Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648020
Pengfu Li, S. Harding, Zhi-li Liu
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms which are unicells or filaments. Of great significance biologically is the fact that certain cyanobacteria can fix elemental nitrogen (Carr and Whitton, 1982). Some cyanobacteri a are capable of movement by gliding when in contact with the substrate (Bold and Wynne, 1985). Some cyanobacteria have the ability to survive desiccation and extremes of temperature, and can grow at high pH and salinity (Flaibani et al., 1989). Cyanobacteria occur in most environments on earth. Their distribution in freshwater and marine environment is cosmopolitan. Cyanobacteria are also commonly found in the soil and in rocks from the tropics to polar regions, and from temperate climates to extreme arid deserts, where they sometimes participate in the formation of microbial crusts or mats (Bold and Wynne, 1985; Mazor et al., 1996). A number of diazotrophic cyanobacteria grow easily in association or symbiosis with certain green algae, liverworts, water ferns, and angiosperms (Bold and Wynne, 1985). Cyanobacteria have been known, for a long time, to produce large amounts of exopolysaccharide (Drews and Weckesser, 1982). Recently, this massive production has received increasing attention due to the potential applications of these substances as industrial gums, bioflocculants, soil conditioners and biosorbants, and to their participation in symbiotic processes in plants, in the gliding movement, and in the general interactions between microorganisms and their habitats (Bertocchi et al., 1990; Painter. 1993; Morvan et al, 1997; De Philippis and Vincenzini, 1998).
蓝藻(蓝绿藻)是单细胞或细丝的光合原核生物。具有重要生物学意义的是，某些蓝藻可以固定元素氮(Carr和Whitton, 1982)。一些蓝藻在与底物接触时能够通过滑动运动(Bold and Wynne, 1985)。一些蓝藻具有在干燥和极端温度下生存的能力，并且可以在高pH和高盐度下生长(Flaibani et al.， 1989)。蓝藻存在于地球上的大多数环境中。它们在淡水和海洋环境中的分布是世界性的。蓝藻也普遍存在于从热带到极地的土壤和岩石中，从温带气候到极端干旱的沙漠，在那里它们有时参与微生物结壳或垫的形成(Bold和Wynne, 1985;Mazor et al.， 1996)。许多重氮营养蓝藻很容易与某些绿藻、苔类、水蕨类和被子植物结合或共生生长(Bold and Wynne, 1985)。长期以来，人们都知道蓝藻可以产生大量的胞外多糖(Drews和Weckesser, 1982)。最近，由于这些物质作为工业胶、生物絮凝剂、土壤调节剂和生物吸附剂的潜在应用，以及它们参与植物的共生过程、滑动运动和微生物与其栖息地之间的一般相互作用，这种大规模生产受到了越来越多的关注(Bertocchi等，1990;画家。1993;Morvan等人，1997;De Philippis和Vincenzini, 1998)。
{"title":"Cyanobacterial Exopolysaccharides: Their Nature and Potential Biotechnological Applications","authors":"Pengfu Li, S. Harding, Zhi-li Liu","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648020","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms which are unicells or filaments. Of great significance biologically is the fact that certain cyanobacteria can fix elemental nitrogen (Carr and Whitton, 1982). Some cyanobacteri a are capable of movement by gliding when in contact with the substrate (Bold and Wynne, 1985). Some cyanobacteria have the ability to survive desiccation and extremes of temperature, and can grow at high pH and salinity (Flaibani et al., 1989). Cyanobacteria occur in most environments on earth. Their distribution in freshwater and marine environment is cosmopolitan. Cyanobacteria are also commonly found in the soil and in rocks from the tropics to polar regions, and from temperate climates to extreme arid deserts, where they sometimes participate in the formation of microbial crusts or mats (Bold and Wynne, 1985; Mazor et al., 1996). A number of diazotrophic cyanobacteria grow easily in association or symbiosis with certain green algae, liverworts, water ferns, and angiosperms (Bold and Wynne, 1985). Cyanobacteria have been known, for a long time, to produce large amounts of exopolysaccharide (Drews and Weckesser, 1982). Recently, this massive production has received increasing attention due to the potential applications of these substances as industrial gums, bioflocculants, soil conditioners and biosorbants, and to their participation in symbiotic processes in plants, in the gliding movement, and in the general interactions between microorganisms and their habitats (Bertocchi et al., 1990; Painter. 1993; Morvan et al, 1997; De Philippis and Vincenzini, 1998).","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":"375 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72882593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648018
C. Kelly, D. Medaglini, Justine S. Younson, G. Pozzi
Most interactions between host and pathogens occur at the host mucos al surfaces. Many pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gain entry via the mucosa while others, including Candida, Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori , must become established at the mucosa to cause damage to the host. Strategies aimed at controlling pathogens at mucosal surfaces and infectious diseases in general are summarized in Figure 13.1. These include primarily vaccination and the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy, particularly antibiotics, which have both had an enormous impact on infectious disease (Cohen, 2000). Passive immunization has been used less with the advent of vaccines and antibiotics but is of increasing importance for treatment of immunocornpromised patients (Hammarstrom, 1999) whilst the development and use of topical microbicides is regarded as a potentially important means of preventing infection with HIV (Lange et al., 1993). Pathogens at mucosa( sites, however, present particular problems for these measures, e.g. antibiotics can be very effective in clearing systemic infections while being unable to affect mucosal carriage of the pathogen. A limited number of vaccines induce protective mucosal responses and vaccines are not yet available for several microorganisms that infect rnucos al surfaces. These observations, together with concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance (Hawkey, 1998; Irvin and Bautista, 1999), have stimulated investigation of additional antimicrobial strategies as well as refinement of existing approaches.
{"title":"Biotechnological Approaches to Fight Pathogens at Mucosal Sites","authors":"C. Kelly, D. Medaglini, Justine S. Younson, G. Pozzi","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648018","url":null,"abstract":"Most interactions between host and pathogens occur at the host mucos al surfaces. Many pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gain entry via the mucosa while others, including Candida, Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori , must become established at the mucosa to cause damage to the host. Strategies aimed at controlling pathogens at mucosal surfaces and infectious diseases in general are summarized in Figure 13.1. These include primarily vaccination and the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy, particularly antibiotics, which have both had an enormous impact on infectious disease (Cohen, 2000). Passive immunization has been used less with the advent of vaccines and antibiotics but is of increasing importance for treatment of immunocornpromised patients (Hammarstrom, 1999) whilst the development and use of topical microbicides is regarded as a potentially important means of preventing infection with HIV (Lange et al., 1993). Pathogens at mucosa( sites, however, present particular problems for these measures, e.g. antibiotics can be very effective in clearing systemic infections while being unable to affect mucosal carriage of the pathogen. A limited number of vaccines induce protective mucosal responses and vaccines are not yet available for several microorganisms that infect rnucos al surfaces. These observations, together with concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance (Hawkey, 1998; Irvin and Bautista, 1999), have stimulated investigation of additional antimicrobial strategies as well as refinement of existing approaches.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"329 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648007
A. Sadana
To acquire an understanding of biological processes at the molecular level requires two basic approaches: structural and functional analysis. Under ideal conditions these should complement each other and provide a complete picture of the molecular processes. Electron microscopy, sequence analysis, mass spectroscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction studies are routinely employed as structural techniques. These provide information about the atomic organization of individual as well as interacting biomolecules, but these have the disadvantage of being static and ’frozen’ in time. Functional investigation techniques like affinity chromatography, immunological techniques, and spectrophotometric techniques give valuable information on the conditions and the specificity of the interaction, but are (a) unable to follow a process in time, or (b) are too slow to be rendered suitable for most biospecific interactions. Moreover, these techniques demand some kind of labelling of interactants which is undesirable as it may interfere with the interaction and this will necessitate purification of the interactants in large quantities. A promising area in the investigation of biomolecular interactions is the development of biosensors. These biosensors are finding application in the areas of biotechnology, physics, chemistry, medicine, aviation, oceanography, and environmental control. These sensors or biosensors may be utilized to monitor the analytereceptor reactions in real time (Myszka et al., 1997), besides some techniques like the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor do not require radiolabelling or biochemical tagging (Jonsson et al., 1991), are reusable, have a flexible experimental
{"title":"Kinetic Analysis for Analyte-Receptor Binding and Dissociation in Biosensor Applications: a Fractal Analysis","authors":"A. Sadana","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648007","url":null,"abstract":"To acquire an understanding of biological processes at the molecular level requires two basic approaches: structural and functional analysis. Under ideal conditions these should complement each other and provide a complete picture of the molecular processes. Electron microscopy, sequence analysis, mass spectroscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction studies are routinely employed as structural techniques. These provide information about the atomic organization of individual as well as interacting biomolecules, but these have the disadvantage of being static and ’frozen’ in time. Functional investigation techniques like affinity chromatography, immunological techniques, and spectrophotometric techniques give valuable information on the conditions and the specificity of the interaction, but are (a) unable to follow a process in time, or (b) are too slow to be rendered suitable for most biospecific interactions. Moreover, these techniques demand some kind of labelling of interactants which is undesirable as it may interfere with the interaction and this will necessitate purification of the interactants in large quantities. A promising area in the investigation of biomolecular interactions is the development of biosensors. These biosensors are finding application in the areas of biotechnology, physics, chemistry, medicine, aviation, oceanography, and environmental control. These sensors or biosensors may be utilized to monitor the analytereceptor reactions in real time (Myszka et al., 1997), besides some techniques like the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor do not require radiolabelling or biochemical tagging (Jonsson et al., 1991), are reusable, have a flexible experimental","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":"29 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82547364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648016
N. Chebotareva, S. V. Klinov, B. Kurganov
The enzyme from rabbit skeletal muscle contains 842 amino acid residues and the essential cofactor pyridoxa1-5’-phosphate is linked through its aldehyde group to the &amino group of Lys680. The polypeptide chain can be divided in two domains, both of them having an-sheet core surrounded by a-helices. The main oligomeric form of the enzyme is a dimer. The interactions between identical subunits are relatively few in dephosphorylated form of the enzyme (phosphorylase b). The main contacts involve the cap (residues 36 to 45) and the tower (residues 260 to 276) of symmetryrelated subunits. X-ray crystallographic studies reveal four ligand-binding sites: catalytic site, allosteric effector site, glycogen storage site, and nucleoside inhibitor site (Figure 11.1). The catalytic site is buried in the centre of the subunit where the domains come together. Access to this site is achieved through a narrow channel which is some 1.2 nm long. The access is restricted mostly by the 280s loop (residues 282 to 286). The residues from the 280s loop are displaced upon transition to catalytically active state following motion of the symmetry-related towers. The allosteric effector site is located near the subunit interface and is separated by a distance of 3.2 nm from the catalytic site. The glycogen storage site is 3.0 nm apart from the catalytic site and at a distance of 4.0 urn from the allosteric effector site. The
{"title":"Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Phospfaorylase by Physiological Effectors","authors":"N. Chebotareva, S. V. Klinov, B. Kurganov","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648016","url":null,"abstract":"The enzyme from rabbit skeletal muscle contains 842 amino acid residues and the essential cofactor pyridoxa1-5’-phosphate is linked through its aldehyde group to the &amino group of Lys680. The polypeptide chain can be divided in two domains, both of them having an-sheet core surrounded by a-helices. The main oligomeric form of the enzyme is a dimer. The interactions between identical subunits are relatively few in dephosphorylated form of the enzyme (phosphorylase b). The main contacts involve the cap (residues 36 to 45) and the tower (residues 260 to 276) of symmetryrelated subunits. X-ray crystallographic studies reveal four ligand-binding sites: catalytic site, allosteric effector site, glycogen storage site, and nucleoside inhibitor site (Figure 11.1). The catalytic site is buried in the centre of the subunit where the domains come together. Access to this site is achieved through a narrow channel which is some 1.2 nm long. The access is restricted mostly by the 280s loop (residues 282 to 286). The residues from the 280s loop are displaced upon transition to catalytically active state following motion of the symmetry-related towers. The allosteric effector site is located near the subunit interface and is separated by a distance of 3.2 nm from the catalytic site. The glycogen storage site is 3.0 nm apart from the catalytic site and at a distance of 4.0 urn from the allosteric effector site. The","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"36 1","pages":"265 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72961826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648015
O. Kwon, Yoshihiro Ito
Enzymes play important roles in all living cells. They possess remarkable catalytic properties in terms of high catalytic activity, exclusion of undesirable side-reactions such as racemization, and operations under mild conditions. The most specific features of enzyme function are the high substrate specificity including regioselectivity and stereospecificity. As a consequence, enzymes have been used in various industrial and medical fields. Bioconjugation has expanded the possibility of application of enzymes towards bioreactor catalyst, bioreactor sensor and medical drug technologies. Immobilization of enzymes onto solid matrices has enabled the recyclization of enzymes: immobilization of enzymes onto sensing devices including electrodes and optodes has also provided the basis for biochemical sensors. Bioconjugation of medical enzymes extracted from animals with an amphiphilic polymer, polyethylene glycol, has been shown to reduce the immuno-reaction induced by the application of sensor or therapeutic enzymes into the human body. Various bioconjugations of biological molecules are very important in the biomedical fields (Aslam and Dent, 1998). Bioconjugation is divided into two categories in the present review. One is geneengineered bioconjugation, and the other chemically engineered bioconjugation (Figure 10.1). Gene-engineered modification has been used for the alteration of enzymatic activity, such as thermal stabilization (Bryan et al., 1986), alteration of
酶在所有活细胞中起着重要的作用。它们具有催化活性高、不发生外消旋等不良副反应以及在温和条件下操作等显著的催化性能。酶功能最具体的特点是高底物特异性，包括区域选择性和立体特异性。因此，酶已被用于各种工业和医疗领域。生物偶联扩大了酶在生物反应器催化剂、生物反应器传感器和医疗药物技术方面应用的可能性。将酶固定在固体基质上可以实现酶的再循环;将酶固定在传感设备上，包括电极和光电器件，也为生化传感器提供了基础。从动物中提取的医用酶与两亲性聚合物聚乙二醇的生物偶联，已被证明可以减少应用于人体的传感器或治疗酶引起的免疫反应。生物分子的各种生物偶联在生物医学领域非常重要(Aslam和Dent, 1998)。本文将生物偶联分为两类。一种是基因工程生物偶联，另一种是化学工程生物偶联(图10.1)。基因工程修饰已被用于改变酶的活性，如热稳定(Bryan et al.， 1986)
{"title":"Bioconjugation for Enzyme Technology","authors":"O. Kwon, Yoshihiro Ito","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648015","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymes play important roles in all living cells. They possess remarkable catalytic properties in terms of high catalytic activity, exclusion of undesirable side-reactions such as racemization, and operations under mild conditions. The most specific features of enzyme function are the high substrate specificity including regioselectivity and stereospecificity. As a consequence, enzymes have been used in various industrial and medical fields. Bioconjugation has expanded the possibility of application of enzymes towards bioreactor catalyst, bioreactor sensor and medical drug technologies. Immobilization of enzymes onto solid matrices has enabled the recyclization of enzymes: immobilization of enzymes onto sensing devices including electrodes and optodes has also provided the basis for biochemical sensors. Bioconjugation of medical enzymes extracted from animals with an amphiphilic polymer, polyethylene glycol, has been shown to reduce the immuno-reaction induced by the application of sensor or therapeutic enzymes into the human body. Various bioconjugations of biological molecules are very important in the biomedical fields (Aslam and Dent, 1998). Bioconjugation is divided into two categories in the present review. One is geneengineered bioconjugation, and the other chemically engineered bioconjugation (Figure 10.1). Gene-engineered modification has been used for the alteration of enzymatic activity, such as thermal stabilization (Bryan et al., 1986), alteration of","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":"237 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85580656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648010
Thomas Kjeldsen, P. Balschmidt, I. Diers, M. Hach, N. Kaarsholm, S. Ludvigsen
The globular, two...chain and 51 amino acid residue peptide-hormone insulin is produced and secreted by the ~-cellsof the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsnlin (110 amino acids). The pre-peptide (signal peptide) is removed upon entrance into the endoplasmic reticulum. Proinsulin folds in the endoplasmic reticulum, is transported to the Goigi apparatus and subsequently processed into the mature insulin molecule that is stored in well-defined storage vesicles (Figure 5.1) (Steiner etaI., 1967, 1986; Dodsonand Steiner, 1998). Proinsulin and insulin have self-assembling properties that play an important role in processing and storage in the J3-cell's secretory pathway and both associate to dimers and in the presence of zinc these further assemble into hexamers (Dodson and Steiner, 1998). In the late Golgi apparatus proinsulin is targeted to acidifying secretory granules and conversion ofproinsulin to insulin occurs by removal of the C-peptide by cleavage at dibasic processing sites by the endoproteases PC3 (or PCl) and pe2 (mammalian
{"title":"Expression of Insulin in Yeast: The Importance of Molecular Adaptation for Secretion and Conversion","authors":"Thomas Kjeldsen, P. Balschmidt, I. Diers, M. Hach, N. Kaarsholm, S. Ludvigsen","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648010","url":null,"abstract":"The globular, two...chain and 51 amino acid residue peptide-hormone insulin is produced and secreted by the ~-cellsof the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsnlin (110 amino acids). The pre-peptide (signal peptide) is removed upon entrance into the endoplasmic reticulum. Proinsulin folds in the endoplasmic reticulum, is transported to the Goigi apparatus and subsequently processed into the mature insulin molecule that is stored in well-defined storage vesicles (Figure 5.1) (Steiner etaI., 1967, 1986; Dodsonand Steiner, 1998). Proinsulin and insulin have self-assembling properties that play an important role in processing and storage in the J3-cell's secretory pathway and both associate to dimers and in the presence of zinc these further assemble into hexamers (Dodson and Steiner, 1998). In the late Golgi apparatus proinsulin is targeted to acidifying secretory granules and conversion ofproinsulin to insulin occurs by removal of the C-peptide by cleavage at dibasic processing sites by the endoproteases PC3 (or PCl) and pe2 (mammalian","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"121 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88813392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648011
N. Nomura, T. Deguchi, Y. Shigeno-Akutsu, T. Nakajima-Kambe, T. Nakahara
Since the middle of the 20th century, the chemical industry has generated various synthetic compounds as both industrial products and wastes material by-products. Among these synthetic compounds the water-insoluble solid polymers (with the exception of polymers synthesized specifically as biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid) are generally the most resistant to microbial attack, an attack which is essentially by enzyme action. An enzyme that is able to catalyze the degradation of a solid polymer must be able to access and bind to the polymer at a specific site, and to catalyze the degradation reaction extracellularly. In general, water-insoluble synthetic polymers are hydrophobic, rigid, and have a small specific surface area as compared to naturally occurring water-insoluble polymers such as cellulose. These properties make the degradation of the water-insoluble synthetic solid polymer difficult. However it has been reported that several water-insoluble synthetic solid polymers are vulnerable to microbial attack. In particular, the characteristics of the genetic sequences and catalytic mechanisms of the microbial enzymes which are able to degrade nylon and polyester polyurethane have been well studied, and this is what we will consider in this review.
{"title":"Gene Structures and Catalytic Mechanisms of Microbial Enzymes Able to Blodegrade the Synthetic Solid Polymers Nylon and Polyester Polyurethaoe","authors":"N. Nomura, T. Deguchi, Y. Shigeno-Akutsu, T. Nakajima-Kambe, T. Nakahara","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648011","url":null,"abstract":"Since the middle of the 20th century, the chemical industry has generated various synthetic compounds as both industrial products and wastes material by-products. Among these synthetic compounds the water-insoluble solid polymers (with the exception of polymers synthesized specifically as biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid) are generally the most resistant to microbial attack, an attack which is essentially by enzyme action. An enzyme that is able to catalyze the degradation of a solid polymer must be able to access and bind to the polymer at a specific site, and to catalyze the degradation reaction extracellularly. In general, water-insoluble synthetic polymers are hydrophobic, rigid, and have a small specific surface area as compared to naturally occurring water-insoluble polymers such as cellulose. These properties make the degradation of the water-insoluble synthetic solid polymer difficult. However it has been reported that several water-insoluble synthetic solid polymers are vulnerable to microbial attack. In particular, the characteristics of the genetic sequences and catalytic mechanisms of the microbial enzymes which are able to degrade nylon and polyester polyurethane have been well studied, and this is what we will consider in this review.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":"125 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87155154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648006
I. Drevin, B. Johansson, Erika Lars Son
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of molecules in an inert atmosphere. The transfer of thennal energy to a polymeric network or to macromolecules causes degradation of the sample into volatile products. The reaction products are characteristic ofthe original structure and much more easily analysed than the original sample. A significant advantage of the pyrolysis technique is the speed of the analysis~ Complex materials that normally require time consuming analysis can be investigated by this technique coupled to gas chromatography (Py-GC) in less than an hour or with it coupled directly to a mass spectrometer (Py-MS) in a couple of minutes. e.G. Williams' article from 1862 is considered to be the first of its kind in the field of pyrolysis. That study identified isoprene as the main pyrolytic product of robber. However, broad use of analytical pyrolysis has had to wait for the development of modern analytical technology. Today, pyrolysis is widely used to study macro.. molecules, including synthetic and natural polymers (see for example Wampler, 1989), to perform degradation and kinetic studies and also for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex substances. Examples of material analysed by pyrolysis are synthetic polymers (for a review, see Blazs6, 1997), coating materials (Haken, 1999), rubber (Dubey et aI., 1995), paper and paper coating, plant material (Ralph and Hatfield, 1991) and bacteria. Pyrolysis is also used in forensic science, art and archaeology (Shedrinsky et aI., 1989). This present review focuses on the analytical pyrolysis of biological macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and microorganisms. The first part of the article presents an overview of the pyrolysis techniques available and the methods for analysis of the pyrolytic products, the pyrolysate. The second part presents some applications to illustrate the types ofproblem that researchers have been able to solve using pyrolysis.
热解是分子在惰性气氛中的热分解。将能量转移到聚合物网络或大分子导致样品降解为挥发性产物。反应产物具有原始结构的特点，比原始样品更容易分析。热解技术的一个显著优点是分析速度快~通常需要耗时分析的复杂材料可以在不到一个小时的时间内与气相色谱(Py-GC)耦合，或者在几分钟内直接与质谱仪(Py-MS)耦合。威廉斯1862年的文章被认为是热解领域的第一篇同类文章。该研究确定异戊二烯是强盗的主要热解产物。然而，分析热解的广泛应用必须等待现代分析技术的发展。如今，热解被广泛应用于宏观经济的研究。分子，包括合成和天然聚合物(参见Wampler, 1989)，进行降解和动力学研究，也用于复杂物质的定性和定量分析。通过热解分析的材料有合成聚合物(回顾，见Blazs6, 1997)，涂层材料(Haken, 1999)，橡胶(Dubey et aI)。， 1995)、纸张和纸张涂层、植物材料(Ralph and Hatfield, 1991)和细菌。热解也用于法医学、艺术和考古学(Shedrinsky et aI)。, 1989)。本文对蛋白质、DNA和微生物等生物大分子的分析热解技术进行了综述。文章的第一部分概述了现有的热解技术和分析热解产物的方法。第二部分介绍了一些应用，以说明研究人员已经能够使用热解解决的问题类型。
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Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648017
R. Fahrner, H. Knudsen, Carol D. Basey, Walter Galan, Dian Feuerhelm, M. Vanderlaan, G. Blank
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are becoming a great success for the biotechnology industry. They are currently being studied in many clinical trials for treating a variety of diseases, and recently several have been approved for treating cancer (Carter et al., 1992; Anderson et al., 1996; Baselga et al~, 1996; Bodey et al., 1996; Longo~ 1996). Although there are several types of antibodies produced in different types ofcel1lines, the most clinically significant antibodies are full-length humanized IgG. produced in CHO cells. This review describes the methods used to purify these antibodies at industrial scale, focusing on chromatography processes~ and with particular reference to recent work at Genentech. Routine laboratory purification ofantibodies has been well described (for example see Scott et aL, 1987), but the considerations for large-scale production of pharmaceutical-grade antibodies are much different than those for laboratory scale. There are extreme purity requirements for pharmaceutical antibodies~ and routine large-scale production requires high yield and process reliability. To gain regulatory approval, the process must be completely validated to run consistently within specified limits, so the process should be designed to facilitate validation, Large-scale production of antibodies as pharmaceutical products is a complex
重组单克隆抗体正在成为生物技术产业的巨大成功。目前正在许多临床试验中研究它们，以治疗各种疾病，最近有几种已被批准用于治疗癌症(Carter et al.， 1992;Anderson et al.， 1996;Baselga等人，1996;Bodey et al.， 1996;Longo ~ 1996)。虽然在不同类型的细胞系中产生了几种抗体，但临床上最重要的抗体是全长人源化IgG。在CHO细胞中产生本文综述了用于工业规模纯化这些抗体的方法，重点介绍了色谱法，并特别提到了Genentech公司最近的工作。抗体的常规实验室纯化已经得到了很好的描述(例如，参见Scott等人，1987)，但大规模生产药物级抗体的考虑因素与实验室规模的考虑因素大不相同。药物抗体有极高的纯度要求，常规大规模生产需要高收率和工艺可靠性。为了获得监管部门的批准，该工艺必须经过完全验证，以在规定的限度内持续运行，因此该工艺应设计为便于验证。抗体作为药品的大规模生产是一个复杂的过程
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Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648014
D. Bermudes, K. Low, J. Pawelek, M. Feng, M. Belcourt, Li-mou Zheng, I. King
Cancer therapies fail for several primary reasons; lack ofdrug effect on the cancerous tissue~ lack of selectivity for the cancerous tissue, andlor inadequate delivery to the target tissue. Drug effect and selectivity can be improved by increased understanding of molecular and cellular differences between cancer and normal tissues, thus enabling the design of drugs that potently affect cancer-specific molecular targets associated with malignant behaviour. Another approach is to improve the selective delivery ofanti-cancer agents to tumours. One approach is to use carriers that bind to cancer...specific targets, such as antibodies (Hall, 1995). However, most targeting approaches, even if selective, tend not to deliver sufficiently high concentrations of the agent to the tumour to induce significant therapeutic effects. Recent findings suggest that the pathogenic bacterium Sallnonella, when genetically modified, can be used to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to solid tumours at high concentrations (Pawelek et ai., 1997; Low et ai., 1999a). These attenuated bacteria are administered either systemically or locally, whereupon they typically replicate 1000 times greater in the tumour than in other tissue. The basis for preferential colonization and accumulation of Salmonella in tumours appears to include some of the same characteristics of tumours that provide resistance to drug and immune-based therapies (Bermudes et aI., 2000a,b). Why tumours are susceptible to Sabnonella is not well understood and probably includes a variety of factors. Poor penetration of components of the immune system, including antibodies, complement, CD8+ T-cells, granulocytes and macrophages
癌症治疗失败有几个主要原因;对癌变组织缺乏药物作用~对癌变组织缺乏选择性，或对靶组织递送不足。通过加深对癌症和正常组织之间的分子和细胞差异的了解，可以提高药物的效果和选择性，从而能够设计出有效影响与恶性行为相关的癌症特异性分子靶点的药物。另一种方法是提高抗癌药物对肿瘤的选择性递送。一种方法是使用与癌症结合的载体……特定目标，如抗体(Hall, 1995)。然而，大多数靶向方法，即使是选择性的，也往往不能向肿瘤提供足够高浓度的药物来诱导显著的治疗效果。最近的研究结果表明，经过基因改造的致病菌小沙门氏菌可用于选择性地向实体肿瘤输送高浓度的治疗剂(Pawelek et ai)。, 1997;Low et ai。, 1999)。这些减毒细菌被全身或局部施用，因此它们在肿瘤中的复制通常比在其他组织中多1000倍。沙门氏菌在肿瘤中优先定植和积累的基础似乎包括肿瘤对药物和免疫疗法产生耐药性的一些相同特征(Bermudes等)。, 2000 a, b)。肿瘤对Sabnonella敏感的原因尚不清楚，可能包括多种因素。免疫系统的组成部分，包括抗体、补体、CD8+ t细胞、粒细胞和巨噬细胞渗透性差
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