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Exploring fluctuating asymmetry in two recovering populations of the Eurasian otter. 在两个正在恢复的欧亚水獭种群中探索波动的不对称性。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0103
Luca Francesco Russo, Anna Loy, Agnese Lanzetti, Anjali Goswami, Carlo Meloro

The Eurasian otter is a wide-ranging semi-aquatic mammal that underwent a significant population decline in the last century, leading to local extinctions, reduction and fragmentation of populations. The individuals of populations exposed to both external and internal stress may present the inability to produce a specific developmental outcome, generating developmental 'noise' (developmental instability (DI)). Factors contributing to DI include inbreeding depression, population bottlenecks, habitat loss and exposure to pollution. We analysed fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as a proxy of DI in two European otter populations that experienced a major decline in the 1990s. Using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics methods on skull samples of otters from the UK and Sweden, we compared the degree of FA both between populations before, during and after the decline. We found a higher FA in the UK populations compared with Sweden. The level of asymmetry differed significantly over time only in the UK population, where it was higher during the decline phase. FA in the UK populations can be attributed to the specific impact of polychlorinated biphenyls pollution that caused a bottleneck. More generally, our study suggests that habitat loss, pollution and limited gene flow may contribute to DI in declining otter populations, highlighting the need for continued investigation to identify and quantify the specific stressors behind this trend in local populations.

欧亚水獭是一种分布广泛的半水生哺乳动物,在上个世纪经历了严重的种群衰退,导致局部灭绝、种群减少和支离破碎。面临外部和内部压力的种群个体可能无法产生特定的发育结果,从而产生发育 "噪音"(发育不稳定性(DI))。导致发育不稳定的因素包括近亲繁殖抑制、种群瓶颈、栖息地丧失和暴露于污染。我们分析了两个欧洲水獭种群的波动不对称性(FA),作为发育不稳定性的替代指标。通过对英国和瑞典水獭头骨样本进行三维几何形态计量学分析,我们比较了水獭种群衰退前、衰退期间和衰退后的波动不对称程度。我们发现,与瑞典相比,英国种群的 FA 值更高。只有英国种群的不对称程度随着时间的推移有显著差异,在衰退阶段英国种群的不对称程度更高。英国种群的 FA 可归因于多氯联苯污染造成的瓶颈。更广泛地说,我们的研究表明,栖息地丧失、污染和有限的基因流可能是导致水獭种群数量下降的原因,这强调了继续调查的必要性,以确定和量化当地种群这一趋势背后的具体压力因素。
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引用次数: 0
Dogs with a vocabulary of object labels retain them for at least 2 years. 拥有物体标签词汇的狗狗至少能将其保留两年。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0208
Shany Dror, Ádám Miklósi, Claudia Fugazza

Long-term memory of words has a crucial role in the developing abilities of young children to acquire language. In dogs, the ability to learn object labels is present in only a small group of uniquely gifted word learner (GWL) dogs. As they are very rare, little is known about the mechanisms through which they acquire such large vocabularies. In the current study, we tested the ability of five GWL dogs to retrieve 12 labelled objects 2 years after the object-label mapping acquisition. The dogs proved to remember the labels of between three and nine objects. The results shed light on the process by which GWL dogs acquire an exceptionally large vocabulary of object names. As memory plays a crucial role in language development, these dogs provide a unique opportunity to study label retention in a non-linguistic species.

单词的长期记忆对幼儿学习语言的能力发展起着至关重要的作用。在犬类中,只有一小部分具有独特的词汇学习天赋(GWL)的犬才具有学习物体标签的能力。由于它们非常罕见,因此人们对它们获得如此大词汇量的机制知之甚少。在当前的研究中,我们测试了五只 GWL 狗在获得物体-标签映射 2 年后检索 12 个贴有标签的物体的能力。事实证明,这些狗能记住 3 到 9 个物体的标签。这些结果揭示了 GWL 犬获得大量物体名称词汇的过程。由于记忆在语言发展中起着至关重要的作用,因此这些狗为研究非语言物种的标签记忆提供了一个独特的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Fruit resources shape sexual selection processes in a lek mating system. 果实资源决定了狐群交配系统中的性选择过程。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0284
H Luke Anderson, Jairo Cabo, Jordan Karubian

The degree to which within-population variation in sexual trait expression relates to resource heterogeneity remains poorly explored. This is particularly true in lek-mating species, where genetic explanations for male phenotypic variance and mating success are dominant. Here, we demonstrate a link between fine-scale fruit resource availability and indices of male mating success in the white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus), a lek-mating frugivorous bird that produces energetically costly courtship displays. We used motion-activated camera traps to monitor male display behaviour and female visitation at male courts while concurrently conducting twice-monthly fruit surveys around courts. We observed significant variability in ripe fruit biomass among display courts and leks, and mean fruit biomass at courts significantly predicted male display rates. In turn, male display rate was the strongest predictor of female visitation to courts. Causal modelling supported the hypothesis that hyper-local fruit availability indirectly affects female visitation via its direct effects on male display rate. The demonstration that resource availability at fine spatial scales predicts display rate in a lekking organism-for which resource-related variables are typically not considered to play important roles in shaping male reproductive variance-has implications for the expression, honesty and maintenance of sexually selected traits under fluctuating ecological conditions.

种群内性状表达的变异在多大程度上与资源异质性有关,这方面的研究仍然很少。这一点在lek-mating物种中尤为明显,因为在这些物种中,雄性表型差异和交配成功率的遗传解释占主导地位。在这里,我们证明了白须长尾雉(Manacus manacus)精细尺度的果实资源可用性与雄性交配成功率指数之间的联系。我们使用移动照相机诱捕器监测雄鸟的求偶行为和雌鸟对雄鸟求偶场所的访问,同时在求偶场所周围进行每月两次的果实调查。我们观察到,在不同的展示场和沙湖中,成熟果实的生物量有很大的差异,而展示场的平均果实生物量能显著预测雄性的展示率。反过来,雄性展示率是雌性到访展示场的最强预测因子。因果关系建模支持了这样的假设,即超本地果实可用性通过对雄性展示率的直接影响间接影响了雌性的到访。在通常情况下,与资源相关的变量并不被认为在形成雄性繁殖变异方面发挥重要作用,而这一研究表明,在微小的空间尺度上,资源的可获得性可以预测狐猴的展示率--这对于在波动的生态条件下性选择性状的表达、诚实和维持具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Polarized light detection in bumblebees varies with light intensity and is mediated by both the ocelli and compound eyes. 熊蜂对偏振光的探测随光照强度而变化,并由眼球和复眼介导。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0299
Priscila Araújo, Gregor Belušič, Marko Ilić, James Foster, Keram Pfeiffer, Emily Baird

Like many insects, bumblebees use polarized light (PL) to orient and navigate. The celestial PL pattern is strongest when the sun is close to the horizon, during the dim light of dawn and dusk. In the dim light, the sensitivity of the compound eyes may not be sufficient for detecting PL or landmarks, and it has previously been hypothesized that bumblebees rely on PL from their more sensitive ocelli to navigate at dawn and dusk. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of electrophysiological and behavioural tests. Specifically, we investigate whether bumblebee ocelli can detect PL and explore how the PL contribution from the ocelli and compound eyes is affected by light intensity. We find that bumblebee ocelli do indeed have PL sensitivity and that PL information can be used to guide behaviour in dim light. In bright light, however, both the compound eyes and ocelli are important for the detection of PL. Our results support the hypothesis that bumblebees use PL information from the ocelli at the low light levels that occur around dawn and dusk, and this may support their ability to forage during these periods.

像许多昆虫一样,大黄蜂利用偏振光(PL)来确定方向和导航。在黎明和黄昏的昏暗光线下,当太阳接近地平线时,天体偏振光模式最强。在昏暗的光线下,复眼的灵敏度可能不足以探测到偏振光或地标,因此以前曾有人假设熊蜂在黎明和黄昏时依靠更灵敏的眼轮发出的偏振光来导航。在这里,我们采用电生理学和行为学测试相结合的方法对这一假设进行了验证。具体来说,我们研究了熊蜂的眼轴是否能检测到聚光,并探讨了来自眼轴和复眼的聚光贡献如何受光照强度的影响。我们发现,大黄蜂的眼轴确实对光照有敏感性,在暗光下,光照信息可用于指导行为。然而,在强光下,复眼和眼轴对聚合体的检测都很重要。我们的研究结果支持这样一种假设,即熊蜂在黎明和黄昏前后的低光照水平下会利用来自眼轴的聚乳酸信息,这可能会支持它们在这些时段的觅食能力。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of artificial light at night on spider brains. 夜间人造光对蜘蛛大脑的影响
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0202
Nikolas J Willmott, Jay R Black, Kathryn B McNamara, Bob B M Wong, Therésa M Jones

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasingly pervasive pollutant that alters animal behaviour and physiology, with cascading impacts on development and survival. Recent evidence links exposure to ALAN with neural damage, potentially due to its action on melatonin synthesis, a powerful antioxidant. However, these data are scarce and taxonomically limited. Here, we used micro-CT to test the effects of short-term ALAN exposure on brain volumes in the Australian garden orb-weaving spider (Hortophora biapicata), a species commonly found in urban areas and, specifically, around street lights. We found that short-term ALAN exposure was linked to reductions in the volumes of brain structures in the primary eye visual pathway, potentially as a consequence of oxidative stress or plastic shifts in neural investment. Although the effects of ALAN were subtle, they provided new insights into potential mechanisms underpinning the behavioural and physiological impacts of ALAN in this important urban predator.

夜间人造光(ALAN)是一种日益普遍的污染物,它改变了动物的行为和生理,对动物的发育和生存产生了一系列影响。最近有证据表明,暴露于 ALAN 与神经损伤有关,这可能是由于 ALAN 影响了褪黑激素的合成,而褪黑激素是一种强大的抗氧化剂。然而,这些数据很少,而且在分类学上也很有限。在这里,我们使用微型计算机断层扫描(micro-CT)测试了短期接触 ALAN 对澳大利亚花园球织蜘蛛(Hortophora biapicata)脑容量的影响。我们发现,短期暴露于 ALAN 与初级眼睛视觉通路中大脑结构体积的缩小有关,这可能是氧化应激或神经投资可塑性变化的结果。虽然ALAN的影响是微妙的,但它们为我们提供了新的视角,让我们了解ALAN对这种重要的城市掠食者的行为和生理影响的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Activity of forkhead box P2-positive neurons is associated with tadpole begging behaviour. 叉头盒 P2 阳性神经元的活动与蝌蚪的乞食行为有关。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0395
Sarah C Ludington, Jordan E McKinney, Julie M Butler, Billie C Goolsby, Ashlyn A Callan, Maiah Gaines-Richardson, Lauren A O'Connell

Motor function is a critical aspect of social behaviour in a wide range of taxa. The transcription factor forkhead box P2 (FoxP2) is well studied in the context of vocal communication in humans, mice and songbirds, but its role in regulating social behaviour in other vertebrate taxa is unclear. We examined the distribution and activity of FoxP2-positive neurons in tadpoles of the mimic poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator). In this species, tadpoles are reared in isolated plant nurseries and are aggressive to other tadpoles. Mothers provide unfertilized egg meals to tadpoles that perform a begging display by vigorously vibrating back and forth. We found that FoxP2 is widely distributed in the tadpole brain and parallels the brain distribution in mammals, birds and fishes. We then tested the hypothesis that FoxP2-positive neurons would have differential activity levels in begging or aggression contexts compared to non-social controls. We found that FoxP2-positive neurons showed increased activation in the striatum and cerebellum during begging and in the nucleus accumbens during aggression. Overall, these findings lay a foundation for testing the hypothesis that FoxP2 has a generalizable role in social behaviour beyond vocal communication across terrestrial vertebrates.

在许多类群中,运动功能是社会行为的一个重要方面。转录因子叉头盒 P2(FoxP2)在人类、小鼠和鸣禽的发声交流中被广泛研究,但它在其他脊椎动物类群中调节社会行为的作用还不清楚。我们研究了模仿毒蛙(Ranitomeya imitator)蝌蚪体内 FoxP2 阳性神经元的分布和活性。该物种的蝌蚪在隔离的植物苗圃中饲养,对其他蝌蚪具有攻击性。蝌蚪的母亲为蝌蚪提供未受精的卵食,蝌蚪则通过剧烈的前后振动进行乞讨表演。我们发现 FoxP2 广泛分布于蝌蚪大脑中,与哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类的大脑分布相似。然后,我们对 FoxP2 阳性神经元在乞讨或攻击情境中与非社会对照组相比具有不同活动水平的假设进行了测试。我们发现,在乞讨时,FoxP2 阳性神经元在纹状体和小脑的活化程度增加;在攻击时,FoxP2 阳性神经元在伏隔核的活化程度增加。总之,这些研究结果为检验 FoxP2 在陆生脊椎动物的社交行为中除了发声交流外还具有普遍作用的假说奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Premeiotic endoreplication is the mechanism of obligate parthenogenesis in rock lizards of the genus Darevskia. 达雷夫斯基亚属岩栖蜥蜴的强制性孤雌生殖机制是先卵内复制。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0182
Dmitry Dedukh, Marie Altmanová, Ruzanna Petrosyan, Marine Arakelyan, Eduard Galoyan, Lukáš Kratochvíl

Among vertebrates, obligate parthenogenesis occurs exclusively in squamate reptiles. Premeiotic endoreplication in a small subset of developing oocytes has been documented as the mechanism of production of unreduced eggs in minutely explored obligate parthenogenetic lineages, namely in teiids and geckos. The situation in the lacertid genus Darevskia has been discussed for decades. Certain observations suggested that the ploidy level is restored during egg formation through a fusion of egg and polar body nuclei in Darevskia unisexualis and D. armeniaca. In this study, we re-evaluated the fusion hypothesis by studying diplotene chromosomes in adult females of sexual species D. raddei nairensis and obligate parthenogens D. armeniaca, D. dahli and D. unisexualis. We revealed 19 bivalents in the sexual species and 38 bivalents in the diploid obligate parthenogens, which uncovers premeiotic endoreplication as the mechanism of the production of non-reduced eggs in parthenogenetic females. The earlier contradicting reports can likely be attributed to the difficulty in identifying mispairing of chromosomes in pachytene, and the fact that in parthenogenetic reptiles relying on premeiotic endoreplication only a small subset of developing oocytes undergo genome doubling and overcome the pachytene checkpoint. This study highlights co-option of premeiotic endoreplication for escape from sexual reproduction in all independent hybrid origins of obligate parthenogenesis in vertebrates studied to date.

在脊椎动物中,强制性孤雌生殖只发生在有鳞类爬行动物中。在经过深入研究的强制性孤雌生殖系中,即在凫类和壁虎中,一小部分发育中的卵母细胞中的减数分裂前内质复制被证明是产生未还原卵的机制。几十年来,人们一直在讨论漆虫属 Darevskia 的情况。一些观察结果表明,在 Darevskia unisexualis 和 D. armeniaca 中,卵形成过程中通过卵核和极体核的融合恢复了倍性水平。在本研究中,我们通过研究有性种 D. raddei nairensis 和强制性孤雌生殖种 D.armeniaca、D. dahli 和 D. unisexualis 的成年雌虫的双叶染色体,重新评估了融合假说。我们在有性种中发现了 19 个二价体,在二倍体强制性孤雌生殖种中发现了 38 个二价体,这揭示了孤雌生殖雌虫产生非还原卵的机制是减数分裂前的内复制。早先出现的相互矛盾的报道可能是由于难以确定在妊娠期染色体的错误配对,以及在依靠减数分裂前内复制的孤雌生殖爬行动物中,只有一小部分发育中的卵母细胞进行了基因组加倍并克服了妊娠期检查点。这项研究突出表明,在迄今为止研究的所有脊椎动物强制性孤雌生殖的独立杂交起源中,都是通过预孕期内再复制来逃避有性生殖的。
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引用次数: 0
Bat consumption by holostean fishes in the Eocene Lake Messel: insights into the trophic adaptability of extinct gars and bowfins. 始新世梅塞尔湖中全息鱼类对蝙蝠的吞食:对已灭绝的嘎斯鱼和弓鳍鱼营养适应性的认识。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0194
Romain Vullo, Eberhard Frey

Direct evidence of trophic interactions between extinct species is rarely available in the fossil record. Here, we describe fish-mammal associations from the middle Eocene of Messel (Germany), consisting of three specimens of holosteans (one Atractosteus messelensis (Lepisosteidae) and two Cyclurus kehreri (Amiidae)) each preserved with a bat specimen (Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon) lying in close contact with its jaws. This suggests that these fishes probably died after failed swallowing attempts, with the bat wing membrane entangled in their jaws resulting in a fatal handicap. Based on data from modern gars and bowfins, A. messelensis and C. kehreri may have opportunistically attacked drowning and dying individuals or scavenged on floating/sinking carcasses. This hypothesis is also supported by the unusually high number of bat specimens preserved in the deposits of the Eocene Lake Messel, suggesting that this group of small mammals may have represented a substantial food source for generalist feeders. This is the earliest case of chiropterophagy and the first known evidence of bat consumption by lepisosteid and amiid fishes, emphasizing the high trophic variability and adaptability of these groups throughout their evolutionary histories. The newly described associations provide important information for reconstructing the Eocene Lake Messel palaeoecosystem and its trophic web.

化石记录中很少有已灭绝物种之间营养互动的直接证据。在这里,我们描述了德国梅塞尔中始新世的鱼类与哺乳动物之间的关系,其中包括三只全口鱼类标本(一只梅塞尔白口鱼(Lepisosteidae)和两只kehreri圆口鱼(Amiidae)),每只标本的下颚都与一只蝙蝠标本(Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon)紧密接触。这表明,这些鱼类可能是在尝试吞咽失败后死亡的,蝙蝠翼膜缠绕在它们的下颌上,造成了致命的残疾。根据现代嘎斯鱼和弓鳍鱼的数据,A. messelensis 和 C. kehreri 可能会伺机攻击溺水和垂死的个体,或在漂浮/沉没的尸体上觅食。在始新世梅塞尔湖的沉积物中保存的蝙蝠标本数量异常之多,这也支持了这一假设。这是最早的螭食性案例,也是已知的鳞翅目鱼类和绒鳃纲鱼类食用蝙蝠的第一个证据,强调了这些类群在整个进化史中的高度营养变异性和适应性。新描述的关联为重建始新世梅塞尔湖古生态系统及其营养网提供了重要信息。
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引用次数: 0
The meaning of mass extinctions and what the fossil record tells us about angiosperm survival at K-Pg: a reply to Hagen (2024). 大规模灭绝的意义以及化石记录告诉我们被子植物在K-Pg时期的生存情况:对哈根(2024年)的答复。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0265
Jamie Thompson, Santiago Ramírez-Barahona

Last year, we published research using phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) to reveal no phylogenetic evidence for elevated lineage-level extinction rates in angiosperms across K-Pg (Thompson JB, Ramírez-Barahona S. 2023 No phylogenetic evidence for angiosperm mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary. Biol. Lett. 19, 20230314. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0314)), results that are in step with the global angiosperm fossil record. In a critique of our paper (Hagen ER. 2024 A critique of Thompson and Ramírez-Barahona (2023) or: how I learned to stop worrying and love the fossil record. EcoEvoRxiv. (doi:10.32942/X2631W)), simulation work is presented to argue we erred in our methodological choices and interpretations, and that we should have deferred to fossil evidence. In our opinion, underlying this critique are poor methodological choices on simulations and philosophical problems surrounding the definition of a mass extinction event, which leads to incorrect interpretations of both the fossil record and PCMs. We further argue that deferring to one source of evidence in favour of the other shuts the door to important evolutionary and philosophical questions.

去年,我们利用系统发育比较方法(PCMs)发表了一项研究成果,揭示了没有系统发育证据表明被子植物在整个白垩纪-古近纪(K-Pg)界线上的世系级灭绝率升高(Thompson JB, Ramírez-Barahona S. 2023 No phylogenetic evidence for angiosperm mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary.Biol.Lett.19, 20230314.(doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0314),结果与全球被子植物化石记录一致。在对我们论文的评论中(Hagen ER.2024 A critique of Thompson and Ramírez-Barahona (2023) or: How I learned to stop worrying and love the fossil record.EcoEvoRxiv.(doi:10.32942/X2631W)),提出了模拟工作,认为我们在方法学选择和解释上有误,我们本应遵从化石证据。我们认为,这种批评的根本原因在于模拟方法选择不当以及围绕大灭绝事件定义的哲学问题,这导致了对化石记录和 PCM 的错误解释。我们还认为,偏重一种证据来源而忽视另一种证据来源,会使重要的进化和哲学问题无从谈起。
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引用次数: 0
A critique of Thompson and Ramírez-Barahona (2023) or: how I learned to stop worrying and love the fossil record. 对汤普森和拉米雷斯-巴拉奥纳(2023 年)的评论或:我是如何学会停止担忧并爱上化石记录的。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0039
Eric Robert Hagen

A recent study published in Biology Letters by Thompson and Ramírez-Barahona (2023) argued that, according to analyses of diversification on two massive molecular phylogenies comprising thousands of species, there is no evidence that angiosperms (i.e. flowering plants) were affected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. Here, I critique these conclusions from both methodological and philosophical perspectives. I demonstrate that the methods used in their study possess statistical limitations that strongly reduce the power to detect a true mass extinction event using data similar to those analysed by Thompson and Ramírez-Barahona (2023). Additionally, I use their study as a springboard to examine the relationship between phylogenetic and fossil evidence in diversification studies.

汤普森(Thompson)和拉米雷斯-巴拉奥纳(Ramírez-Barahona,2023 年)最近在《生物学通讯》(Biology Letters)上发表的一项研究认为,根据对两个包含数千种物种的庞大分子系统的多样化分析,没有证据表明被子植物(即开花植物)受到白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝的影响。在此,我将从方法论和哲学角度对这些结论进行批判。我证明了他们研究中使用的方法具有统计局限性,这大大降低了使用类似于汤普森和拉米雷斯-巴拉奥纳(2023年)分析的数据来检测真正大灭绝事件的能力。此外,我还以他们的研究为跳板,探讨了多样化研究中系统发生学证据与化石证据之间的关系。
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