Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648000
P. Bickel, H. Lodish, Philipp E. Scherer
Information about where and when genes are expressed is critical to understanding the function of the proteins that they encode in both health and disease. This concept is driving robust technology development in the field of functional genomics. Gene chips and other gene array systems permit the expression of thousands of genes to be surveyed simultaneously. A limitation of these approaches is that differential expression is detected at the level of RNA. Due to regulatory mechanisms that operate at the translational and post-translational levels, the absolute amounts of mRNA expression of a particular gene may not reflect the levels of its protein. Nevertheless, it is the level of protein that is ultimately more informative biologically in most cases. Another limitation is that gene expression data do not reveal important functional details, such as secondary modifications of proteins or their subcellular localization. The emerging field of proteomics addresses these limitations by working at the protein level to identify differential expression. By this approach, proteins in complex mixtures, such as cell lysates, are separated from one another chromatographically or electrophoretically, and then identified by such methods as microsequencing or mass spectroscopy, both of which are costly and labour intensive. We developed subtractive antibody screening (SAS) (Scherer etal., 1998) as a tool for functional proteomics (Figure 15.1). Our goal was to create a method by which particular subsets of differentially expressed proteins could be identified and their corresponding cDNAs cloned systematically. Further, we required that the method not depend on high cost equipment or services. In short, SAS relies on the generation
{"title":"Use and Applications of Subtractive Antibody Screening","authors":"P. Bickel, H. Lodish, Philipp E. Scherer","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648000","url":null,"abstract":"Information about where and when genes are expressed is critical to understanding the function of the proteins that they encode in both health and disease. This concept is driving robust technology development in the field of functional genomics. Gene chips and other gene array systems permit the expression of thousands of genes to be surveyed simultaneously. A limitation of these approaches is that differential expression is detected at the level of RNA. Due to regulatory mechanisms that operate at the translational and post-translational levels, the absolute amounts of mRNA expression of a particular gene may not reflect the levels of its protein. Nevertheless, it is the level of protein that is ultimately more informative biologically in most cases. Another limitation is that gene expression data do not reveal important functional details, such as secondary modifications of proteins or their subcellular localization. The emerging field of proteomics addresses these limitations by working at the protein level to identify differential expression. By this approach, proteins in complex mixtures, such as cell lysates, are separated from one another chromatographically or electrophoretically, and then identified by such methods as microsequencing or mass spectroscopy, both of which are costly and labour intensive. We developed subtractive antibody screening (SAS) (Scherer etal., 1998) as a tool for functional proteomics (Figure 15.1). Our goal was to create a method by which particular subsets of differentially expressed proteins could be identified and their corresponding cDNAs cloned systematically. Further, we required that the method not depend on high cost equipment or services. In short, SAS relies on the generation","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"164 1","pages":"417 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83590119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648004
C. Heath
Despite long-held beliefs to the contrary, articularcartilage, which provides articulating joints with a nearly frictionless, weight-distributing surface for transferring forces between bones, does have a limited ability for self..repair (Cheung et al., 1978; Mankin, 1982; Grande et at., 1989). With age, repeated overuse, or injury, however, natural mechanislns may be inadequate for repairing the damage. Mechanical breakdown of the articulating surfaces within freely moving (diarthrodial or synovial) joints results in osteoarthritis, which afflicts over 30 million people in the U.S. alone (Mow et al., 1992). Current treatment of severely damaged cartilage usually involves total replacement of affected joints with artificial prostheses or transplantation of donor tissue, each of which has its limitations. Artificial prostheses, because of their limited lifetime and need for replacement, are not the best option for younger patients. Donor tissue, on the other hand, is not always available, especially in the size and shape needed. Promising new therapies already in clinical use or still under study include the development of replacement cartilage ill vivo, either by injecting cells into the tissue (Brittberg et ai., 1994) or by implanting a matrix that was seeded with cells ill vitro (Frenkel et aI., 1997). Another alternative is implantation of tissue constructs that have already been partially developed in vitro. A nunlber of studies have shown that cartilage-like tissue can be regenerated in vitro, and that development of the tissue matrix is enhanced in culture systenlS simulating aspects of the native environment, ie that provide a compatible three-dimensional support. structure, good mass trdnsfer, and a physical (and/or chemical) stimulus. While progress has been made in growing tissue that has bioclzel1zical and even histological similarity, in most cases the
尽管长期以来人们持有相反的观点，关节软骨为关节提供了几乎无摩擦的重量分布表面，用于在骨骼之间传递力，但它确实具有有限的自我修复能力(Cheung等人，1978;Mankin, 1982;格兰德。, 1989)。然而，随着年龄的增长，反复过度使用或受伤，自然机制可能不足以修复损伤。在自由活动的关节(腹泻关节或滑膜关节)内关节表面的机械破坏导致骨关节炎，仅在美国就有超过3000万人患有骨关节炎(Mow et al.， 1992)。目前对严重受损软骨的治疗通常包括用人工假体或供体组织移植完全替代受影响的关节，每种方法都有其局限性。由于人工假体的使用寿命有限，需要更换，所以对年轻患者来说不是最好的选择。另一方面，供体组织并不总是可用的，尤其是在所需的大小和形状上。有希望的新疗法已经在临床使用或仍在研究中，包括通过向组织中注射细胞来发展体内软骨替代物(Brittberg等)。(frankel et aI.)， 1994)或通过植入一种基质，该基质用离体细胞播种(Frenkel et aI.)。, 1997)。另一种选择是植入已经在体外部分发育的组织结构。许多研究表明，软骨样组织可以在体外再生，并且在模拟自然环境的培养系统中，组织基质的发育得到加强，即提供兼容的三维支持。结构，良好的传质，和物理(和/或化学)刺激。虽然在培养具有生物类型学甚至组织学相似性的组织方面已经取得了进展，但在大多数情况下，生物类型学和生物学的相似性是不可避免的
{"title":"The Effects of Physical Forces on Cartilage Tissue Engineering","authors":"C. Heath","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648004","url":null,"abstract":"Despite long-held beliefs to the contrary, articularcartilage, which provides articulating joints with a nearly frictionless, weight-distributing surface for transferring forces between bones, does have a limited ability for self..repair (Cheung et al., 1978; Mankin, 1982; Grande et at., 1989). With age, repeated overuse, or injury, however, natural mechanislns may be inadequate for repairing the damage. Mechanical breakdown of the articulating surfaces within freely moving (diarthrodial or synovial) joints results in osteoarthritis, which afflicts over 30 million people in the U.S. alone (Mow et al., 1992). Current treatment of severely damaged cartilage usually involves total replacement of affected joints with artificial prostheses or transplantation of donor tissue, each of which has its limitations. Artificial prostheses, because of their limited lifetime and need for replacement, are not the best option for younger patients. Donor tissue, on the other hand, is not always available, especially in the size and shape needed. Promising new therapies already in clinical use or still under study include the development of replacement cartilage ill vivo, either by injecting cells into the tissue (Brittberg et ai., 1994) or by implanting a matrix that was seeded with cells ill vitro (Frenkel et aI., 1997). Another alternative is implantation of tissue constructs that have already been partially developed in vitro. A nunlber of studies have shown that cartilage-like tissue can be regenerated in vitro, and that development of the tissue matrix is enhanced in culture systenlS simulating aspects of the native environment, ie that provide a compatible three-dimensional support. structure, good mass trdnsfer, and a physical (and/or chemical) stimulus. While progress has been made in growing tissue that has bioclzel1zical and even histological similarity, in most cases the","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"67 1","pages":"533 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81105648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647987
A. Johnston, Wayne Adcock
Chromatography is as old as the bible. According to the Old Testament, Moses realized that the rotten cellulose of the tree could be used to exchange the magnesium ions in the water, leaving the water sweet to taste. Centuries later, we now have a better understanding of how chromatography can be harnessed to purify not just water but one of the most precious of juices, blood. Blood transfusion medicine can be traced back to classical Greek times when it was based on Hippocratic and Galenic concepts of four humours sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and bilious. Donation from the milder species of gentle disposition was supposed to have a calming influence on the recipient of the blood. Centuries later, we have a better understanding of what makes blood so special and how to transfuse it and its derivatives to a patient in a way that is efficacious and safe. This review looks at how chromatography came to play a key role in purifying important therapeutic products from the blood. The threat of emerging blood-borne
{"title":"The Use of Chromatography to Manufacture Purer and Safer Plasma Products","authors":"A. Johnston, Wayne Adcock","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647987","url":null,"abstract":"Chromatography is as old as the bible. According to the Old Testament, Moses realized that the rotten cellulose of the tree could be used to exchange the magnesium ions in the water, leaving the water sweet to taste. Centuries later, we now have a better understanding of how chromatography can be harnessed to purify not just water but one of the most precious of juices, blood. Blood transfusion medicine can be traced back to classical Greek times when it was based on Hippocratic and Galenic concepts of four humours sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and bilious. Donation from the milder species of gentle disposition was supposed to have a calming influence on the recipient of the blood. Centuries later, we have a better understanding of what makes blood so special and how to transfuse it and its derivatives to a patient in a way that is efficacious and safe. This review looks at how chromatography came to play a key role in purifying important therapeutic products from the blood. The threat of emerging blood-borne","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"70 1","pages":"37 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84129097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647994
M. Thursz
The outcome of infectious disease varies tremendously between individuals due to a number of factors and may therefore be viewed by the geneticist as complex traits. The identification of genes which influence disease outcome is, at present, a resource-intensive project and therefore should not be undertaken without clear evidence, preferably from twin studies, that the genetic contribution is significant. Although three principal techniques are available for the identification of disease susceptibility alleles, they are not applicable to all infectious diseases for logistical reasons. Whether a candidate polymorphic gene is identified through allele sharing studies, from interspecific crosses or taken from the currently available candidate list, the final evaluation will require carefully conducted disease association studies. As we move into the post genomic era, the identification of candidate polymorphisms and the characterization of their functional significance will rapidly increase, which will make the analysis of disease susceptibility in infectious diseases steadily more tractable.
{"title":"Genetic Susceptibility in Infectious Diseases","authors":"M. Thursz","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647994","url":null,"abstract":"The outcome of infectious disease varies tremendously between individuals due to a number of factors and may therefore be viewed by the geneticist as complex traits. The identification of genes which influence disease outcome is, at present, a resource-intensive project and therefore should not be undertaken without clear evidence, preferably from twin studies, that the genetic contribution is significant. Although three principal techniques are available for the identification of disease susceptibility alleles, they are not applicable to all infectious diseases for logistical reasons. Whether a candidate polymorphic gene is identified through allele sharing studies, from interspecific crosses or taken from the currently available candidate list, the final evaluation will require carefully conducted disease association studies. As we move into the post genomic era, the identification of candidate polymorphisms and the characterization of their functional significance will rapidly increase, which will make the analysis of disease susceptibility in infectious diseases steadily more tractable.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"255 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85370305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647999
M. Persans, D. Salt
Most hyperaccumulator species are able to accumulate between 1-5% of their biomass as metal. However, these plants are often small, slow growing, and do not produce a high biomass. Phytoextraction, a cost-effective, in situ, plant-based approach to soil remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of hyperaccumulating plants to concentrate metals from the soil and accumulate them in their harvestable, above-ground tissues (Salt et ai., 1998). However, to make use of the valuable genetic resources identified in metal hyperaccumulating species, it win be necessary to transfer this material to high biomass, rapidly growing crop plants (Salt et al., 1998). These plants would then be ideally suited to the phytoremediation process, having the ability to produce a large amount of metal-rich plant biomass for rapid harvest and soil cleanup. It is becoming clear that the hyperaccumu]ator plant's genetic material could also be very valuable in enhancing the nutritional value of human foodstuffs. Malnutrition remains one of the most serious problems facing mankind and1 although remarkable improvements in crop productivity have been made over the last twenty years, it is now clear that this has been made at the expense of the nutritional value of the foodstuff produced. Deficiencies in such micronutrients as iron, zinc~ selenium, iodine and vitamin A are often referred to as the 'hidden hunger'. Substantial efforts
{"title":"Possible Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Nickel, Zinc and Selenium Hyperaccumulation in Plants","authors":"M. Persans, D. Salt","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647999","url":null,"abstract":"Most hyperaccumulator species are able to accumulate between 1-5% of their biomass as metal. However, these plants are often small, slow growing, and do not produce a high biomass. Phytoextraction, a cost-effective, in situ, plant-based approach to soil remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of hyperaccumulating plants to concentrate metals from the soil and accumulate them in their harvestable, above-ground tissues (Salt et ai., 1998). However, to make use of the valuable genetic resources identified in metal hyperaccumulating species, it win be necessary to transfer this material to high biomass, rapidly growing crop plants (Salt et al., 1998). These plants would then be ideally suited to the phytoremediation process, having the ability to produce a large amount of metal-rich plant biomass for rapid harvest and soil cleanup. It is becoming clear that the hyperaccumu]ator plant's genetic material could also be very valuable in enhancing the nutritional value of human foodstuffs. Malnutrition remains one of the most serious problems facing mankind and1 although remarkable improvements in crop productivity have been made over the last twenty years, it is now clear that this has been made at the expense of the nutritional value of the foodstuff produced. Deficiencies in such micronutrients as iron, zinc~ selenium, iodine and vitamin A are often referred to as the 'hidden hunger'. Substantial efforts","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"26 1","pages":"389 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83071326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648003
M. Gilligan, P. Knox, P. Searle
Gene therapy encompasses a broad range of strategies, which aim to treat human diseases by the transfer of genetic infornlation. The idea was initially conceived for the treatment of inherited, monogenic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, in which the disease phenotype is due to the lack of a properly functional gene product in certain tissues. In principle, transfer of a functional gene encoding the relevant, wild-type protein could restore the affected cells to nonnality. It was soon realized that there are many other situations in which the introduction of specific genetic modifications to target cells could confer properties which could be of benefit in Jnany other clinical situations, including cardiovascular~neurological and infectious diseases, and cancer. There are numerous approaches to cancer gene therapy; the nlajority are designed to treat patients who have presented with cancer, rather than focusing on pre-emptive treatnlent of patients with known inherited predisposition to cancer. Approaches include interference with oncogene action within tumour cells; restoration of tumoursuppressor gene function; and expression of enzymes that enable the tumour cells to activate non-toxic prodrugs to cytotoxic species. This review focuses exclusively on cancer gene therapy strategies that are intended to induce immune responses against the malignant cells~ The approach is attractive, particularly because the disseminated nature of many cancers at later stages of the disease, and often at presentation, poses
{"title":"Gene Therapy: Development of Immunostimulatory Treatments for Cancer","authors":"M. Gilligan, P. Knox, P. Searle","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648003","url":null,"abstract":"Gene therapy encompasses a broad range of strategies, which aim to treat human diseases by the transfer of genetic infornlation. The idea was initially conceived for the treatment of inherited, monogenic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, in which the disease phenotype is due to the lack of a properly functional gene product in certain tissues. In principle, transfer of a functional gene encoding the relevant, wild-type protein could restore the affected cells to nonnality. It was soon realized that there are many other situations in which the introduction of specific genetic modifications to target cells could confer properties which could be of benefit in Jnany other clinical situations, including cardiovascular~neurological and infectious diseases, and cancer. There are numerous approaches to cancer gene therapy; the nlajority are designed to treat patients who have presented with cancer, rather than focusing on pre-emptive treatnlent of patients with known inherited predisposition to cancer. Approaches include interference with oncogene action within tumour cells; restoration of tumoursuppressor gene function; and expression of enzymes that enable the tumour cells to activate non-toxic prodrugs to cytotoxic species. This review focuses exclusively on cancer gene therapy strategies that are intended to induce immune responses against the malignant cells~ The approach is attractive, particularly because the disseminated nature of many cancers at later stages of the disease, and often at presentation, poses","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"11 1","pages":"497 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87971689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647989
Raymond J. Cho
As sequencing of the hUlnan genolne draws to a close, the fruits of this vision have already achieved startling 1l1aturity. By leveraging DNA sequence information toward robust~ new technological platforms, researchers are rapidly recharting the 1l1odern course of molecular genetics. Until now, the currencies of genolnic experimentation have renlained recognizable, if vastly increased in scope. We are still assaying the regulation of gene activity or linking phenotypes to genetic variation only on a scale fouT or five orders of magnitude greater than before. Indeed, many in the scientific comnlunity first elnbraced genomics for its pronlise of a vealth of data traditionally generated through more painstaking means. But large-scale technologies presage far deeper change in the very way we think about biological systeJns. The results of experilllental genoJnics noisy~ sparse in context, and overwhelmingly vast in scope resist the bounded conclusions drawn from conventional biological study. Rather, these data reflect the cOlnbinatorial con1plexity of cellular systems and challenge us to discenl the pattenls underlying biological design. GenoJllic approaches reveal not only discrete links that connect individual proteins and phenotypes, but also broad comnlunications between parts of pathways, chromosolnes, and cellular process. Ultimately, these studies may prove Inost valuable for providing answers to those questions we never set out to ask. Divining these new sorts of conclusions is a task to which biologists find themselves largely unaccuston1ed. And so, as genolnic data proliferates, accessing and drawing Ineaningful insights will soon pose as great a technological challenge as production of the data itself. In the past t'O years, nlore infornlation regarding genetic diversity and nlRNA expression has been released into the public domain than frolll the preceding ten. That this drastic acceleration can be explained primarily by largesc,l1e DNA sequencing capability and the increasing popularity of DNA an-ays
{"title":"Deriving Meaning from Genomic Information","authors":"Raymond J. Cho","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647989","url":null,"abstract":"As sequencing of the hUlnan genolne draws to a close, the fruits of this vision have already achieved startling 1l1aturity. By leveraging DNA sequence information toward robust~ new technological platforms, researchers are rapidly recharting the 1l1odern course of molecular genetics. Until now, the currencies of genolnic experimentation have renlained recognizable, if vastly increased in scope. We are still assaying the regulation of gene activity or linking phenotypes to genetic variation only on a scale fouT or five orders of magnitude greater than before. Indeed, many in the scientific comnlunity first elnbraced genomics for its pronlise of a vealth of data traditionally generated through more painstaking means. But large-scale technologies presage far deeper change in the very way we think about biological systeJns. The results of experilllental genoJnics noisy~ sparse in context, and overwhelmingly vast in scope resist the bounded conclusions drawn from conventional biological study. Rather, these data reflect the cOlnbinatorial con1plexity of cellular systems and challenge us to discenl the pattenls underlying biological design. GenoJllic approaches reveal not only discrete links that connect individual proteins and phenotypes, but also broad comnlunications between parts of pathways, chromosolnes, and cellular process. Ultimately, these studies may prove Inost valuable for providing answers to those questions we never set out to ask. Divining these new sorts of conclusions is a task to which biologists find themselves largely unaccuston1ed. And so, as genolnic data proliferates, accessing and drawing Ineaningful insights will soon pose as great a technological challenge as production of the data itself. In the past t'O years, nlore infornlation regarding genetic diversity and nlRNA expression has been released into the public domain than frolll the preceding ten. That this drastic acceleration can be explained primarily by largesc,l1e DNA sequencing capability and the increasing popularity of DNA an-ays","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"49 1","pages":"108 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73811745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647996
S. I. Barberel, J. R. Walker
The authors’ interest in this topic stemmed from earlier observations in these laboratories that the metabolic behaviour of fungi grown in liquid culture was very different, depending on whether they grew, without shaking, as mycelial mats or whether they grew as pellets in shake cultures (Woodhead and Walker, 1975). Culture conditions affected both the yield of secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes. This review examines more recent work on these topics.
作者对这一主题的兴趣源于早期在这些实验室的观察，即在液体培养中生长的真菌的代谢行为非常不同，这取决于它们是在不摇晃的情况下生长成菌丝垫还是在摇晃培养中生长成球(Woodhead and Walker, 1975)。培养条件对次生代谢物和胞外酶的产量均有影响。这篇综述考察了最近在这些主题上的工作。
{"title":"The Effect of Aeration upon the Secondary Metabolism of Microorganisms","authors":"S. I. Barberel, J. R. Walker","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647996","url":null,"abstract":"The authors’ interest in this topic stemmed from earlier observations in these laboratories that the metabolic behaviour of fungi grown in liquid culture was very different, depending on whether they grew, without shaking, as mycelial mats or whether they grew as pellets in shake cultures (Woodhead and Walker, 1975). Culture conditions affected both the yield of secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes. This review examines more recent work on these topics.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"24 1","pages":"281 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87218855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647990
L. Steinmetz, Ronald W. Davis
Genome projects are producing sequence data at a very fast pace (http:// www.ncbi.nlni.nih.govlEntrez/Genomeforghtml). The discovery of the complete human genome sequence is only a few years away and a working draft with 90% coverage is promised to appear by the time of this publication (Strategy meeting on human genome sequencing, Cold Spring Harbor, 1999). In addition to the detailed sequence, biologists will receive a list of all 50-100,000 genes in the human genome and the challenge then turns towards organizing the genes and understanding how genes operate and interact to produce a living system. Traditional gene-by-gene analyses are inefficient for obtaining information about the function, regulation, and sequence variation of the thousands of genes in a genome. Highly parallel analyses are needed to be able to survey biology from a global perspective. One type of tool for studying biology from a global perspective is the high-density array, also known as a microarray, which consists of a miniaturized, high-density array of probes bound to a solid surface. Current applications have been based on DNA probes, although in theory other molecules such as proteins or small molecular weight compounds can also be arrayed at high density. Exploiting the specificity of hybridization, DNA probes on high-density arrays can detect the presence of individual target sequences in complex mixtures. This ability allows for massively parallel hybridization assays for large numbers of genes and sequences, and has been primarily applied to survey genomes for variations in mRNA expression levels or between DNA sequences. Using. high-density DNA arrays for mRNA expression studies, rapid, accurate, and
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Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648005
E. Sobol, A. Sviridov, A. Omel’chenko, V. Bagratashvili, M. Kitai, S. Harding, N. Jones, K. Jumel, M. Mertig, W. Pompe, Yuriy M. Ovchinnikov, A. Shekhter, Valerti Svistushkin
1Institute ofLaser and In/orlnation Technologies, Russian Acadetny of SciencesJ 142092 Troitsk. Russia, 2University ofNottillghal1l., NCMH ullit, School of Biological Sciences, Sutton BOllillgt01Z, Leics. LEJ2 5RD, U.K., JUniversity of Nottinghal1z. Division o.f Otorhinolaryngology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottillghal11. NG7 2UH, U.K., 4Technical University ofDresden, Institul fur Werkstoffivissellschaft, D-OJ062 Dresden, Gerl1lallY and 5Sec!teIl01' Medical Acadel1zy 0/Mosco}" Mosco·t.., J19881, Russia
1俄罗斯科学院激光与光学技术研究所，特罗伊茨克142092;2俄罗斯诺蒂尔哈尔大学;英国生物科学学院，英国萨顿堡生物科学学院，英国萨顿堡生物科学学院。lej25，英国，诺丁汉大学。女王医疗中心耳鼻咽喉科，诺丁汉。2 .德国德累斯顿工业大学，德国德累斯顿工业技术研究所，D-OJ062德国德累斯顿，Gerl1lallY和5Sec!teIl01' Medical academyzy 0/Mosco}" Mosco·t.. "， J19881，俄罗斯
{"title":"Laser Reshaping of Cartilage","authors":"E. Sobol, A. Sviridov, A. Omel’chenko, V. Bagratashvili, M. Kitai, S. Harding, N. Jones, K. Jumel, M. Mertig, W. Pompe, Yuriy M. Ovchinnikov, A. Shekhter, Valerti Svistushkin","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648005","url":null,"abstract":"1Institute ofLaser and In/orlnation Technologies, Russian Acadetny of SciencesJ 142092 Troitsk. Russia, 2University ofNottillghal1l., NCMH ullit, School of Biological Sciences, Sutton BOllillgt01Z, Leics. LEJ2 5RD, U.K., JUniversity of Nottinghal1z. Division o.f Otorhinolaryngology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottillghal11. NG7 2UH, U.K., 4Technical University ofDresden, Institul fur Werkstoffivissellschaft, D-OJ062 Dresden, Gerl1lallY and 5Sec!teIl01' Medical Acadel1zy 0/Mosco}\" Mosco·t.., J19881, Russia","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"93 1","pages":"553 - 578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79656881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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