Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648002
G. Adams, Jan Clark, T. Sahota, S. Tanna, M. Taylor
Diabetes mellitus is presently one of the major health problems of the European and North American continents affecting at least 6% of the population. Of these, about 10% suffer from type 1, insulin-dependent disease. Diabetes, whether insulindependent or not, is a leading cause of death in developed countries (Cotran et al., 1994; McGee et al., 1992). In 1985 the World Health Organization (WHO, 1985) expert committee on diabetes defined this disease as a state of chronic hyperglycaemia, that is to say, the state of having an excessive concentration of glucose in the blood. The causes of hyperglycaemia are insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness, which leads to defective carbohydrate utilization and resultant aberrations in lipid and protein metabolism. The clinical manifestations of a patient presenting with this disease are thirst, hunger, fatigue and glucose in the urine. Depending on the stage and type, this may progress to stupor, coma and death. The symptoms may be less evident in type 2 patients in whom the secondary complications of diabetes may give rise to the presenting symptoms. The incidence of diabetes is rising sharply worldwide (Amos et al., 1997) but this is a disease that has affected man for millennia, the symptoms being described in the Ebers Papyrus of Egypt which date back to 1550 B.C. In about 200 AD., Aretaeus of Cappadocia named the disease diabetes, the Greek word meaning to flow through a siphon (Pickup and Williams, 1997). Aretaeus described diabetes as leading to a ’moist and cold wasting of the flesh and limbs into urine’. He described the disease as chronic in character, and slowly engendered, though the patient ’does not survive long when it is completely established, for the marasmus produced is rapid and death speedy’. In the 6th century, Hindu physicians recognized that the urine from the
糖尿病目前是欧洲和北美大陆的主要健康问题之一，影响了至少6%的人口。其中，约10%患有1型胰岛素依赖型疾病。糖尿病，无论是否独立，都是发达国家的主要死亡原因(Cotran等人，1994;McGee et al.， 1992)。1985年，世界卫生组织(WHO, 1985)糖尿病专家委员会将这种疾病定义为慢性高血糖状态，也就是说，血液中葡萄糖浓度过高的状态。高血糖的原因是胰岛素缺乏或无效，导致碳水化合物利用缺陷和由此导致的脂质和蛋白质代谢异常。此病患者的临床表现是口渴、饥饿、疲劳和尿中含糖。根据阶段和类型的不同，可能会发展为麻木、昏迷和死亡。2型患者的症状可能不太明显，糖尿病的继发性并发症可能引起目前的症状。糖尿病的发病率在世界范围内急剧上升(Amos et al.， 1997)，但这是一种影响人类数千年的疾病，其症状在埃及的埃伯斯纸莎草中被描述，可追溯到公元前1550年，大约公元200年。美国卡帕多西亚的阿雷泰厄斯将这种疾病命名为糖尿病，希腊语的意思是通过虹吸管流动(皮卡和威廉姆斯，1997)。阿雷泰乌斯将糖尿病描述为导致“潮湿和寒冷的肉体和四肢消耗成尿液”。他将这种疾病描述为慢性的，缓慢发生的，尽管病人“在完全发病后活不了多久，因为消瘦产生得很快，死亡也很快”。在6世纪，印度医生认识到来自印度的尿液
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