Pub Date : 2011-01-01Epub Date: 2010-02-18DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.30.1
Satoru Tsunemine, Yasuhiro Isa, Masaki Shimakawa, Hiroshi Ohno, Hideki Yamamura
Recent studies of several animal models have shown beneficial effects of probiotics against allergic responses. However, few reports have examined the effects of probiotics on allergic nasal symptoms such as sneezing and nasal obstruction in animal models of allergic rhinitis. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on antigen-induced nasal symptoms using guinea pig models of allergic rhinitis. Oral administration of BBG9-1 significantly inhibited antigen-induced allergic nasal reactions such as sneezing and nasal obstruction. Our results suggest that BBG9-1 may be useful for alleviating nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis.
{"title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 on Nasal Symptoms in a Guinea Pig Model of Experimental Allergic Rhinitis.","authors":"Satoru Tsunemine, Yasuhiro Isa, Masaki Shimakawa, Hiroshi Ohno, Hideki Yamamura","doi":"10.12938/bifidus.30.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/bifidus.30.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies of several animal models have shown beneficial effects of probiotics against allergic responses. However, few reports have examined the effects of probiotics on allergic nasal symptoms such as sneezing and nasal obstruction in animal models of allergic rhinitis. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on antigen-induced nasal symptoms using guinea pig models of allergic rhinitis. Oral administration of BBG9-1 significantly inhibited antigen-induced allergic nasal reactions such as sneezing and nasal obstruction. Our results suggest that BBG9-1 may be useful for alleviating nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis. </p>","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/bifidus.30.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32522969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gut-brain axis has been described as a bi-directional neuro-humeral communication system and is implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recent work has shown that a subset of patients with IBS show evidence of low grade immune activation and inflammation in the colonic mucosa. This review focuses on the role of the intestinal microbiota and discusses the interrelationship between the intestinal microbiota and maintaining of low grade inflammation, gut dysfunction or behavioral changes using murine models and clinical studies. The findings in murine models show that perturbation of gut flora is a putative mechanism for gut dysfunction in IBS and together with clinical studies they indicate that dysbiosis in patients with IBS psychiatric co-morbidity.
{"title":"The Influence of Commensal Bacteria on the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Understanding and Treating Functional GI Disorders","authors":"S. Collins, P. Bercik, Emmanuel Denou, E. Verdú","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.179","url":null,"abstract":"The gut-brain axis has been described as a bi-directional neuro-humeral communication system and is implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recent work has shown that a subset of patients with IBS show evidence of low grade immune activation and inflammation in the colonic mucosa. This review focuses on the role of the intestinal microbiota and discusses the interrelationship between the intestinal microbiota and maintaining of low grade inflammation, gut dysfunction or behavioral changes using murine models and clinical studies. The findings in murine models show that perturbation of gut flora is a putative mechanism for gut dysfunction in IBS and together with clinical studies they indicate that dysbiosis in patients with IBS psychiatric co-morbidity.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"179-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many food factors such as probiotics are effective against human gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease. However, it remains unclear how probiotics act to protect against intestinal inflammation. Here, we describe a novel in vitro gut inflammation model for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of food factors, and in vitro and in vivo inflammation models for assessment of the gut anti-inflammatory activities of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC (strain FC). A coculture system with intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages can be used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of food factors. Stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production from RAW264.7 cells and interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells and decreases the transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 monolayers. The increases in TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA are suppressed by anti-TNF-α antibodies or budesonide. This indicates that this coculture model can imitate gut inflammation in vivo. Strain FC significantly downregulates IL-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells and inhibits nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells. A mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis has been used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of strain FC, which significantly ameliorates shortening of the colon and improves colon histology, especially in inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in inflamed tissue. These results indicate that oral administration of strain FC improves DSS-induced colitis through inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and that Caco-2/RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS can be used for screening anti-inflammatory factors and elucidating the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity.
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory Activities of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC in In Vitro and In Vivo Gut Inflammation Models","authors":"Y. Nishitani, M. Mizuno","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.169","url":null,"abstract":"Many food factors such as probiotics are effective against human gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease. However, it remains unclear how probiotics act to protect against intestinal inflammation. Here, we describe a novel in vitro gut inflammation model for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of food factors, and in vitro and in vivo inflammation models for assessment of the gut anti-inflammatory activities of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC (strain FC). A coculture system with intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages can be used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of food factors. Stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production from RAW264.7 cells and interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells and decreases the transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 monolayers. The increases in TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA are suppressed by anti-TNF-α antibodies or budesonide. This indicates that this coculture model can imitate gut inflammation in vivo. Strain FC significantly downregulates IL-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells and inhibits nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells. A mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis has been used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of strain FC, which significantly ameliorates shortening of the colon and improves colon histology, especially in inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in inflamed tissue. These results indicate that oral administration of strain FC improves DSS-induced colitis through inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and that Caco-2/RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS can be used for screening anti-inflammatory factors and elucidating the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Equol, a bacterial product from daidzein, has been shown to provide beneficial effects. The impact of polydextrose, a compound known to affect the intestinal flora, was studied for its impact on mouse intestinal flora and isoflavonoids in the cecum and plasma. We hypothesized that polydextrose would change the metabolism of isoflavonoids and intestinal flora in mice. Male mice were administered a 1% polydextrose solution (PD) in their drinking water which was provided ad libitum, and were compared with a control group (CO, water only). Both groups were fed the AIN-93M diet for 24 days. Plasma equol and cecal equol concentrations and in vitro equol production from daidzein with fecal flora of mice were measured. The plasma equol concentration was significantly higher in the PD group than in the CO group at 22 hr after the administration of daidzin. The concentration of equol in the cecum was signiticantly greater in the PD group than in the CO group at 22 hr after administration of daidzin. In the in vitro incubation of daidzein with the fecal flora of mice, equol concentrations were greater in the PD group. These results suggest that dietary polydextrose has the potential to affect equol production by altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or the gut environment.
{"title":"Impact of Dietary Polydextrose on the Daidzein Metabolism in Adult Mice","authors":"M. Tamura, S. Hori, H. Nakagawa","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.185","url":null,"abstract":"Equol, a bacterial product from daidzein, has been shown to provide beneficial effects. The impact of polydextrose, a compound known to affect the intestinal flora, was studied for its impact on mouse intestinal flora and isoflavonoids in the cecum and plasma. We hypothesized that polydextrose would change the metabolism of isoflavonoids and intestinal flora in mice. Male mice were administered a 1% polydextrose solution (PD) in their drinking water which was provided ad libitum, and were compared with a control group (CO, water only). Both groups were fed the AIN-93M diet for 24 days. Plasma equol and cecal equol concentrations and in vitro equol production from daidzein with fecal flora of mice were measured. The plasma equol concentration was significantly higher in the PD group than in the CO group at 22 hr after the administration of daidzin. The concentration of equol in the cecum was signiticantly greater in the PD group than in the CO group at 22 hr after administration of daidzin. In the in vitro incubation of daidzein with the fecal flora of mice, equol concentrations were greater in the PD group. These results suggest that dietary polydextrose has the potential to affect equol production by altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or the gut environment.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"185-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hirayama, H. Hiroshi, Takeshita Akemi, Changsheng Rui, S. Noguchi, Yoshinori Takezaki, K. Itoh
Intestinal microbiota have marked metabolic activity and influences the host in both beneficial and harmful ways. In the present study, we developed an apparatus to measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas excreted during defecation and investigated whether this amount of CO 2 can be used as an indicator of the intestinal environment. The apparatus consists of a fan and a commercial CO 2 sensor attached to a toilet stool. Fecal pH, fecal water content, concentrations of short chain organic acids (SCFAs) and intestinal putrefactive products and composition of fecal microbiota were analyzed as indicators of the intestinal environment. The apparatus could measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas with good reproducibility, irrespective of the open area at the top of the toilet stool, position of gas injection and composition of the gas. In a volunteer study, the amount of C0 2 in defecation gas correlated with pH, water content and concentrations of SCFAs and intestinal putrefactive products in the feces, although correlation with the composition of intestinal microbiota was not be observed. The results indicate that the amount of CO 2 in defecation gas can be measured with simple and sanitary procedures and is a good indicator of the intestinal environment.
{"title":"Correlation between indicators of intestinal environment and amount of carbon dioxide in gas excreted during defecation.","authors":"K. Hirayama, H. Hiroshi, Takeshita Akemi, Changsheng Rui, S. Noguchi, Yoshinori Takezaki, K. Itoh","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.135","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal microbiota have marked metabolic activity and influences the host in both beneficial and harmful ways. In the present study, we developed an apparatus to measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas excreted during defecation and investigated whether this amount of CO 2 can be used as an indicator of the intestinal environment. The apparatus consists of a fan and a commercial CO 2 sensor attached to a toilet stool. Fecal pH, fecal water content, concentrations of short chain organic acids (SCFAs) and intestinal putrefactive products and composition of fecal microbiota were analyzed as indicators of the intestinal environment. The apparatus could measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas with good reproducibility, irrespective of the open area at the top of the toilet stool, position of gas injection and composition of the gas. In a volunteer study, the amount of C0 2 in defecation gas correlated with pH, water content and concentrations of SCFAs and intestinal putrefactive products in the feces, although correlation with the composition of intestinal microbiota was not be observed. The results indicate that the amount of CO 2 in defecation gas can be measured with simple and sanitary procedures and is a good indicator of the intestinal environment.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"34 1","pages":"135-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effects of enumeration methods on viable bifidobacterial counts in powder products were examined to determine the most appropriate enumeration conditions. The bifidobacterial counts of nine commercial powder products containing Bifidobacterium species were determined by a pour plate method using different diluents including Mitsuoka's buffer and Ringer's solution. Mitsuoka's buffer gave significantly higher bifidobacterial counts than Ringer's solution when used as diluent for eight of nine commercial powder products containing various Bifidobacterium species. The counts obtained with Ringer's solution were on average 51.6% of those obtained using Mitsuoka's buffer. Addition of Tween 80 or phosphate buffer to Ringer's solution increased the bifidobacterial counts. Also, the diluent had a significantly greater impact in the suspension step than in the subsequent dilution step. In conclusion, the diluent has great effect on the enumeration of bifidobacteria when using the plate count method. Also, the composition of diluents influences bifidobacterial counts.
{"title":"Effect of Enumeration Method on Bifidobacterium Cell Counts in Commercial Powder Products","authors":"Masamichi Muto, F. Abe, T. Yaeshima, K. Iwatsuki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.143","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of enumeration methods on viable bifidobacterial counts in powder products were examined to determine the most appropriate enumeration conditions. The bifidobacterial counts of nine commercial powder products containing Bifidobacterium species were determined by a pour plate method using different diluents including Mitsuoka's buffer and Ringer's solution. Mitsuoka's buffer gave significantly higher bifidobacterial counts than Ringer's solution when used as diluent for eight of nine commercial powder products containing various Bifidobacterium species. The counts obtained with Ringer's solution were on average 51.6% of those obtained using Mitsuoka's buffer. Addition of Tween 80 or phosphate buffer to Ringer's solution increased the bifidobacterial counts. Also, the diluent had a significantly greater impact in the suspension step than in the subsequent dilution step. In conclusion, the diluent has great effect on the enumeration of bifidobacteria when using the plate count method. Also, the composition of diluents influences bifidobacterial counts.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"143-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gueimonde, A. Ouwehand, K. Pitkälä, T. Strandberg, H. Finne-Soveri, S. Salminen
We assessed the fecal bifidobacteria concentrations of 21 nursing home subjects prior to death and 21 age- and sex-matched controls. Bifidobacterial levels, determined by molecular methods, were in the range of those usually found in adults. Total fecal bifidobacterial concentrations determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR tended to be lower, although not significantly, in subjects who subsequently died than in age- and sex-matched controls.
{"title":"Fecal Bifidobacterium levels in elderly nursing home patients - are levels as expected?","authors":"M. Gueimonde, A. Ouwehand, K. Pitkälä, T. Strandberg, H. Finne-Soveri, S. Salminen","doi":"10.12938/bifidus.29.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/bifidus.29.111","url":null,"abstract":"We assessed the fecal bifidobacteria concentrations of 21 nursing home subjects prior to death and 21 age- and sex-matched controls. Bifidobacterial levels, determined by molecular methods, were in the range of those usually found in adults. Total fecal bifidobacterial concentrations determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR tended to be lower, although not significantly, in subjects who subsequently died than in age- and sex-matched controls.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"111-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/bifidus.29.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pyrosequence-based 16S rRNA profiling has become a very powerful tool for visualizing the community structure of gastro-intestinal (GI) tract microbiota. The system was established with newly designed universal primers with barcode sequences and newly modified algorithms to convert batch sequence data to bacterial population data. In silico primer match simulation indicates that the primers, Q-968F, Q-1046R, and Q-1390R, match to almost of all 16S rRNAs in the database within one base mismatch, with especially high coverage ratios for the four biggest common phyla in human GI tract. Also, the new SeqmatchQ100 algorithm correctly assigns almost all of the target 60-base sequences of the 16S rRNA V6 region to the corresponding genus except for those from the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Enterococcus genus. Furthermore, the SeqmatchQ400 algorithm efficiently provides species-level population data from a 400-base sequence of the 16S rRNA V6―V8 region with the exceptions of the Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. A barcode-sequence tag strategy was used to analyze up to 128 samples at a time. With these newly prepared tools, pyrosequence-based 16S rRNA profiling displays community structures of GI-tract microbiota. For instance, establishment of bifidus flora in newborn infants and dynamics in the microbial community structure after weaning were effectively demonstrated by 16S rRNA profiling. In future, this analytical system should be of use for monitoring changes in GI-tract bacterial composition which may be influenced by diets, drugs, or sickness.
{"title":"Pyrosequence-Based 16S rRNA Profiling of Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"J. Nakayama","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.83","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrosequence-based 16S rRNA profiling has become a very powerful tool for visualizing the community structure of gastro-intestinal (GI) tract microbiota. The system was established with newly designed universal primers with barcode sequences and newly modified algorithms to convert batch sequence data to bacterial population data. In silico primer match simulation indicates that the primers, Q-968F, Q-1046R, and Q-1390R, match to almost of all 16S rRNAs in the database within one base mismatch, with especially high coverage ratios for the four biggest common phyla in human GI tract. Also, the new SeqmatchQ100 algorithm correctly assigns almost all of the target 60-base sequences of the 16S rRNA V6 region to the corresponding genus except for those from the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Enterococcus genus. Furthermore, the SeqmatchQ400 algorithm efficiently provides species-level population data from a 400-base sequence of the 16S rRNA V6―V8 region with the exceptions of the Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. A barcode-sequence tag strategy was used to analyze up to 128 samples at a time. With these newly prepared tools, pyrosequence-based 16S rRNA profiling displays community structures of GI-tract microbiota. For instance, establishment of bifidus flora in newborn infants and dynamics in the microbial community structure after weaning were effectively demonstrated by 16S rRNA profiling. In future, this analytical system should be of use for monitoring changes in GI-tract bacterial composition which may be influenced by diets, drugs, or sickness.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"83-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.83","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66340229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has become clear that foods regulate the physiological functions of the human body through their action on the immune, nervous, endocrine and other systems. It is also known that the intestine is equipped with an immune system, that the large bowel has intestinal flora, and that there is a cooperative relationship between the intestinal flora and the intestinal immune system. This review will deal with the effects of orally ingested functional components of food such as probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins and minerals on the mutualism between intestinal flora and the intestinal immune system as well as their effects on the systemic immune system. Furthermore, the relationship between the collapse of the mutualism and onset of diseases is discussed.
{"title":"Effects of Food Components on Intestinal Flora, Intestinal Immune System and their Mutualism","authors":"S. Kaminogawa","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.69","url":null,"abstract":"It has become clear that foods regulate the physiological functions of the human body through their action on the immune, nervous, endocrine and other systems. It is also known that the intestine is equipped with an immune system, that the large bowel has intestinal flora, and that there is a cooperative relationship between the intestinal flora and the intestinal immune system. This review will deal with the effects of orally ingested functional components of food such as probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins and minerals on the mutualism between intestinal flora and the intestinal immune system as well as their effects on the systemic immune system. Furthermore, the relationship between the collapse of the mutualism and onset of diseases is discussed.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"69-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66340169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nagashima, D. Yasokawa, K. Abe, R. Nakagawa, Tooru Kitamura, T. Miura, S. Kogawa
To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Hokkaido, which was isolated from a kind of Japanese pickle, on the incidence of diarrhea in calves and on the intestinal microflora, we performed feeding tests with a milk replacer containing Lactobacillus sp. In Experiment 1, thirty two male Holstein calves were divided into two groups, a control (C) group and LPH group. L. plantarum strain HOKKAIDO was orally administered to the LPH group for 35 days. The diarrhea score and the number of calves with watery or soft stool were significantly (p<0.05) smaller in the LPH group than in the C group. In Experiment 2, ten male Holstein calves were divided into three groups: a control group, LPH group and BOV group. Bovactin ™ was administered to the BOV group and the experimental protocol followed that of Experiment 1. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of diarrhea among the three test groups. However, when the data of Experiments 1 and 2 were pooled, the incidence of diarrhea in the LPH group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control group. These results indicate that L. plantarum strain Hokkaido reduces the incidence of diarrhea in calves. Analysis of the microflora and measurement of the stool type of the fecal samples that were collected 0, 15 and 28 days after the start of administration were performed using a T-RFLP method and visual analysis, respectively. The clustering of the T-RFLP profiles indicated that when the significance of the distributions of the samples among the clusters was tested, a significant difference (p<0.01) was observed only among the sampling-date groups. The average value of the pairwise Pearson r within each sampling-date group indicated that T-RFLP profiles varied considerably among the calves on day 0 and day 15, while the profiles of day 28 closely resembled each other. From these results, we infer that the intestinal microflora of calves are less settled in the early days of life, and this might partially explain the higher incidence of diarrhea in this period. Bacteria belonging to the class Clostridia were most predominant at all the sampling-date groups. The day 0 samples were characterized by a larger population of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The day 15 samples were characterized by larger populations of LAB and the class Bacteroidia. The day 28 samples were characterized by a larger population of Bacteroides.
{"title":"Effect of a Lactobacillus Species on Incidence of Diarrhea in Calves and Change of the Microflora Associated with Growth","authors":"K. Nagashima, D. Yasokawa, K. Abe, R. Nakagawa, Tooru Kitamura, T. Miura, S. Kogawa","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.97","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Hokkaido, which was isolated from a kind of Japanese pickle, on the incidence of diarrhea in calves and on the intestinal microflora, we performed feeding tests with a milk replacer containing Lactobacillus sp. In Experiment 1, thirty two male Holstein calves were divided into two groups, a control (C) group and LPH group. L. plantarum strain HOKKAIDO was orally administered to the LPH group for 35 days. The diarrhea score and the number of calves with watery or soft stool were significantly (p<0.05) smaller in the LPH group than in the C group. In Experiment 2, ten male Holstein calves were divided into three groups: a control group, LPH group and BOV group. Bovactin ™ was administered to the BOV group and the experimental protocol followed that of Experiment 1. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of diarrhea among the three test groups. However, when the data of Experiments 1 and 2 were pooled, the incidence of diarrhea in the LPH group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control group. These results indicate that L. plantarum strain Hokkaido reduces the incidence of diarrhea in calves. Analysis of the microflora and measurement of the stool type of the fecal samples that were collected 0, 15 and 28 days after the start of administration were performed using a T-RFLP method and visual analysis, respectively. The clustering of the T-RFLP profiles indicated that when the significance of the distributions of the samples among the clusters was tested, a significant difference (p<0.01) was observed only among the sampling-date groups. The average value of the pairwise Pearson r within each sampling-date group indicated that T-RFLP profiles varied considerably among the calves on day 0 and day 15, while the profiles of day 28 closely resembled each other. From these results, we infer that the intestinal microflora of calves are less settled in the early days of life, and this might partially explain the higher incidence of diarrhea in this period. Bacteria belonging to the class Clostridia were most predominant at all the sampling-date groups. The day 0 samples were characterized by a larger population of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The day 15 samples were characterized by larger populations of LAB and the class Bacteroidia. The day 28 samples were characterized by a larger population of Bacteroides.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"29 1","pages":"97-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.29.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66340515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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