Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0276236619836091
S. Dahm
The present opinion questions the assessment of motor imagery (MI) ability with questionnaires, particularly for subjects with low MI ability. Strengths and limitations of implicit and explicit tests that can be associated to MI ability are highlighted. Creative solutions are claimed to handle the various dimensions of MI such as modality and perspective preferences. Although most of the proposed tasks promote visual MI, variations of the tasks may increase the kinesthetic aspects. Ideas and directions for future developments to assess MI ability are discussed.
{"title":"On the Assessment of Motor Imagery Ability: A Research Commentary","authors":"S. Dahm","doi":"10.1177/0276236619836091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236619836091","url":null,"abstract":"The present opinion questions the assessment of motor imagery (MI) ability with questionnaires, particularly for subjects with low MI ability. Strengths and limitations of implicit and explicit tests that can be associated to MI ability are highlighted. Creative solutions are claimed to handle the various dimensions of MI such as modality and perspective preferences. Although most of the proposed tasks promote visual MI, variations of the tasks may increase the kinesthetic aspects. Ideas and directions for future developments to assess MI ability are discussed.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"397 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236619836091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44044066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0276236619869163
James M. Honeycutt
Similarities and differences between inner speech and imagined interactions (IIs) are discussed. Selected studies in both areas are reviewed. Inner speech originally was conceptualized as a stage in language acquisition and the process of thought. It reflects speaking to oneself in the form of monologue. It has been referred to as verbal thinking, inner speaking, covert self-talk, internal monologue, and internal dialogue as people talk to themselves in silence. IIs are similar, yet different in that imaginary dialogue reflects talking to another person while monologue is self-talk. IIs are a type of daydreaming, social cognition, and mental imagery in which people experience cognitive representations of conversation with accompanying verbal and nonverbal features. We highlight relevant studies in the areas of daydreaming, public speaking, rumination, cardiovascular arousal, and road rage. We conclude with two suggestions for future research.
{"title":"Imagined Interactions and Inner Speech","authors":"James M. Honeycutt","doi":"10.1177/0276236619869163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236619869163","url":null,"abstract":"Similarities and differences between inner speech and imagined interactions (IIs) are discussed. Selected studies in both areas are reviewed. Inner speech originally was conceptualized as a stage in language acquisition and the process of thought. It reflects speaking to oneself in the form of monologue. It has been referred to as verbal thinking, inner speaking, covert self-talk, internal monologue, and internal dialogue as people talk to themselves in silence. IIs are similar, yet different in that imaginary dialogue reflects talking to another person while monologue is self-talk. IIs are a type of daydreaming, social cognition, and mental imagery in which people experience cognitive representations of conversation with accompanying verbal and nonverbal features. We highlight relevant studies in the areas of daydreaming, public speaking, rumination, cardiovascular arousal, and road rage. We conclude with two suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"386 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236619869163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41854553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0276236619864277
M. West, E. Somer
Daydreaming is important for creativity and the understanding of our minds and those of others. However, some adults daydream to such an extreme degree that the behavior becomes disruptive; a condition known as maladaptive daydreaming (MD). We propose that highly immersive daydreaming is not always maladaptive, and immersive characteristics of daydreaming may benefit emotional regulation, empathy, and creativity. This study consisted of 542 participants from 56 countries recruited online from MD and other communities. Our results revealed that the maladaptive components of MD predicted higher affective empathy, poorer emotional regulation abilities, and reduced creative output. The immersive components of daydreaming predicted higher empathy for fantasy characters and poorer emotional regulation. These results suggest that the immersive and maladaptive components of MD have distinct behavioral correlates, but that any form of immersive daydreaming is not an effective emotional regulation strategy. Implications for the planning of effective treatment for MD are discussed.
{"title":"Empathy, Emotion Regulation, and Creativity in Immersive and Maladaptive Daydreaming","authors":"M. West, E. Somer","doi":"10.1177/0276236619864277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236619864277","url":null,"abstract":"Daydreaming is important for creativity and the understanding of our minds and those of others. However, some adults daydream to such an extreme degree that the behavior becomes disruptive; a condition known as maladaptive daydreaming (MD). We propose that highly immersive daydreaming is not always maladaptive, and immersive characteristics of daydreaming may benefit emotional regulation, empathy, and creativity. This study consisted of 542 participants from 56 countries recruited online from MD and other communities. Our results revealed that the maladaptive components of MD predicted higher affective empathy, poorer emotional regulation abilities, and reduced creative output. The immersive components of daydreaming predicted higher empathy for fantasy characters and poorer emotional regulation. These results suggest that the immersive and maladaptive components of MD have distinct behavioral correlates, but that any form of immersive daydreaming is not an effective emotional regulation strategy. Implications for the planning of effective treatment for MD are discussed.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"358 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236619864277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45465365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0276236619864275
Anne-Laure de Place, Sophie Brunot
Two experiments examined the effects of general and specific possible selves on undergraduates’ academic self-efficacy and engagement. Based on findings in the field of autobiographical memory, we assumed that an interaction pattern would appear between specificity and valence when imagining future self-relevant events. Indeed, visualizing a future general success or specific failure led to better performance on an attention task (Study 1) and higher academic motivation (Study 2) than imagining a future general failure or specific success. On a measure of self-efficacy, however, participants imagining a future general failure were the only ones reporting lower academic self-efficacy (Study 2), excluding the possibility that this variable could be sufficient to explain the effects of possible selves on academic engagement. These results support the assumption of a similar impact of autobiographical memories and possible selves on motivation and behavior and call for further research in this field.
{"title":"Motivational and Behavioral Impact of Possible Selves: When Specificity Matters","authors":"Anne-Laure de Place, Sophie Brunot","doi":"10.1177/0276236619864275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236619864275","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments examined the effects of general and specific possible selves on undergraduates’ academic self-efficacy and engagement. Based on findings in the field of autobiographical memory, we assumed that an interaction pattern would appear between specificity and valence when imagining future self-relevant events. Indeed, visualizing a future general success or specific failure led to better performance on an attention task (Study 1) and higher academic motivation (Study 2) than imagining a future general failure or specific success. On a measure of self-efficacy, however, participants imagining a future general failure were the only ones reporting lower academic self-efficacy (Study 2), excluding the possibility that this variable could be sufficient to explain the effects of possible selves on academic engagement. These results support the assumption of a similar impact of autobiographical memories and possible selves on motivation and behavior and call for further research in this field.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"329 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236619864275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43241553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0276236619896268
A. Campos, Diego Campos-Juanatey
The aim of this study was to design a test to measure a person’s ability to orient themselves on a “you are-here” map. The Spatial Orientation Skills Test, a test measuring spatial orientation ability, consists of 30 items, each item contains two maps, one is positioned at 0° (the model), and the other is the same map but amplified and rotated. The task participants were required to perform was to find their way around on the model map to get to a specific point by taking as a reference point the position indicated on the amplified and rotated map. A sample of 281 university undergraduates participated in the study. The test obtained a Cronbach alpha of .83. The test was significantly correlated to the test measuring image rotation. The results are discussed, and new lines of research are proposed.
{"title":"Measure of Spatial Orientation Ability","authors":"A. Campos, Diego Campos-Juanatey","doi":"10.1177/0276236619896268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236619896268","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to design a test to measure a person’s ability to orient themselves on a “you are-here” map. The Spatial Orientation Skills Test, a test measuring spatial orientation ability, consists of 30 items, each item contains two maps, one is positioned at 0° (the model), and the other is the same map but amplified and rotated. The task participants were required to perform was to find their way around on the model map to get to a specific point by taking as a reference point the position indicated on the amplified and rotated map. A sample of 281 university undergraduates participated in the study. The test obtained a Cronbach alpha of .83. The test was significantly correlated to the test measuring image rotation. The results are discussed, and new lines of research are proposed.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"348 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236619896268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42657934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-21DOI: 10.1177/0276236620926486
M. Schredl
Since the formulation of the continuity hypothesis in 1971, research findings have supported the thematic and emotional continuity between waking and dreaming. However, dreams that include experiences that never occurred in the dreamer’s waking life, this is, discontinuous dreams, have not been studied extensively. In a long series (N = 11,575 dreams), elevator dreams (about 1% of the dreams) were analyzed whether they were continuous or discontinuous to the waking life of the dreamer. Although many elevator dreams are likely to reflect waking life, in over 40% of the elevator dreams the dreamer was using an elevator that showed unusual or even bizarre features, for example, elevator moving horizontally or flying, transforming into a subway, and so on. Often these dreams were associated with anxiety, and the question is whether these dreams—discontinuous on a thematic level—represent a continuity of emotions and/or are a metaphorical expression of the dreamer’s waking life situation, for example, ups and downs.
{"title":"“What Goes Up Must Come Down”—Elevators in a Long Dream Series","authors":"M. Schredl","doi":"10.1177/0276236620926486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236620926486","url":null,"abstract":"Since the formulation of the continuity hypothesis in 1971, research findings have supported the thematic and emotional continuity between waking and dreaming. However, dreams that include experiences that never occurred in the dreamer’s waking life, this is, discontinuous dreams, have not been studied extensively. In a long series (N = 11,575 dreams), elevator dreams (about 1% of the dreams) were analyzed whether they were continuous or discontinuous to the waking life of the dreamer. Although many elevator dreams are likely to reflect waking life, in over 40% of the elevator dreams the dreamer was using an elevator that showed unusual or even bizarre features, for example, elevator moving horizontally or flying, transforming into a subway, and so on. Often these dreams were associated with anxiety, and the question is whether these dreams—discontinuous on a thematic level—represent a continuity of emotions and/or are a metaphorical expression of the dreamer’s waking life situation, for example, ups and downs.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"40 1","pages":"143 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236620926486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44227235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1177/0276236620904500
James M. Honeycutt, K. Markman, A. D’Angiulli
{"title":"Editors’ Statement","authors":"James M. Honeycutt, K. Markman, A. D’Angiulli","doi":"10.1177/0276236620904500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236620904500","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"39 1","pages":"327 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236620904500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46043866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-31DOI: 10.1177/0276236620914563
Alejandro Parra, Rocio Giudici
Healers not only experience somatic sensations during practices related to their spiritual beliefs, but they also evidence related cognitive-perceptual and personality characteristics. The main aim was to evaluate sensory-perceptual traits involved in healers’ spiritual healing practices. We recruited a sample of 190 practitioners, who completed 5 instruments to evaluate the sensory phenomenology of experiences of healing, interoceptive awareness, and absorption. Significant differences were found in two groups, Practitioners (n = 71) and Newly Initiated (n = 119), divided by their practice experience length. Practitioners scored higher on interoceptive body awareness (both emotional and body) and absorption than the newly initiated. An exploratory analysis also showed positive correlations between the total score of sensory healing modalities and the intensity of visualization, body awareness, and absorption scores, as well as higher spirituality and training in various healing techniques. Thus, it is possible to build a personality profile of healers characterized by a combination of interoceptive awareness, ability to focus attention, hypersensitivity and kinetic synesthesia, and ease of mental imagery.
{"title":"Cognitive-Perceptual Features Associated With Nonconventional Healing Practices","authors":"Alejandro Parra, Rocio Giudici","doi":"10.1177/0276236620914563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236620914563","url":null,"abstract":"Healers not only experience somatic sensations during practices related to their spiritual beliefs, but they also evidence related cognitive-perceptual and personality characteristics. The main aim was to evaluate sensory-perceptual traits involved in healers’ spiritual healing practices. We recruited a sample of 190 practitioners, who completed 5 instruments to evaluate the sensory phenomenology of experiences of healing, interoceptive awareness, and absorption. Significant differences were found in two groups, Practitioners (n = 71) and Newly Initiated (n = 119), divided by their practice experience length. Practitioners scored higher on interoceptive body awareness (both emotional and body) and absorption than the newly initiated. An exploratory analysis also showed positive correlations between the total score of sensory healing modalities and the intensity of visualization, body awareness, and absorption scores, as well as higher spirituality and training in various healing techniques. Thus, it is possible to build a personality profile of healers characterized by a combination of interoceptive awareness, ability to focus attention, hypersensitivity and kinetic synesthesia, and ease of mental imagery.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"40 1","pages":"126 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236620914563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65073239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-26DOI: 10.1177/0276236620913008
F. Neto, E. Mullet
Saudade is a psychological experience resulting from the absence of significant others or familiar places. Four studies were conducted in view of creating a measure of saudade derived from previous prototype analyses. Data from four samples were collected: two samples of Portuguese undergraduate students, one sample of Portuguese adults, and one sample of Portuguese adolescents. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a three-factor latent structure of saudade was identified: Missing Close Others, Lack of Intimacy, and Longing for the Past. This three-factor structure was meaningfully associated with theoretically related constructs such as life satisfaction, negative affect, loneliness, love satisfaction, self-esteem, or neuroticism and was not associated with theoretically unrelated constructs such as tolerance or openness.
{"title":"Development of a Prototype-Based Scale for Assessing Saudade","authors":"F. Neto, E. Mullet","doi":"10.1177/0276236620913008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236620913008","url":null,"abstract":"Saudade is a psychological experience resulting from the absence of significant others or familiar places. Four studies were conducted in view of creating a measure of saudade derived from previous prototype analyses. Data from four samples were collected: two samples of Portuguese undergraduate students, one sample of Portuguese adults, and one sample of Portuguese adolescents. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a three-factor latent structure of saudade was identified: Missing Close Others, Lack of Intimacy, and Longing for the Past. This three-factor structure was meaningfully associated with theoretically related constructs such as life satisfaction, negative affect, loneliness, love satisfaction, self-esteem, or neuroticism and was not associated with theoretically unrelated constructs such as tolerance or openness.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"40 1","pages":"110 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236620913008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44897381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-19DOI: 10.1177/0276236620911602
D. Watson
The present research examined the dual nature of the materialistic personality in terms of temporal perspective, subjective well-being, and materialism. The dual-nature model hypothesizes an anxious “mouse” type and a more flamboyant “peacock” type of materialist. Previous research has found a relationship between materialism and past-negative and present fatalistic temporal orientation. This study extended this research by examining the future-negative perspective and its relationship to materialism and well-being. It was hypothesized that the two types of materialists would have different temporal profiles. In addition, it was predicted that a future-negative perspective would mediate the relationship between materialism and well-being as was previously found with past-negative temporal orientation. The results indicated higher dark-future, future-negative, and past-negative scores with the “mouse” type materialists and higher present hedonistic scores in the “peacock” type materialists. Mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of a future-negative perspective in the relationship between materialism and well-being.
{"title":"Well-Being, Temporal Orientation, and the Dual Nature of Materialism","authors":"D. Watson","doi":"10.1177/0276236620911602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236620911602","url":null,"abstract":"The present research examined the dual nature of the materialistic personality in terms of temporal perspective, subjective well-being, and materialism. The dual-nature model hypothesizes an anxious “mouse” type and a more flamboyant “peacock” type of materialist. Previous research has found a relationship between materialism and past-negative and present fatalistic temporal orientation. This study extended this research by examining the future-negative perspective and its relationship to materialism and well-being. It was hypothesized that the two types of materialists would have different temporal profiles. In addition, it was predicted that a future-negative perspective would mediate the relationship between materialism and well-being as was previously found with past-negative temporal orientation. The results indicated higher dark-future, future-negative, and past-negative scores with the “mouse” type materialists and higher present hedonistic scores in the “peacock” type materialists. Mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of a future-negative perspective in the relationship between materialism and well-being.","PeriodicalId":89150,"journal":{"name":"Imagination, cognition and personality","volume":"40 1","pages":"65 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0276236620911602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45537792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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