120220
T. Hubbard, S. Ruppel
Two experiments examined whether auditory imagery was localized to the left or right ear. Building on research of Prete and colleagues, in Experiment 1, participants imaged a person spoke into their ear or they spoke into an imaged person's ear. Valence of the message was positive (e.g., “you won!”) or negative (e.g., “you lost!”), and sex of the imaged person and whether the participant or imaged person was imaged to have moved was varied. Positively-valenced messages were more likely to be imaged at the right ear; negatively-valenced messages were more likely to be imaged at the left ear. In Experiment 2, participants imaged a positively-valenced (e.g., a kitten purring) or a negatively-valenced (e.g., fingernails scratching a chalkboard) nonverbal sound. Both positively-valenced nonverbal sounds and negatively-valenced nonverbal sounds were imaged at the right ear. Auditory imagery vividness and clarity, handedness, and preferred telephone ear did not generally correlate with ear preferences. Implications for lateralization of language, emotion, and auditory frequency; the inner voice/inner ear distinction; and methods of analysis are discussed.
两个实验检查了听觉图像是局限于左耳还是右耳。在Prete及其同事的研究基础上,在实验1中,参与者对一个人对着他们的耳朵说话或对着被成像的人的耳朵说话进行成像。信息的效价是正面的(例如“你赢了!”)或负面的(例如,“你输了!”。正价信息更有可能在右耳成像;负价信息更有可能在左耳成像。在实验2中,参与者想象了一种正价(例如小猫发出呜呜声)或负价(例如指甲抓黑板)的非语言声音。正价非言语声音和负价非言语声都在右耳成像。听觉意象的生动性和清晰度、惯用手和偏好的电话耳朵通常与耳朵偏好无关。语言、情绪和听觉频率的偏侧化含义;内在声音/内耳的区别;并讨论了分析方法。
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引用次数: 0
Openness to Experience Mediates the Relation Between Fantasy Proneness and Creative Thinking 体验的开放性介导幻想倾向与创造性思维的关系
Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221120214
Louise Taylor Bunce, Elizabeth A. Boerger
Fantasy proneness has recently been related to creative thinking. To try and explain this link, we examined whether the relation was mediated by Openness to Experience (openness) because fantasy proneness and openness involve an imaginative thinking style. Study 1 assessed fantasy proneness (Creative Experiences Questionnaire), openness, and creative (divergent) thinking in 87 undergraduates (77% women, mean age 21 years). Study 2 replicated the method with museum visitors of similar age (58% women, mean age 23 years). Our hypotheses received partial support: although fantasy proneness did not directly predict creativity in either study, bivariate correlations in both studies revealed that fantasy proneness positively predicted openness, and openness positively predicted creativity. In addition, openness mediated the relation between fantasy proneness and creativity, but only in Study 2. These findings reveal potentially useful relations between fantasy proneness, openness, and creativity, and show that findings from student populations are not necessarily generalizable.
幻想倾向最近与创造性思维有关。为了试图解释这种联系,我们研究了这种关系是否是由对经验的开放性(开放性)介导的,因为幻想倾向和开放性涉及想象力思维风格。研究1评估了87名本科生(77%为女性,平均年龄21岁)的幻想倾向(创造性体验问卷)、开放性和创造性(发散性)思维。研究2对年龄相仿的博物馆游客(58%为女性,平均年龄23岁)重复了这种方法。我们的假设得到了部分支持:尽管在这两项研究中,幻想倾向并不能直接预测创造力,但两项研究的双变量相关性表明,幻想倾向正预测开放性,开放性正预测创造力。此外,开放性介导了幻想倾向和创造力之间的关系,但仅在研究2中。这些发现揭示了幻想倾向、开放性和创造力之间潜在的有用关系,并表明来自学生群体的发现不一定是可推广的。
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引用次数: 0
Mindfulness, Meditation, and Lucid Dreaming: A Narrow vs. Broad-Spectrum Mindfulness Study 正念、冥想和清醒梦:一项狭义vs广谱正念研究
Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221113292
Chelsea Geise, J. C. Smith
Both lucid dreaming and mindfulness appear to involve metacognition and awareness, or “awareness of awareness” in which one is aware and consciously attends to present experiences. Despite evidence for the continuity hypothesis of dreaming (which posits dream content is connected and related to the concerns and thoughts in waking life), little research has explored a relationship between lucid dreaming and waking mindfulness. The present study explores the relationship among mindfulness experience, meditation practice history, and lucid dreaming. Undergraduate students and meditators completed questionnaires assessing trait mindfulness, lucid dreaming frequency, and meditation practices. Surprisingly, lucid dreaming was not associated with meditation practice frequency or narrow-spectrum mindfulness experiences like present-centered awareness and nonjudgmental acceptance. Lucid dreaming frequency was predicted only by dream recall and mindfulness-related experiences of Transcendence. Possible personality implications are discussed.
清醒梦和正念似乎都涉及元认知和意识,或“意识的意识”,其中一个人意识到并有意识地关注当前的经历。尽管有证据表明梦的连续性假设(假设梦的内容与清醒生活中的关注点和思想有关),但很少有研究探索清醒梦和清醒意识之间的关系。本研究探讨了正念体验、冥想练习历史和清醒梦之间的关系。本科生和冥想者完成了评估特质正念、清醒梦频率和冥想练习的问卷调查。令人惊讶的是,清醒梦与冥想练习频率或窄谱正念体验(如以现在为中心的意识和不判断的接受)无关。清醒梦的频率只能通过梦境回忆和正念相关的超越体验来预测。讨论了可能的人格暗示。
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引用次数: 0
How Best to Imagine: Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Activity Imagery, Possible Self and Combined Interventions on Physical Activity and Related Outcomes 如何最好地想象:比较体育活动意象、可能的自我和联合干预对体育活动和相关结果的有效性
Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221107883
Sarah L. Deck, Brittany N. Semenchuk, Craig Hall, L. Duncan, Sasha M. Kullman, S. Strachan
Mental imagery and possible-selves interventions can help to improve physical activity (PA) in a variety of populations. Currently, no study has combined these two interventions to test the efficacy or possible synergistic effect. This study investigated the efficacy of a one-time exposure to one of three parallel interventions: imagery, possible selves, and combined, on exercise and self-efficacy, compared to a control group who were given nutritional information as an intervention. One hundred and twelve participants were randomized and provided data at three time points – eligibility screening, post-intervention, and 4-week follow-up. There were no significant group by time interactions or group differences. Main effects for time and exercise showed all participants increased in exercise suggesting that there are no advantages of the interventions. We discuss reasons why this may have occurred and suggest several areas for future researchers to expand upon, including replication with more exposure to interventions.
心理意象和可能的自我干预可以帮助改善各种人群的体育活动。目前,没有任何研究将这两种干预措施结合起来测试其疗效或可能的协同作用。这项研究调查了一次性接触三种平行干预措施之一(意象、可能的自我和组合)对运动和自我效能的影响,与接受营养信息作为干预的对照组相比。112名参与者被随机分组,并在三个时间点提供数据——资格筛选、干预后和4周随访。没有显著的逐时间交互作用或组差异。时间和运动的主要影响显示,所有参与者的运动量都有所增加,这表明干预措施没有任何好处。我们讨论了可能发生这种情况的原因,并提出了未来研究人员可以扩展的几个领域,包括更多地接触干预措施的复制。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a Scale to Investigate the Dissatisfaction with the Face and Body 制定调查对脸和身体不满意程度的量表
Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221104199
Izumi Ayase, M. Mori, Takaaki Kato
The purpose of this study was to develop a psychometric scale to measure dissatisfaction with one’s face. In Study 1, 1,002 people aged 17–42 years using a 7-point Likert scale for a draft scale. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale consisted of 27 items and a 3-factor structure (Avoidance, Fear, and Obsessive thinking), named Face Dissatisfaction Scale (FDS). Study 2 examined sex differences in dissatisfaction with the face and body. The results showed that females were more dissatisfied with faces than males; however, there was no sex difference in body dissatisfaction. Males were more dissatisfied with bodies than faces; however, there was no difference in females. We found that face dissatisfaction was positively associated with dysmorphic concerns and obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Moreover, the FDS showed high goodness-of-fit, reliability, and validity. The study suggests that FDS is a useful psychometric tool to seek unsatisfied people with their faces.
本研究的目的是开发一种心理测量量表来测量对自己面部的不满。在研究1中,1002名17-42岁的人使用7点Likert量表作为草稿量表。探索性因素分析显示,该量表由27个项目和一个3因素结构(回避、恐惧和强迫思维)组成,名为面部不满意量表(FDS)。研究2调查了对面部和身体不满的性别差异。结果显示,女性对面孔的不满意程度高于男性;然而,在身体不满方面没有性别差异。男性对身体的不满多于对面孔的不满;但女性之间没有差异。我们发现,脸上的不满与畸形担忧和强迫症倾向呈正相关。此外,FDS显示出较高的拟合优度、可靠性和有效性。研究表明,FDS是一种有用的心理测量工具,可以用脸来寻找不满意的人。
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引用次数: 1
Narrative Identity Anchors the Self During Instability: The Structuring Effect of Cinematic Self 叙事身份在不稳定中锚定自我:电影自我的结构效应
Pub Date : 2022-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/02762366221104221
Shrija Dirghangi, Alexander E Wong
According to narrative identity theory, narratives underlie a strong sense of self because they unify and integrate identity (McAdams, 2008). Consistent with this, individual differences in cinematic self, how storied people experience themselves (Wong, Dirghangi, & Butner, 2020), positively relate to stronger self outcomes. If narratives provide a robust structure for identity, then the consequences of having a stronger or weaker narrative identity may be particularly evident during instability. Two studies tested the hypothesis narrative identity moderates the relationship between self-instability and sense of self. Significant interactions were observed across university students (N  =  172) and online adults (N  =  248), that were consistent across measures of self (self-concept clarity, self-alienation, self-awareness) and stability (stability of self, labile self-esteem), and remained significant controlling for self-esteem. The results support the idea a highly storied identity structures a more robust self than a lesser storied identity and that narrative identity promotes resilience during unstable times.
根据叙事认同理论,叙事是强烈的自我意识的基础,因为它们统一和整合了身份(McAdams, 2008)。与此一致的是,电影自我的个体差异,故事人物如何体验自己(Wong, Dirghangi, & Butner, 2020),与更强的自我结果呈正相关。如果叙事为身份提供了一个强健的结构,那么在不稳定的情况下,拥有更强或更弱的叙事身份的后果可能会特别明显。两项研究验证了叙事认同调节自我不稳定和自我意识之间关系的假设。大学生(N = 172)和网络成人(N = 248)在自我(自我概念清晰、自我异化、自我意识)和稳定性(自我稳定性、不稳定自尊)的测量中观察到显著的交互作用,并且在自尊的控制上保持显著。研究结果支持这样一种观点,即高度传奇化的身份比不那么传奇化的身份更能塑造一个强健的自我,而叙述性的身份能促进在不稳定时期的恢复力。
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引用次数: 0
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Imagination, cognition and personality
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