Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100728
Lúcia Serra, Sara Silva Pereira, Idálio J Viegas, Henrique Machado, Lara López-Escobar, Luisa M Figueiredo
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a mRNA modification with important roles in gene expression. In African trypanosomes, this post-transcriptional modification is detected in hundreds of transcripts and it affects the stability of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) transcript in the proliferating blood stream form. However, how the m6A landscape varies across the life cycle remains poorly defined. Using full-length, non-fragmented RNA, we immunoprecipitated and sequenced m6A-modified transcripts across three life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei - slender (proliferative), stumpy (quiescent), and procyclic forms (proliferative). We found that 1037 transcripts are methylated in at least one of these three life cycle stages. While 21% of methylated transcripts are common in the three stages of the life cycle, globally each stage has a distinct methylome. Interestingly, 47% of methylated transcripts are detected in the quiescent stumpy form only, suggesting a critical role for m6A when parasites exit the cell cycle and prepare for transmission by the Tsetse fly. In this stage, we found that a significant proportion of methylated transcripts encodes for proteins involved in RNA metabolism, which is consistent with their reduced transcription and translation. Moreover, we found that not all major surface proteins are regulated by m6A, as procyclins are not methylated, and that, within the VSG repertoire, not all VSG transcripts are demethylated upon parasite differentiation to procyclic form. This study reveals that the m6A regulatory landscape is specific to each life cycle stage, becoming more pervasive as T. brucei exits the cell cycle.
{"title":"m<sup>6</sup>A landscape is more pervasive when Trypanosoma brucei exits the cell cycle.","authors":"Lúcia Serra, Sara Silva Pereira, Idálio J Viegas, Henrique Machado, Lara López-Escobar, Luisa M Figueiredo","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N6-methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) is a mRNA modification with important roles in gene expression. In African trypanosomes, this post-transcriptional modification is detected in hundreds of transcripts and it affects the stability of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) transcript in the proliferating blood stream form. However, how the m<sup>6</sup>A landscape varies across the life cycle remains poorly defined. Using full-length, non-fragmented RNA, we immunoprecipitated and sequenced m<sup>6</sup>A-modified transcripts across three life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei - slender (proliferative), stumpy (quiescent), and procyclic forms (proliferative). We found that 1037 transcripts are methylated in at least one of these three life cycle stages. While 21% of methylated transcripts are common in the three stages of the life cycle, globally each stage has a distinct methylome. Interestingly, 47% of methylated transcripts are detected in the quiescent stumpy form only, suggesting a critical role for m<sup>6</sup>A when parasites exit the cell cycle and prepare for transmission by the Tsetse fly. In this stage, we found that a significant proportion of methylated transcripts encodes for proteins involved in RNA metabolism, which is consistent with their reduced transcription and translation. Moreover, we found that not all major surface proteins are regulated by m<sup>6</sup>A, as procyclins are not methylated, and that, within the VSG repertoire, not all VSG transcripts are demethylated upon parasite differentiation to procyclic form. This study reveals that the m<sup>6</sup>A regulatory landscape is specific to each life cycle stage, becoming more pervasive as T. brucei exits the cell cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100721
Extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC-EVs) have been postulated to have therapeutic potential for various diseases. However, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of these vesicles are still unclear. For a better understanding of the in vivo properties of UCMSC-EVs, in the present study, these vesicles were first radiolabeled with Technetium-99m (99mTc-UCMSC-EVs) and evaluated using in vivo single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and biodistribution experiments. SPECT images demonstrated that the liver and spleen tissues mainly took up the 99mTc-UCMSC-EVs. The biodistribution study observed slight uptake in the thyroid and stomach, indicating that 99mTc-UCMSC-EVs was stable at 24 h in vivo. The pharmacokinetic analyses of the blood half-life demonstrated the quick distribution phase (0.85 ± 0.28 min) and elimination phase (25.22 ± 20.76 min) in mice. This study provides a convenient and efficient method for 99mTc-UCMSC-EVs preparation without disturbing their properties. In conclusion, the biodistribution, quick elimination, and suitable stability in vivo of 99mTc-UCMSC-EVs were quantified by the noninvasive imaging and pharmacokinetic analyses, which provides useful information for indication selection, dosage protocol design, and toxicity assessment in future applications.
{"title":"In vivo SPECT imaging of Tc-99m radiolabeled exosomes from human umbilical-cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in small animals","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC-EVs) have been postulated to have therapeutic potential for various diseases. However, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of these vesicles are still unclear. For a better understanding of the <em>in vivo</em> properties of UCMSC-EVs, in the present study, these vesicles were first radiolabeled with Technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-UCMSC-EVs) and evaluated using <em>in vivo</em> single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and biodistribution experiments. SPECT images demonstrated that the liver and spleen tissues mainly took up the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-UCMSC-EVs. The biodistribution study observed slight uptake in the thyroid and stomach, indicating that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-UCMSC-EVs was stable at 24 h <em>in vivo</em>. The pharmacokinetic analyses of the blood half-life demonstrated the quick distribution phase (0.85 ± 0.28 min) and elimination phase (25.22 ± 20.76 min) in mice. This study provides a convenient and efficient method for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-UCMSC-EVs preparation without disturbing their properties. In conclusion, the biodistribution, quick elimination, and suitable stability <em>in vivo</em> of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-UCMSC-EVs were quantified by the noninvasive imaging and pharmacokinetic analyses, which provides useful information for indication selection, dosage protocol design, and toxicity assessment in future applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417024000246/pdfft?md5=f6bfd85d22f0548e875248f1e7865047&pid=1-s2.0-S2319417024000246-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140785094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Several susceptibility loci associated with TS have been identified previously in populations of European descent using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the exact pathogenic mechanism underlying TS is unknown; additionally, the results of previous GWAS for TS were based on Western populations, which may not translate to other populations. Therefore, we conducted a GWAS in Taiwanese patients with TS and chronic tic disorders (CTDs), with an aim to elucidate the genetic basis and potential risk factors for TS in this population.
Methods: GWAS was performed on a Taiwanese TS/CTDs cohort with a sample size of 1,007 patients with TS and 25,522 ancestry-matched controls. Additionally, polygenic risk score was calculated and assessed.
Results: Genome-wide significant locus, rs12313062 (p=1.43 × 10-8) and other 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms, were identified in chromosomes 12q23.2, associated with DRAM1 and was a novel susceptibility locus identified in TS/CTDs group. DRAM1, a lysosomal transmembrane protein regulated by p53, modulates autophagy and apoptosis, with potential implications for neuropsychiatric conditions associated with autophagy disruption.
Conclusions: This study conducted the first GWAS for TS in a Taiwanese population, identifying a significant locus on chromosome 12q23.2 associated with DRAM1. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of TS and potential directions for future research in this area.
{"title":"Genome-wide association study identifies DRAM1 associated with Tourette syndrome in Taiwan.","authors":"Wei-De Lin, Ting-Yuan Liu, Yu-Chia Chen, I-Ching Chou, Fuu-Jen Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Several susceptibility loci associated with TS have been identified previously in populations of European descent using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the exact pathogenic mechanism underlying TS is unknown; additionally, the results of previous GWAS for TS were based on Western populations, which may not translate to other populations. Therefore, we conducted a GWAS in Taiwanese patients with TS and chronic tic disorders (CTDs), with an aim to elucidate the genetic basis and potential risk factors for TS in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>GWAS was performed on a Taiwanese TS/CTDs cohort with a sample size of 1,007 patients with TS and 25,522 ancestry-matched controls. Additionally, polygenic risk score was calculated and assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genome-wide significant locus, rs12313062 (p=1.43 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) and other 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms, were identified in chromosomes 12q23.2, associated with DRAM1 and was a novel susceptibility locus identified in TS/CTDs group. DRAM1, a lysosomal transmembrane protein regulated by p53, modulates autophagy and apoptosis, with potential implications for neuropsychiatric conditions associated with autophagy disruption.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study conducted the first GWAS for TS in a Taiwanese population, identifying a significant locus on chromosome 12q23.2 associated with DRAM1. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of TS and potential directions for future research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100722
Aila Akosua Kattner
In this issue, a special section is dedicated to the factors affecting senescence. It examines the interplay between immunosenescence and chronic kidney disease, probes into Peto's paradox, and explores how epigenetic switches can potentially mitigate senescence and inflammation. Additionally, insights are offered on understanding a specific Ras mechanism in yeast for potential therapeutic interventions against cancer and for longevity. Furthermore, the remarkable endurance of last year's Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine is also highlighted. Moreover, the discovery of potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma, the link between osteoarthritis and the circadian clock, and the multifaceted role of DNAJA3 in B cell lifecycle are discussed. Further, study findings shed light on the influence of extracellular matrix molecules on cleft palate formation, the renal protective effects of combination therapy in diabetic kidney disease, and novel approaches to detect developmental dysplasia of the hip. Finally, a correspondence delves into the role of autonomic regulation in cognitive decline.
本期特刊专门讨论了影响衰老的因素。它探讨了免疫衰老与慢性肾病之间的相互作用，探究了佩托悖论，并探索了表观遗传开关如何有可能缓解衰老和炎症。此外，还就如何理解酵母中一种特殊的 Ras 机制，从而对癌症和长寿进行潜在的治疗干预提出了见解。此外，还重点介绍了去年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主的非凡耐力。此外，还讨论了肝细胞癌潜在生物标志物的发现、骨关节炎与昼夜节律时钟之间的联系以及 DNAJA3 在 B 细胞生命周期中的多方面作用。此外，研究结果还揭示了细胞外基质分子对腭裂形成的影响、联合疗法对糖尿病肾病的肾脏保护作用以及检测髋关节发育不良的新方法。最后，一篇通讯深入探讨了自律神经调节在认知能力下降中的作用。
{"title":"Aging like fine wine: Mischievous microbes and other factors influencing senescence","authors":"Aila Akosua Kattner","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this issue, a special section is dedicated to the factors affecting senescence. It examines the interplay between immunosenescence and chronic kidney disease, probes into Peto's paradox, and explores how epigenetic switches can potentially mitigate senescence and inflammation. Additionally, insights are offered on understanding a specific Ras mechanism in yeast for potential therapeutic interventions against cancer and for longevity. Furthermore, the remarkable endurance of last year's Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine is also highlighted. Moreover, the discovery of potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma, the link between osteoarthritis and the circadian clock, and the multifaceted role of DNAJA3 in B cell lifecycle are discussed. Further, study findings shed light on the influence of extracellular matrix molecules on cleft palate formation, the renal protective effects of combination therapy in diabetic kidney disease, and novel approaches to detect developmental dysplasia of the hip. Finally, a correspondence delves into the role of autonomic regulation in cognitive decline.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417024000258/pdfft?md5=b91f08cf6b26d64f5df5146facdf5c73&pid=1-s2.0-S2319417024000258-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 located in different developmental stages in Schistosoma japonicum and involved in important metabolic pathways.","authors":"Kaijuan Wu, Shuaiqin Huang, Yiming Zhao, Abdulrahim Umar, Hao Chen, Zhengwang Yu, Jing Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100726","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140770088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100723
Maria Sofia Bertilacchi, Rebecca Piccarducci, Alessandro Celi, Lorenzo Germelli, Chiara Romei, Brian Bartholmai, Greta Barbieri, Chiara Giacomelli, Claudia Martini
{"title":"Blood oxygenation state in COVID-19 patients: Unexplored role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.","authors":"Maria Sofia Bertilacchi, Rebecca Piccarducci, Alessandro Celi, Lorenzo Germelli, Chiara Romei, Brian Bartholmai, Greta Barbieri, Chiara Giacomelli, Claudia Martini","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100723","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the clinical utility of liquid biopsy, with a particular focus on epigenetic approaches aimed at overcoming challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins by elucidating key epigenetic terms, including methylomics, fragmentomics, and nucleosomics. The review progresses to discuss methods for analyzing circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and highlights recent studies showcasing the clinical relevance of epigenetic modifications in areas such as diagnosis, drug treatment response, minimal residual disease (MRD) detection, and prognosis prediction. While acknowledging hurdles like the complexity of interpreting epigenetic data and the absence of standardization, the review charts a path forward. It advocates for the integration of multi-omic data through machine learning algorithms to refine predictive models and stresses the importance of collaboration among clinicians, researchers, and data scientists. Such cooperative efforts are essential to fully leverage the potential of epigenetic features in clinical practice.
{"title":"Epigenetic modifications of cfDNA in liquid biopsy for the cancer care continuum.","authors":"Jodie Wong, Rohit Muralidhar, Liang Wang, Chiang-Ching Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the clinical utility of liquid biopsy, with a particular focus on epigenetic approaches aimed at overcoming challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins by elucidating key epigenetic terms, including methylomics, fragmentomics, and nucleosomics. The review progresses to discuss methods for analyzing circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and highlights recent studies showcasing the clinical relevance of epigenetic modifications in areas such as diagnosis, drug treatment response, minimal residual disease (MRD) detection, and prognosis prediction. While acknowledging hurdles like the complexity of interpreting epigenetic data and the absence of standardization, the review charts a path forward. It advocates for the integration of multi-omic data through machine learning algorithms to refine predictive models and stresses the importance of collaboration among clinicians, researchers, and data scientists. Such cooperative efforts are essential to fully leverage the potential of epigenetic features in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140206324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100715
Peng-Nien Huang, Shao-Hsuan Hsia, Kuan-Ying Arthur Huang, Chih-Jung Chen, En-Tzu Wang, Shin-Ru Shih, Tzou-Yien Lin
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections pose a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. EV-A71 is primarily responsible for causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. However, this virus can also lead to severe and potentially fatal neurological consequences in affected individuals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular virology, epidemiology, and recombination events associated with EV-A71. The literature extensively covers the clinical manifestations and neurological symptoms that accompany EV-A71 infections. One of the complications explored in this review is brainstem encephalitis, which can arise as a result of EV-A71 infections. Brainstem encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brainstem, a critical region responsible for various bodily functions. The review examines the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis for central nervous system infections involving EV-A71. Neurological complications associated with EV-A71 infections are diverse and can have severe consequences. These complications may include aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute transverse myelitis. The review delves into the pathophysiology of these complications, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms through which EV-A71 affects the central nervous system. Accurate diagnosis of EV-A71 infections is crucial for appropriate management and treatment. Treatment options for EV-A71 infections primarily focus on supportive care, as there are currently no specific antiviral drugs available for this virus. The review highlights the importance of managing symptoms, such as fever, dehydration, and pain relief, to alleviate the burden on affected individuals. Prognosis for individuals with central nervous system (CNS) infections involving EV-A71 can vary depending on the severity of the complications. The review provides insights into the long-term outcomes and potential neurological sequelae associated with EV-A71 infections. In conclusion, EV-A71 infections have emerged as a major public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the molecular virology, epidemiology, and neurological complications associated with EV-A71. By examining the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis, this review contributes to the development of effective strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of EV-A71 infections. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of worldwide data pertaining to outbreaks of EV-A71 and HFMD. The subsequent discourse delves into the advancement and strategic formulation pertaining to the creation of vaccines targeting EV-A71. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive examination of the potential obstacles and considerations involved in the management and treatment of EV-A71 infections. Additionally, it proposes suggestions for future research
{"title":"Reflecting on the 1998 enterovirus outbreak: A 25-year retrospective and learned lessons.","authors":"Peng-Nien Huang, Shao-Hsuan Hsia, Kuan-Ying Arthur Huang, Chih-Jung Chen, En-Tzu Wang, Shin-Ru Shih, Tzou-Yien Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.bj.2024.100715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections pose a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. EV-A71 is primarily responsible for causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. However, this virus can also lead to severe and potentially fatal neurological consequences in affected individuals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular virology, epidemiology, and recombination events associated with EV-A71. The literature extensively covers the clinical manifestations and neurological symptoms that accompany EV-A71 infections. One of the complications explored in this review is brainstem encephalitis, which can arise as a result of EV-A71 infections. Brainstem encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brainstem, a critical region responsible for various bodily functions. The review examines the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis for central nervous system infections involving EV-A71. Neurological complications associated with EV-A71 infections are diverse and can have severe consequences. These complications may include aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute transverse myelitis. The review delves into the pathophysiology of these complications, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms through which EV-A71 affects the central nervous system. Accurate diagnosis of EV-A71 infections is crucial for appropriate management and treatment. Treatment options for EV-A71 infections primarily focus on supportive care, as there are currently no specific antiviral drugs available for this virus. The review highlights the importance of managing symptoms, such as fever, dehydration, and pain relief, to alleviate the burden on affected individuals. Prognosis for individuals with central nervous system (CNS) infections involving EV-A71 can vary depending on the severity of the complications. The review provides insights into the long-term outcomes and potential neurological sequelae associated with EV-A71 infections. In conclusion, EV-A71 infections have emerged as a major public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the molecular virology, epidemiology, and neurological complications associated with EV-A71. By examining the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis, this review contributes to the development of effective strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of EV-A71 infections. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of worldwide data pertaining to outbreaks of EV-A71 and HFMD. The subsequent discourse delves into the advancement and strategic formulation pertaining to the creation of vaccines targeting EV-A71. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive examination of the potential obstacles and considerations involved in the management and treatment of EV-A71 infections. Additionally, it proposes suggestions for future research","PeriodicalId":8934,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140139817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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