Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2053319
R. Dhanker, R. Kumar, A. Tiwari, Vineet Kumar
ABSTRACT The greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel and higher economic cost in its transportation are stimulating scientists to explore biomass energy production at the local level. In the present review, the authors have explored the prospects of commercial-scale biofuels production from the microalgal group, diatoms. Insights on suitability of mass cultivation systems for large-scale production of diatoms have been deliberated based on published literature. Diatoms can proliferate extracting nutrients from the wastewater and the same biomass can be harvested for biofuel production. Residues can be further utilized for the formation of other bioproducts and biofertilizers. The residual applications of diatoms from mass culture are estimated to compensate for the additional costs incurred in the removal of impurities. Well-planned research is required to optimize the commercial-scale production of biofuels from diatoms. The aim of this review is therefore, to demonstrate the economically feasible, hygienically safe cultivation of diatoms on nutrients from wastewater, limitations in using diatoms for biofuel production, and how these limitations can be shorted out for optimum utilization of diatom for biofuel production.
{"title":"Diatoms as a biotechnological resource for the sustainable biofuel production: a state-of-the-art review","authors":"R. Dhanker, R. Kumar, A. Tiwari, Vineet Kumar","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2022.2053319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2022.2053319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel and higher economic cost in its transportation are stimulating scientists to explore biomass energy production at the local level. In the present review, the authors have explored the prospects of commercial-scale biofuels production from the microalgal group, diatoms. Insights on suitability of mass cultivation systems for large-scale production of diatoms have been deliberated based on published literature. Diatoms can proliferate extracting nutrients from the wastewater and the same biomass can be harvested for biofuel production. Residues can be further utilized for the formation of other bioproducts and biofertilizers. The residual applications of diatoms from mass culture are estimated to compensate for the additional costs incurred in the removal of impurities. Well-planned research is required to optimize the commercial-scale production of biofuels from diatoms. The aim of this review is therefore, to demonstrate the economically feasible, hygienically safe cultivation of diatoms on nutrients from wastewater, limitations in using diatoms for biofuel production, and how these limitations can be shorted out for optimum utilization of diatom for biofuel production.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":"111 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88721994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2048434
Dhara Dhruv Patel, S. Bhatt
ABSTRACT Textile industries discharges a huge quantity of unused synthetic dyes in wastewater leading to increased environmental pollution and pose a great risk to human health. Thus, a significant improvement in effluent quality is required before it is discharged into the environment. Although, several physicochemical methods have been practiced for the efficient color and dyes removal from textile effluents, these approaches have some drawbacks of greater use of expensive chemicals, low sensitivity, formation of excess sludge which also have secondary disposal problem. Thus, there is still a need for energy efficient, affordable, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment technologies. Bioremediation has been considered as a promising an upcoming active field of research for the treatment of unwanted color and target compounds from the contaminated environment. In order to efficient treatment of textile effluent, the main objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize the indigenous microbial isolates from textile industry effluents and sludge samples and investigate their dye removal and decolorization ability along with the influence of various process parameters on effluents decolorization that draining into the open environment.
{"title":"Environmental pollution, toxicity profile, and physico-chemical and biotechnological approaches for treatment of textile wastewater","authors":"Dhara Dhruv Patel, S. Bhatt","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2022.2048434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2022.2048434","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Textile industries discharges a huge quantity of unused synthetic dyes in wastewater leading to increased environmental pollution and pose a great risk to human health. Thus, a significant improvement in effluent quality is required before it is discharged into the environment. Although, several physicochemical methods have been practiced for the efficient color and dyes removal from textile effluents, these approaches have some drawbacks of greater use of expensive chemicals, low sensitivity, formation of excess sludge which also have secondary disposal problem. Thus, there is still a need for energy efficient, affordable, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment technologies. Bioremediation has been considered as a promising an upcoming active field of research for the treatment of unwanted color and target compounds from the contaminated environment. In order to efficient treatment of textile effluent, the main objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize the indigenous microbial isolates from textile industry effluents and sludge samples and investigate their dye removal and decolorization ability along with the influence of various process parameters on effluents decolorization that draining into the open environment.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"33 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81011621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Over the years, the science of biosensors has evolved significantly. The first or earliest generation of biosensors only detected either the decrease or increase of product or reactant-based natural mediators as the pathway for electron transfer. The subsequent second-generation biosensors were biomolecule based and used artificial redox mediators, such as organic dyes to detect and to increase the reproducibility and sensitivity of the result. However, the recent generation of biosensors work mostly on the principle of electron mobility, with different criteria, such as selectivity, precision, sensitivity, etc., can be used to quantify, efficiently. This review deals with exploring the scope and applications of Immobilized lipase biosensors. Generally, Triglycerides or TG molecules are either detected using Gas Chromatography or, using a chemical or an enzymatic assay. Immobilization of lipase on solid supports has led to increased stability and reusability of the enzyme in non-aqueous solvents. With better enzyme performance, efficient product recovery, and separation from the reaction, immobilized lipase biosensors are garnering increasing interest worldwide. Along with so many advantages including but not limiting to ones mentioned earlier, immobilized lipase-based biosensors come with their own set of challenges, such as the partitioning of the analyte with aqueous medium, slower reaction rate, etc., they have been discussed in the following review. Alongside, we also review the development of a new generation of biosensors and bioelectronic devices based on nanotechnology.
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities of using immobilized lipase as biosensor","authors":"Mahadevan Iyer, Ishita Shreshtha, Hrithik Baradia, Soham Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2022.2050499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2022.2050499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the years, the science of biosensors has evolved significantly. The first or earliest generation of biosensors only detected either the decrease or increase of product or reactant-based natural mediators as the pathway for electron transfer. The subsequent second-generation biosensors were biomolecule based and used artificial redox mediators, such as organic dyes to detect and to increase the reproducibility and sensitivity of the result. However, the recent generation of biosensors work mostly on the principle of electron mobility, with different criteria, such as selectivity, precision, sensitivity, etc., can be used to quantify, efficiently. This review deals with exploring the scope and applications of Immobilized lipase biosensors. Generally, Triglycerides or TG molecules are either detected using Gas Chromatography or, using a chemical or an enzymatic assay. Immobilization of lipase on solid supports has led to increased stability and reusability of the enzyme in non-aqueous solvents. With better enzyme performance, efficient product recovery, and separation from the reaction, immobilized lipase biosensors are garnering increasing interest worldwide. Along with so many advantages including but not limiting to ones mentioned earlier, immobilized lipase-based biosensors come with their own set of challenges, such as the partitioning of the analyte with aqueous medium, slower reaction rate, etc., they have been discussed in the following review. Alongside, we also review the development of a new generation of biosensors and bioelectronic devices based on nanotechnology.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"87 1","pages":"87 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79429808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-20DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2016.1270095
A. Roointan, Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
The rising potential for CRISPR–Cas-mediated genome editing has revolutionized our strategies in basic and practical bioengineering research. It provides a predictable and precise method for genome modification in a robust and reproducible fashion. Emergence of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology approaches coupled with CRISPR–Cas technology could change the future of cell factories to possess some new features which have not been found naturally. We have discussed the possibility and versatile potentials of CRISPR–Cas technology for metabolic engineering of a recombinant host for heterologous protein production. We describe the mechanisms involved in this metabolic engineering approach and present the diverse features of its application in biotechnology and protein production.
{"title":"Road to the future of systems biotechnology: CRISPR-Cas-mediated metabolic engineering for recombinant protein production","authors":"A. Roointan, Mohammad Hossein Morowvat","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2016.1270095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2016.1270095","url":null,"abstract":"The rising potential for CRISPR–Cas-mediated genome editing has revolutionized our strategies in basic and practical bioengineering research. It provides a predictable and precise method for genome modification in a robust and reproducible fashion. Emergence of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology approaches coupled with CRISPR–Cas technology could change the future of cell factories to possess some new features which have not been found naturally. We have discussed the possibility and versatile potentials of CRISPR–Cas technology for metabolic engineering of a recombinant host for heterologous protein production. We describe the mechanisms involved in this metabolic engineering approach and present the diverse features of its application in biotechnology and protein production.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"60 1","pages":"74 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91141069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Gene therapy and DNA vaccination are clinical fields gradually emerging in the last few decades, in particular after the discovery of some gene-related diseases. The increased relevance of biomedical applications of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to induce therapeutic effects has had a great impact on biopharmaceutical research and industry. Although there are several steps involved in the pDNA manufacturing process, the several unit operations must be designed and integrated into a global process. After the plasmid has been designed according to the requirements for clinical administeration to humans, it is biosynthesised mainly by an E. coli host. The overriding priority of the production process is to improve plasmid quantity - the production conditions need to be optimised to guarantee pDNA stability and biological activity. The complexity and diversity of biomolecules present on the pDNA-containing extracts represent the main concern and limitation to achieve pure and biologically active pDNA. There has been a recent intenstification of the improvement of existing purification procedures or the establishment of novel schemes for plasmid purification. In spite of the efficacy to purify sc pDNA, these matrices present relatively low binding capacities. Hence, the application of large pore matrices in order to further increase capacity and open the way to process scale applications could be a great advantage for affinity chromatography.
{"title":"Biomedical application of plasmid DNA in gene therapy: A new challenge for chromatography","authors":"F. Sousa, L. Passarinha, J. Queiroz","doi":"10.5661/bger-26-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5661/bger-26-83","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gene therapy and DNA vaccination are clinical fields gradually emerging in the last few decades, in particular after the discovery of some gene-related diseases. The increased relevance of biomedical applications of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to induce therapeutic effects has had a great impact on biopharmaceutical research and industry. Although there are several steps involved in the pDNA manufacturing process, the several unit operations must be designed and integrated into a global process. After the plasmid has been designed according to the requirements for clinical administeration to humans, it is biosynthesised mainly by an E. coli host. The overriding priority of the production process is to improve plasmid quantity - the production conditions need to be optimised to guarantee pDNA stability and biological activity. The complexity and diversity of biomolecules present on the pDNA-containing extracts represent the main concern and limitation to achieve pure and biologically active pDNA. There has been a recent intenstification of the improvement of existing purification procedures or the establishment of novel schemes for plasmid purification. In spite of the efficacy to purify sc pDNA, these matrices present relatively low binding capacities. Hence, the application of large pore matrices in order to further increase capacity and open the way to process scale applications could be a great advantage for affinity chromatography.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"73 1","pages":"116 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73118810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Metagenomics is a relatively new but fast growing field within environmental biology directed at obtaining knowledge on genomes of environmental microbes as well as of entire microbial communities. With the sequencing technologies improving steadily, generating large amounts of sequence is becoming routine. However, it remains difficult to connect specific microbial phyla to specific functions in the environment. A number of ‘functional metagenomics’ approaches have been implemented in the recent years that allow high-resolution genomic analysis of uncultivated microbes, connecting them to specific functions in the environment. These include analysis of nichespecialized low complexity communities, reactor enrichments, and the use labeling technologies. Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are the newest sub-disciplines within the metagenomics field that provide further levels of resolution for functional analysis of uncultivated microbes and communities. The recent emergence of new (next generation) sequencing technologies, resulting in higher sequence output and dramatic drop in the price of sequencing, will be defining a new era in metagenomics. At this time the sequencing effort will be taken to a new level to allow addressing new, previously unattainable biological questions as well as accelerating genome-based discovery for medical and biotechnological applications.
{"title":"Functional Metagenomics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges","authors":"L. Chistoserdova","doi":"10.5661/bger-26-335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5661/bger-26-335","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Metagenomics is a relatively new but fast growing field within environmental biology directed at obtaining knowledge on genomes of environmental microbes as well as of entire microbial communities. With the sequencing technologies improving steadily, generating large amounts of sequence is becoming routine. However, it remains difficult to connect specific microbial phyla to specific functions in the environment. A number of ‘functional metagenomics’ approaches have been implemented in the recent years that allow high-resolution genomic analysis of uncultivated microbes, connecting them to specific functions in the environment. These include analysis of nichespecialized low complexity communities, reactor enrichments, and the use labeling technologies. Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are the newest sub-disciplines within the metagenomics field that provide further levels of resolution for functional analysis of uncultivated microbes and communities. The recent emergence of new (next generation) sequencing technologies, resulting in higher sequence output and dramatic drop in the price of sequencing, will be defining a new era in metagenomics. At this time the sequencing effort will be taken to a new level to allow addressing new, previously unattainable biological questions as well as accelerating genome-based discovery for medical and biotechnological applications.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"36 1","pages":"335 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91317814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The ability to genetically modify pigs has enabled scientists to create pigs that are beneficial to humans in ways that were previously unimaginable. Improvements in the methods to make genetic modifications have opened up the possibilities of introducing transgenes, knock-outs and knock-ins with precision. The benefits to medicine include the production of pharmaceuticals, the provision of organs for xenotransplantation into humans, and the development of models of human diseases. The benefits to agriculture include resistance to disease, altering the carcass composition such that it is healthier to consume, improving the pig’s resistance to heat stress, and protecting the environment. Additional types of genetic modifications will likely provide animals with characteristics that will benefit humans in currently unimagined ways.
{"title":"Genetically Modified Pigs for Medicine and Agriculture","authors":"R. Prather, Miaoda Shen, Yifan Dai","doi":"10.5661/bger-25-245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5661/bger-25-245","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ability to genetically modify pigs has enabled scientists to create pigs that are beneficial to humans in ways that were previously unimaginable. Improvements in the methods to make genetic modifications have opened up the possibilities of introducing transgenes, knock-outs and knock-ins with precision. The benefits to medicine include the production of pharmaceuticals, the provision of organs for xenotransplantation into humans, and the development of models of human diseases. The benefits to agriculture include resistance to disease, altering the carcass composition such that it is healthier to consume, improving the pig’s resistance to heat stress, and protecting the environment. Additional types of genetic modifications will likely provide animals with characteristics that will benefit humans in currently unimagined ways.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":"245 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84555572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2002.10648024
H. Petite, D. Hannouche
A wound is a disruption of tissue integrity that is typically associated with a loss of substance. Its occurrence initiates a dynamic process of healing which aims at re-establishing tissue continuity. However, the degree of morphological and functional recovery that ensues will depend on the species, the organs and the amount of substance lost. For example, a bone fracture will heal through the formation of a soft callus that will gradually convert into a hard callus by endochondral ossification. Under favourable conditions, it will be remodelled and lead to a virtually complete restoration of the anatomical structure of the damaged bone. However, when a bone defect has reached a critical size, it heals through the formation of a non-functional scar tissue (Hollinger and Kleinschmidt, 1990). A key factor in the outcome of the healing process is the supply of a sufficient number of osteocompetent cells within the defect. The notion that bone marrow is a potential source of osteocompetent cells is not new. As early as 1968, Friedenstein established that when bone marrow is plated at low cell densities, it gives rise to pluripotent fibroblastic colonies clonal in origin which, upon appropriate culture conditions, differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, and myelosupportive phenotypes (Friedenstein etal., 1968). The cells, from which colonies originated, are fibroblastic in appearance and were initially termed colony-forming units-fibroblastic (CFU-F). Now, they are more often referred
{"title":"Marrow Stromal Stem Cells for Repairing the Skeleton","authors":"H. Petite, D. Hannouche","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2002.10648024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2002.10648024","url":null,"abstract":"A wound is a disruption of tissue integrity that is typically associated with a loss of substance. Its occurrence initiates a dynamic process of healing which aims at re-establishing tissue continuity. However, the degree of morphological and functional recovery that ensues will depend on the species, the organs and the amount of substance lost. For example, a bone fracture will heal through the formation of a soft callus that will gradually convert into a hard callus by endochondral ossification. Under favourable conditions, it will be remodelled and lead to a virtually complete restoration of the anatomical structure of the damaged bone. However, when a bone defect has reached a critical size, it heals through the formation of a non-functional scar tissue (Hollinger and Kleinschmidt, 1990). A key factor in the outcome of the healing process is the supply of a sufficient number of osteocompetent cells within the defect. The notion that bone marrow is a potential source of osteocompetent cells is not new. As early as 1968, Friedenstein established that when bone marrow is plated at low cell densities, it gives rise to pluripotent fibroblastic colonies clonal in origin which, upon appropriate culture conditions, differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, and myelosupportive phenotypes (Friedenstein etal., 1968). The cells, from which colonies originated, are fibroblastic in appearance and were initially termed colony-forming units-fibroblastic (CFU-F). Now, they are more often referred","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"61 1","pages":"104 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82320154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648013
C. French, S. Rosser, N. Bruce
During the past century, explosives have been produced in lame quantities for both military and industrial purposes. Many explosives have been found to be highly resistant to biodegradation in the environment, and considerable areas of land have become contaminated with residues resulting from their manufacture, storage, use, and disposal. Such contamination is thought to affect at least 75,000 sites in the U.S. (Rosenblatt et al., 1991). An estimated 0.82 million cubic metres of soil at former ordinance sites and military proving grounds in the U.S. arecontaminated with TNT and its metabolites (USATHAMA, 1989). Increased awareness of environmental problems has resulted in a considerable volume of research into the fate of explosives in the environment and into means for the cost-effective removal of explosive residues from soil and water. The cleanup costs are enormous; estimated costs for incineration are $400 to $600/yd3 of soil (Griest etal.. 1998). Bioremediation, and most particularly in situ bioremediation, could potentially offer a relatively low cost method for decontamination. This review summarizes recent developments in research concerning transformations of important secondary high explosives in living systems.
在过去的一个世纪里，用于军事和工业目的的炸药产量都很低。人们发现，许多炸药在环境中具有很强的抗生物降解能力，而且由于它们的制造、储存、使用和处置，相当大范围的土地已经受到残留物的污染。这种污染被认为影响了美国至少75,000个地点(Rosenblatt et al.， 1991)。据估计，在美国以前的法令场地和军事试验场，有82万立方米的土壤受到TNT及其代谢物的污染(USATHAMA, 1989)。对环境问题认识的提高，导致对爆炸物在环境中的命运进行了大量的研究，并研究了从土壤和水中划算地清除爆炸物残留物的方法。清理成本是巨大的;据估计，焚烧的成本为400至600美元/年(最严重的金属)。1998)。生物修复，尤其是原位生物修复，可能提供一种成本相对较低的去污方法。本文综述了近年来重要次生烈性炸药在生命系统中的转化研究进展。
{"title":"Biotransformations of Explosives","authors":"C. French, S. Rosser, N. Bruce","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648013","url":null,"abstract":"During the past century, explosives have been produced in lame quantities for both military and industrial purposes. Many explosives have been found to be highly resistant to biodegradation in the environment, and considerable areas of land have become contaminated with residues resulting from their manufacture, storage, use, and disposal. Such contamination is thought to affect at least 75,000 sites in the U.S. (Rosenblatt et al., 1991). An estimated 0.82 million cubic metres of soil at former ordinance sites and military proving grounds in the U.S. arecontaminated with TNT and its metabolites (USATHAMA, 1989). Increased awareness of environmental problems has resulted in a considerable volume of research into the fate of explosives in the environment and into means for the cost-effective removal of explosive residues from soil and water. The cleanup costs are enormous; estimated costs for incineration are $400 to $600/yd3 of soil (Griest etal.. 1998). Bioremediation, and most particularly in situ bioremediation, could potentially offer a relatively low cost method for decontamination. This review summarizes recent developments in research concerning transformations of important secondary high explosives in living systems.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":"171 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78248316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648008
W. Wong, Edward Lam R.C. Huang, R. Wong, C. Morris, J. Hackett
Human epidermal growth factor (EOF) is a small polypeptide of molecular weight 6201 Daltons, with 53 amino acid residues. Since its discovery by Cohen (1962) (an achievement subsequently honoured by the award of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine), all aspects of EGF biology have attracted intense research interest. A search of the OvidTM Biological Abstract database (1991-1999), with the search phrase 'epidennaI growth factor', and restriction to the English language, yielded 10,614 hits. In the first part of this article, we review some papers from the interval ]995-1999.. which have been chosen to show actual or potential uses of EGF, mainly in various facets of human health care. In choosing papers for review in this section, space constraints have compelled us to ignore many fine research contributions which dealt for example, with aspects of the interaction of EGF with its receptor, or which detail the influence of EGF upon various signal transduction pathways within the cell. The review section concludes with the suggestion that many potential applications ofEGF are thwarted by the relative unavailabiIity of large aJTIounts of purifiedt biologically active t chemically authentic EGF. In the next section~ then, we review earlier efforts to produce recombinant EGF in quantity, and subsequently focus on more recent work in our laboratory, which has resulted in a fast, reliable method for the production of gram quantities of purified human EGF which is chemically identical to the natural material and exhibits full biological activity. We conclude that the availability of EGF in large quantities will be of practical use to patients and their
{"title":"Applications, and Efficient Large-Scale Production, of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor","authors":"W. Wong, Edward Lam R.C. Huang, R. Wong, C. Morris, J. Hackett","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648008","url":null,"abstract":"Human epidermal growth factor (EOF) is a small polypeptide of molecular weight 6201 Daltons, with 53 amino acid residues. Since its discovery by Cohen (1962) (an achievement subsequently honoured by the award of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine), all aspects of EGF biology have attracted intense research interest. A search of the OvidTM Biological Abstract database (1991-1999), with the search phrase 'epidennaI growth factor', and restriction to the English language, yielded 10,614 hits. In the first part of this article, we review some papers from the interval ]995-1999.. which have been chosen to show actual or potential uses of EGF, mainly in various facets of human health care. In choosing papers for review in this section, space constraints have compelled us to ignore many fine research contributions which dealt for example, with aspects of the interaction of EGF with its receptor, or which detail the influence of EGF upon various signal transduction pathways within the cell. The review section concludes with the suggestion that many potential applications ofEGF are thwarted by the relative unavailabiIity of large aJTIounts of purifiedt biologically active t chemically authentic EGF. In the next section~ then, we review earlier efforts to produce recombinant EGF in quantity, and subsequently focus on more recent work in our laboratory, which has resulted in a fast, reliable method for the production of gram quantities of purified human EGF which is chemically identical to the natural material and exhibits full biological activity. We conclude that the availability of EGF in large quantities will be of practical use to patients and their","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"85 1","pages":"51 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85962509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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