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The Effect of Fantasy Context on Moral Action and Judgment 幻想情境对道德行为和道德判断的影响
Pub Date : 2021-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211019782
Brian Ruedinger, J. Barnes
Research suggests individuals import real-world facts into fictional worlds based on the type of fact and fictional context. We examined the importation of real-world morality across fictional contexts. Undergraduate (Study 1) and MTurk (Study 2) participants were randomly assigned to read either a realistic or matching fantastical interactive narrative. At seven junctions, participants were presented with a choice between behaving morally and behaving immorally to advance their goals. In Study 3, an MTurk sample judged the actions of a character who behaved immorally. For Study 1, a gender by condition interaction was found, with males electing more immoral actions in the fantasy condition. For Study 2, no such effect was found. Nonetheless, in Study 3, participants judged immoral actions in the realistic condition as more immoral compared to the fantasy context. Across all studies, transportation predicted choosing fewer immoral actions and judging immoral actions more harshly.
研究表明,个人根据事实类型和虚构背景将真实世界的事实导入虚构世界。我们研究了现实世界道德在虚构环境中的输入。本科生(研究1)和MTurk(研究2)的参与者被随机分配阅读现实或匹配的幻想互动叙事。在七个路口,参与者被要求在道德行为和不道德行为之间做出选择,以推进他们的目标。在研究3中,一个MTurk样本判断了一个行为不道德的角色的行为。在研究1中,发现了一种按条件的性别互动,男性在幻想条件下选择了更多不道德的行为。对于研究2,未发现此类影响。尽管如此,在研究3中,与幻想环境相比,参与者认为现实条件下的不道德行为更不道德。在所有研究中,交通预测选择更少的不道德行为,对不道德行为的评判更严厉。
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引用次数: 1
Dreaming About One’s Own Children: An Online Survey 梦想自己的孩子:一项在线调查
Pub Date : 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211017421
M. Schredl, Naiara Cadiñanos Echevarria, Louise Saint Macary, Alexandra Francesca Weiss
Social interactions with close persons are very important and one would expect – according to the continuity hypothesis of dreaming – that the dreamer's own children would show up in dreams quite frequently. So far the extent to which dreams include the dreamer’s own children has not been studied systematically. Overall, 1695 persons (960 women, 735 men; age mean: 53.84 ± 13.99 years) completed an online survey that included questions about dreams and waking-life experiences with their children. The findings indicate parents dream about their children in 17% of the remembered dreams, whereas participants without children only dream about having fictive children in the dream in less than 3% of all their recalled dreams. Results indicate that average emotional tone of the dreams with their own children was positive, but dreams might also focus on conflicts and worries as the mean emotional tone within dreams was less positive that the mean estimates of the emotional tone of the waking-life relationship. This first study on the frequency with which a dreamer’s own children appear in their dreams is a starting point to take a closer look at the way the parent-child relationship is reflected in dreams.
与亲密的人的社会交往是非常重要的,根据做梦的连续性假设,人们会期望做梦者自己的孩子会经常出现在梦中。到目前为止,还没有系统地研究做梦者自己的孩子在多大程度上参与了梦。总共1695人(960名妇女,735名男子;年龄平均:53.84±13.99岁)完成了一项在线调查,包括与孩子一起做的梦和醒时生活经历的问题。研究结果表明,在被记忆的梦境中,有17%是父母梦到自己的孩子,而没有孩子的参与者只在不到3%的梦境中梦到自己的孩子。结果表明,与自己的孩子在一起的梦的平均情绪基调是积极的,但梦也可能集中在冲突和担忧上,因为梦中的平均情绪基调不如现实生活关系的平均情绪基调积极。这是对做梦者自己的孩子在梦中出现频率的第一次研究,这是一个更深入地研究亲子关系在梦中反映方式的起点。
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引用次数: 1
Vividness, Clarity, and Control in Auditory Imagery 听觉意象的生动、清晰与控制
Pub Date : 2021-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211013468
T. Hubbard, S. Ruppel
Previous studies of auditory imagery have often confounded vividness and clarity, and the differences between these constructs are not clear. Additionally, it has been suggested that clarity is a more useful construct than is vividness in understanding auditory imagery. The Clarity of Auditory Imagery Scale and the Bucknell Auditory Imagery Scale were administered to participants, and ratings of the clarity, vividness, and control over auditory imagery were collected. All three measures were highly positively correlated. The magnitudes of these correlations were not influenced by participants’ sex, age, ethnic group, handedness, years of participation in a band or choir, or years of formal instruction in music, and possible reasons for the lack of individual differences are discussed. Three analogies for understanding differences between vividness in auditory imagery and clarity in auditory imagery, and suggestions for potential operational definitions of auditory vividness and auditory clarity in future studies, are provided.
先前对听觉意象的研究经常混淆生动性和清晰度,这些结构之间的差异尚不清楚。此外,有人认为,在理解听觉意象方面,清晰度比生动性更有用。对参与者进行听觉意象清晰度量表和巴克内尔听觉意象量表,并收集对听觉意象清晰度、生动性和控制力的评分。这三项指标均呈高度正相关。这些相关性的大小不受参与者的性别、年龄、种族、惯用手、参加乐队或合唱团的年限或正式音乐教学的年限的影响,并讨论了缺乏个体差异的可能原因。为理解听觉图像的生动性和听觉图像的清晰度之间的差异,提供了三个类比,并为未来研究中听觉生动性和视觉清晰度的潜在操作定义提出了建议。
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引用次数: 2
Pre-Socratic Understandings of Moral Identity: The Theoretical Infrastructure, Development, Reliability and Validity of the Philotimo Scale 前苏格拉底时代对道德认同的理解:菲洛蒂莫量表的理论基础、发展、可靠性和有效性
Pub Date : 2021-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211013503
M. Mantzios
The word Philotimo has often been literally translated from Greek to English as ‘love for honour’ or a ‘sense of honour’. This love for honour is described as being a pillar of upholding societal functioning at an optimal level, and an instigator of doing what is right for oneself and others; yet, there is no literature measuring or defining Philotimo. Philotimo is a commitment to unconditional selfless acts that are aligned to a sense of a moral identity; a definition derivative of the literature search and the enquiry of the core principles of Philotimo of the present research. In six studies (N = 1144), the development and validation of the Philotimo Scale is described. In Study 1, Greek participants were asked to rate how much they thought they possessed the trait, which correlated with the total score of the scale, while in Study 2 bilingual Greeks were asked to fill in both versions of the scale with a 2-week interval. Study 3 assessed the reliability of the scale, and Study 4 its stability over time. Study 5 assessed the factor structure, and Study 6 validated the scale against other standardised scales. Together these studies propose a reliable and valid measure that is representative of the Greek sense of Philotimo.
Philotimo这个词经常被从希腊语翻译成英语,意思是“对荣誉的热爱”或“荣誉感”。这种对荣誉的热爱被描述为维持社会功能在最佳水平上的支柱,并且是为自己和他人做正确事情的煽动者;然而,没有文献衡量或定义菲洛蒂莫。Philotimo是一种无条件无私行为的承诺,它与一种道德认同感相一致;一个定义衍生的文献检索和Philotimo的核心原则的探究本研究。在6项研究(N = 1144)中,描述了Philotimo量表的开发和验证。在研究1中,希腊参与者被要求对他们认为自己拥有这种特质的程度进行评分,这与量表的总分相关,而在研究2中,双语希腊人被要求每隔两周填写两种版本的量表。研究3评估了量表的可靠性,研究4评估了量表随时间的稳定性。研究5评估了因子结构,研究6对照其他标准化量表对量表进行了验证。这些研究共同提出了一个可靠而有效的衡量标准,代表了希腊意义上的Philotimo。
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引用次数: 0
Functions of Imagined Interactions With AI Among Alexa-Users Alexa用户与人工智能的想象交互功能
Pub Date : 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211005361
Timothy Gaspard, Phil Madison
Humans and agents of artificial intelligence (AI) participate in human-machine communication (HMC) more frequently now than ever before – especially in the U.S. Voice powered assistants (VPAs) are widely accessible software agents that enact various social roles, such as personal assistants, and are increasingly packaged with AI-devices to complete simple-tasks, such as sending texts, more efficiently. VPAs are designed to mimic human-human interactions (HHIs) to facilitate more natural human-VPA interactions (HVPAIs). The focus of this study is on the psychological effects of HVPAIs with Amazon’s VPA, Alexa, to identify predictors of frequent Alexa-use through six functions of imagined interactions (IIs) – rehearsal, self-understanding, relational maintenance, conflict linkage, compensation and catharsis. A modified survey of imagined interaction was distributed to 810 self-reported Alexa-users recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Results suggest that HVPAIs with Alexa impacts the imagination of participants similarly to HHIs, and that use of specific functions of IIs are significant negative predictors of Alexa-use. Moreover, the inclusion of machine-interlocutors as part of imagined interaction theory appears to be compelling as humans and machine interactions evolve in the 21st century.
人类和人工智能(AI)代理现在比以往任何时候都更频繁地参与人机通信(HMC),尤其是在美国。语音助手(VPA)是一种可广泛访问的软件代理,可以扮演各种社会角色,如个人助理,并且越来越多地与AI设备打包,以完成简单的任务,更有效。VPA被设计为模拟人与人之间的相互作用(HHI),以促进更自然的人与VPA相互作用(HVPAI)。本研究的重点是HVPAI与亚马逊的VPA Alexa的心理影响,以通过想象互动(II)的六种功能——排练、自我理解、关系维护、冲突联系、补偿和宣泄——来确定频繁使用Alexa。通过亚马逊的Mechanical Turk(MTurk)招募了810名Alexa用户,他们对想象中的互动进行了修改调查。结果表明,具有Alexa的HVPAI与HHI类似地影响参与者的想象力,并且IIs的特定功能的使用是Alexa使用的显著负面预测因素。此外,随着人类和机器交互在21世纪的发展,将机器对话者作为想象交互理论的一部分似乎是令人信服的。
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引用次数: 1
Relationships Between Delusion-Like Experiences, Lack of Control, Pattern Perception, and Decision Making 幻觉样经验、缺乏控制、模式知觉和决策之间的关系
Pub Date : 2021-03-27 DOI: 10.1177/02762366211005362
O. Çetin, M. Irak
Previous research has provided evidence for a relationship between illusory pattern perception and irrational beliefs. A common assumption is illusory pattern perception increases with an increasing feeling of lack of control. Delusion-like experiences include some of the behaviors related to irrational beliefs. Since no direct association between DLE and illusory pattern perception has been established, in this study we investigated the relationship between delusion-like experiences and illusory pattern perception for images with visual noise in a condition in which the participants were manipulated to lack control while controlling for another assumption which is jumping to conclusions bias on a bead task is predicted by delusion-like experiences. Results showed participants with delusion-like experiences produced more illusory pattern perception and false positive recognition for visually ambiguous stimuli. Participants who were manipulated to lack control produced more false positive recognition than the control group. A high level of delusion-like experiences predisposes vulnerability for increasing pattern seeking behavior under lack of control manipulation.
先前的研究已经为虚幻模式感知和非理性信念之间的关系提供了证据。一个普遍的假设是,错觉模式感知随着缺乏控制感的增加而增加。类似妄想的经历包括一些与非理性信念相关的行为。由于DLE与错觉模式感知之间没有直接的联系,在本研究中,我们研究了在被试被操纵为缺乏控制的同时控制另一个假设的情况下,在有视觉噪声的图像中,类错觉体验与错觉模式感知之间的关系。结果表明,有错觉样经历的参与者对视觉模糊刺激产生更多的错觉模式感知和假阳性识别。被操纵而缺乏控制的参与者比对照组产生了更多的假阳性认知。在缺乏控制操纵的情况下,高水平的妄想样经历易使脆弱性增加模式寻求行为。
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引用次数: 3
A Review of Imaginary Companions and Their Implications for Development 想象伴侣及其对发展的启示
Pub Date : 2021-03-09 DOI: 10.1177/0276236621999324
A. Armah, Melissa A. Landers-Potts
A curious childhood phenomenon that has received relatively little attention in developmental literature is the imaginary companion (IC). Increased recognition of the importance of imaginative play and a desire to stimulate children’s early cognitive development makes ICs a particularly relevant topic. The significant prevalence of ICs in the population has permitted a modest yet diverse range of research investigating the functions, correlates, and implications of ICs for the children that create them. This literature review summarizes some of this research in order to describe the functions and forms that ICs may take, as well as social and personality characteristics of children with ICs. It also examines the role that ICs may serve in cognitive and social development, particularly with respect to children’s acquisition of Theory of Mind. Finally, this article addresses ways to integrate ICs into other aspects of children’s lives, gaps in the existing literature, and potential directions for future research in the field.
想象伴侣(IC)是一种奇怪的儿童现象,在发展文学中相对较少受到关注。人们越来越认识到想象力游戏的重要性,并渴望刺激儿童的早期认知发展,这使IC成为一个特别相关的话题。ICs在人群中的显著流行使人们能够进行适度但多样的研究,调查ICs对产生ICs的儿童的功能、相关性和影响。本文献综述总结了一些研究,以描述IC可能采取的功能和形式,以及IC儿童的社会和个性特征。它还考察了IC在认知和社会发展中的作用,特别是在儿童获得心理理论方面。最后,本文阐述了将IC融入儿童生活其他方面的方法、现有文献中的空白以及该领域未来研究的潜在方向。
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引用次数: 5
Animals in Dreams of Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The UK Library Study 儿童、青少年和成人梦中的动物:英国图书馆研究
Pub Date : 2021-03-05 DOI: 10.1177/0276236620960634
M. Schredl, M. Blagrove
Animal dreams have fascinated mankind for ages. Empirical research indicated that children dream more often about animals than adults and dogs, cats, and horses are the most frequent animals that appear within dreams. Moreover, most dreamer-animal interactions are negative. The present study included 4849 participants (6 to 90 yrs. old) reporting 2716 most recent dreams. Overall, 18.30% of these dreams included animals with children reporting more animal dreams that adolescents and adults. The most frequent animals were again dogs, horses, and cats; about 20% of the dream animals were in fact pets of the dreamers. About 30% of the dream animals showed bizarre features, e.g., metamorphosing into humans or other animals, bigger than in real life, or can talk. Taken together, the findings support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming but also the idea that dreams reflect waking-life emotions in a metaphorical and dramatized way. Future studies should focus on eliciting waking-life experiences with animals, e.g., having a pet, animal-related media consumption, and relating these to experiences with animals in dreams.
多年来,动物的梦一直让人类着迷。实证研究表明,儿童比成人更常梦到动物,而狗、猫和马是梦里出现频率最高的动物。此外,大多数做梦者与动物的互动都是消极的。本研究包括4849名参与者(6至90岁)。旧)报告2716个最近的梦。总的来说,18.30%的梦与动物有关,儿童比青少年和成年人做了更多的动物梦。最常见的动物还是狗、马和猫;大约20%的梦中动物实际上是做梦者的宠物。大约30%的梦中动物表现出奇怪的特征,例如,变形成人类或其他动物,比现实生活中更大,或者会说话。综上所述,这些发现支持了做梦的连续性假说,但也支持了梦以隐喻和戏剧化的方式反映现实生活情感的观点。未来的研究应该集中在引出与动物的清醒生活体验,例如,养宠物,与动物相关的媒体消费,并将这些与梦中与动物的体验联系起来。
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引用次数: 1
Jawer, M. (2020). Sensitive soul: The unseen role of emotion in extraordinary states Jawer,M.(2020)。敏感的灵魂:情感在异常状态中的无形作用
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0276236620984376
N. Brink
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引用次数: 0
Editor’s Statement 编辑声明
Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.1177/0276236621998082
Robert G. Kunzendorf
As the editor of this issue, I would like to thank all the contributors and referees whose patience and cooperation with the Education Quarterly’s (EQ) editorial board made the publication of this volume possible. We started with a very long list of contributions from different areas of education, and the search for outstanding works proved difficult. After what appeared to be a never-ending search for publishable articles, the editorial board has finally assembled a package of seven articles for this issue. Certainly, more articles will be published after our masked reviewers and the members of the EQ editorial board have concluded their evaluation of the submissions that are still being and will be considered for publication. All of the articles in this issue are either quantitative or qualitative (or both) studies conducted by Filipino educationists and researchers. Their academic researchlights were zeroed in on learning environment and styles, regular and assistive teaching, school management, and materials that may be used to sharpen problem-solving abilities. Their works were all carried out in response to the current, and possibly most significant, realities and problems encountered in various contexts of Philippine education.
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引用次数: 0
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Imagination, cognition and personality
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