The microbial community resident in the human gastrointestinal tract has a major impact on host physiology. Manipulating this complex ecosystem by dietary intervention requires knowledge of the parameters that influence its composition and the activity. More recent developments have taken advantage of culture-independent molecular methods for bacterial identification on the basis of the highly discriminatory sequence database of 16S rRNA. This culture-independent approach was applied to asses the fecal microbiota of human subjects from different European countries in relation to nutrition. In one of two human studies, a positive correlation was observed between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the proportion of bacteria belonging to the Clostridium leptum group. In the second study, the relative proportion of bifidobacteria was much higher in the Italian study group than in any other study group. This finding correlated positively with a consumption of water-soluble fiber. Intestinal bacteria also play a role in the activation and inactivation of plant-derived polyphenolic substances such as lignans and flavonoids. To assess the influence of bacterial metabolism on the bioavailability of flavonoids in the human intestinal tract, two model organisms were used to characterize the transformation of flavones in comparison to that of flavonols. Lignans require activation by intestinal bacteria to exert estrogenic and antioxidant activities. Several bacterial species involved in lignan activation were isolated and the catalytic steps involved were characterized. The results indicate that the activation of dietary lignans involves phylogenetically diverse bacteria, most of which are common members of the dominant human intestinal microbiota.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Benefits of the Intestinal Ecosystem","authors":"M. Blaut","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.67","url":null,"abstract":"The microbial community resident in the human gastrointestinal tract has a major impact on host physiology. Manipulating this complex ecosystem by dietary intervention requires knowledge of the parameters that influence its composition and the activity. More recent developments have taken advantage of culture-independent molecular methods for bacterial identification on the basis of the highly discriminatory sequence database of 16S rRNA. This culture-independent approach was applied to asses the fecal microbiota of human subjects from different European countries in relation to nutrition. In one of two human studies, a positive correlation was observed between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the proportion of bacteria belonging to the Clostridium leptum group. In the second study, the relative proportion of bifidobacteria was much higher in the Italian study group than in any other study group. This finding correlated positively with a consumption of water-soluble fiber. Intestinal bacteria also play a role in the activation and inactivation of plant-derived polyphenolic substances such as lignans and flavonoids. To assess the influence of bacterial metabolism on the bioavailability of flavonoids in the human intestinal tract, two model organisms were used to characterize the transformation of flavones in comparison to that of flavonols. Lignans require activation by intestinal bacteria to exert estrogenic and antioxidant activities. Several bacterial species involved in lignan activation were isolated and the catalytic steps involved were characterized. The results indicate that the activation of dietary lignans involves phylogenetically diverse bacteria, most of which are common members of the dominant human intestinal microbiota.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Remaut, H. Braat, K. Vandenbroucke, P. Rottiers, L. Steidler, L. Steidler
Systemic treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds TNFa is among the most potent therapies for Crohn's disease. Despite initial successes with intravenous addition of IL-10, this treatment was abandoned in later trials. Both treatments suffered a serious drawback from the fact that they had to be administered systemically and thus caused potentially serious side effects. We used two mouse models for IBD to evaluate the efficacy of L. lactis mediated topical delivery of IL-10. In the Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis intragastric administration of mIL-10-secreting L. lactis led to a 50% reduction in inflammation. Also, daily administration of the engineered strain prevented the onset of colitis, normally associated with the IL-10 knockout genotype. In both models, the effect was strictly dependent on delivery of live bacteria. We engineered a strain exhibiting biological containment. To this end, the thymidilate synthase (thy A) gene of L. lactis was replaced with a synthetic human IL-10 gene. ThyA-deficient bacteria are suicidal in the absence of thymine or thymidine and therefore cannot accumulate in the environment. A limited clinical trail in Crohn's patients under physical containment proved that the treatment was safe, the biological containment strategy was effective and the results obtained suggested a clinical effect. In contrast to oral administration of purified protein, intragastric administration of Trefoil factor-secreting L. lactis was very effective in prevention and healing of acute DSS colitis. In addition this approach was successful in improving established chronic colitis in IL-10 knockout mice.
{"title":"Clinical Potential of Lactococcus lactis Mediated Delivery of Human Interleukin-10 and Trefoil Factors","authors":"E. Remaut, H. Braat, K. Vandenbroucke, P. Rottiers, L. Steidler, L. Steidler","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.81","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds TNFa is among the most potent therapies for Crohn's disease. Despite initial successes with intravenous addition of IL-10, this treatment was abandoned in later trials. Both treatments suffered a serious drawback from the fact that they had to be administered systemically and thus caused potentially serious side effects. We used two mouse models for IBD to evaluate the efficacy of L. lactis mediated topical delivery of IL-10. In the Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis intragastric administration of mIL-10-secreting L. lactis led to a 50% reduction in inflammation. Also, daily administration of the engineered strain prevented the onset of colitis, normally associated with the IL-10 knockout genotype. In both models, the effect was strictly dependent on delivery of live bacteria. We engineered a strain exhibiting biological containment. To this end, the thymidilate synthase (thy A) gene of L. lactis was replaced with a synthetic human IL-10 gene. ThyA-deficient bacteria are suicidal in the absence of thymine or thymidine and therefore cannot accumulate in the environment. A limited clinical trail in Crohn's patients under physical containment proved that the treatment was safe, the biological containment strategy was effective and the results obtained suggested a clinical effect. In contrast to oral administration of purified protein, intragastric administration of Trefoil factor-secreting L. lactis was very effective in prevention and healing of acute DSS colitis. In addition this approach was successful in improving established chronic colitis in IL-10 knockout mice.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"81-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The specific role of most of these newly discovered DC subsets in antigen sampling and presentation is unknown and it remains therefore unclear whether they work synergistically, as alternatives or have distinct functions in the recognition of the intestinal microbiota. The focus of effort in this field will be to understand how these diverse DC subsets cooperate in regulating the complex homeostasis and host defense in the different intestinal immune compartments. The intestinal lamina propria contains a DC network that serves as a newly discovered gateway for the uptake and transport of the intestinal microbiota. Specialized vesicular structures at the end of transepithelial dendrites serve as 'luminal sensors' for the mucosal immune system. Characterization of the surface components of these luminal sensors may aid in developing strategies to prevent bacterial and viral pathogen entry. We propose that the lamina propria and M cell-dependent antigen sampling systems are associated with specific DC subsets. The discovery of functionally defined subsets of dendritic cells associated with distinct mechanisms responsible for the uptake of antigens across the intestinal barrier opens the path for strategies for targeting them specifically in the development of vaccines or treatment approaches for inflammatory bowel diseases. For these exciting possibilities to progress into practical applications, it needs to be established whether distinct DCs subsets are associated with multiple pathways or if their function is linked to specific innate or adaptive immune responses. Defining DC function in the intestine will be pivotal in finally progressing our understanding on how the mucosal immune system makes the distinction between commensal microbiota, pathogens and self antigens.
{"title":"Pathways for the Recognition of the Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"H. Reinecker","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.33","url":null,"abstract":"The specific role of most of these newly discovered DC subsets in antigen sampling and presentation is unknown and it remains therefore unclear whether they work synergistically, as alternatives or have distinct functions in the recognition of the intestinal microbiota. The focus of effort in this field will be to understand how these diverse DC subsets cooperate in regulating the complex homeostasis and host defense in the different intestinal immune compartments. The intestinal lamina propria contains a DC network that serves as a newly discovered gateway for the uptake and transport of the intestinal microbiota. Specialized vesicular structures at the end of transepithelial dendrites serve as 'luminal sensors' for the mucosal immune system. Characterization of the surface components of these luminal sensors may aid in developing strategies to prevent bacterial and viral pathogen entry. We propose that the lamina propria and M cell-dependent antigen sampling systems are associated with specific DC subsets. The discovery of functionally defined subsets of dendritic cells associated with distinct mechanisms responsible for the uptake of antigens across the intestinal barrier opens the path for strategies for targeting them specifically in the development of vaccines or treatment approaches for inflammatory bowel diseases. For these exciting possibilities to progress into practical applications, it needs to be established whether distinct DCs subsets are associated with multiple pathways or if their function is linked to specific innate or adaptive immune responses. Defining DC function in the intestine will be pivotal in finally progressing our understanding on how the mucosal immune system makes the distinction between commensal microbiota, pathogens and self antigens.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"33-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazumasa Matsumoto, T. Takada, K. Shimizu, Y. Kado, K. Kawakami, I. Makino, Y. Yamaoka, Koichi Hirano, A. Nishimura, O. Kajimoto, K. Nomoto
Forty healthy individuals with a low defecation frequency were selected, and the effects of intake of a fermented milk beverage that contains Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) at 4 x 10 9 bacteria/bottle for 2 weeks (1 bottle/day) on the defecation frequency and intestinal microflora were evaluated by the placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over scheme. Defecation frequency both in times per week and days per week significantly increased in the LcS beverage period compared with the frequency before the beginning of intake. The differences were more notable in those with a stronger tendency to constipation (frequency of defecation before intake ≤ 4.0 times/week, n=21), and the frequency of defecation in the LcS beverage period was significantly higher than in the placebo period. The stool smell and feeling of completion of voiding improved significantly in the LcS beverage period compared with the placebo period, and in those with a stronger tendency to constipation, the stools were significantly softened compared with the state before intake. The number of bifidobacteria and their percentage in the total number of fecal bacteria in the LcS beverage period increased significantly compared with the levels before intake and were significantly higher than the values in the placebo period. No marked change due to the intake of the LcS beverage was observed in the other components of the microflora, the organic acid contents, stool pH, water content, or contents of putrefactive metabolites. These results suggest that intake of the probiotic fermented milk beverage conditions the intestines by improving the state of bowel movements and stool quality and increasing the fecal population level of bifidobacteria.
{"title":"The Effects of a Probiotic Milk Product Containing Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota on the Defecation Frequency and the Intestinal Microflora of Sub-optimal Health State Volunteers: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Cross-over Study","authors":"Kazumasa Matsumoto, T. Takada, K. Shimizu, Y. Kado, K. Kawakami, I. Makino, Y. Yamaoka, Koichi Hirano, A. Nishimura, O. Kajimoto, K. Nomoto","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.39","url":null,"abstract":"Forty healthy individuals with a low defecation frequency were selected, and the effects of intake of a fermented milk beverage that contains Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) at 4 x 10 9 bacteria/bottle for 2 weeks (1 bottle/day) on the defecation frequency and intestinal microflora were evaluated by the placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over scheme. Defecation frequency both in times per week and days per week significantly increased in the LcS beverage period compared with the frequency before the beginning of intake. The differences were more notable in those with a stronger tendency to constipation (frequency of defecation before intake ≤ 4.0 times/week, n=21), and the frequency of defecation in the LcS beverage period was significantly higher than in the placebo period. The stool smell and feeling of completion of voiding improved significantly in the LcS beverage period compared with the placebo period, and in those with a stronger tendency to constipation, the stools were significantly softened compared with the state before intake. The number of bifidobacteria and their percentage in the total number of fecal bacteria in the LcS beverage period increased significantly compared with the levels before intake and were significantly higher than the values in the placebo period. No marked change due to the intake of the LcS beverage was observed in the other components of the microflora, the organic acid contents, stool pH, water content, or contents of putrefactive metabolites. These results suggest that intake of the probiotic fermented milk beverage conditions the intestines by improving the state of bowel movements and stool quality and increasing the fecal population level of bifidobacteria.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern studies of prebiotic non digestible carbohydrates continue to expand and demonstrate their colonic and systemic benefits. However, virtually nothing is known of their use among ancient populations. In this paper we discuss evidence for prebiotic use in the archaeological record from select areas of the world. It is suggested that members of our genus Homo would have had sufficient ecological opportunity to include prebiotic-bearing plants in diet as early as ~ 2 million years ago, but that significant dietary intake would not have taken place until the advent of technological advances that characterized the Upper Paleolithic of ~40,000 years ago. Throughout human evolution, hominid populations that diversified their diet to include prebiotic-bearing plants would have had a selective advantage over competitors.
{"title":"Human Evolution, Nutritional Ecology and Prebiotics in Ancient Diet","authors":"J. Leach, G. Gibson, J. Loo","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.1","url":null,"abstract":"Modern studies of prebiotic non digestible carbohydrates continue to expand and demonstrate their colonic and systemic benefits. However, virtually nothing is known of their use among ancient populations. In this paper we discuss evidence for prebiotic use in the archaeological record from select areas of the world. It is suggested that members of our genus Homo would have had sufficient ecological opportunity to include prebiotic-bearing plants in diet as early as ~ 2 million years ago, but that significant dietary intake would not have taken place until the advent of technological advances that characterized the Upper Paleolithic of ~40,000 years ago. Throughout human evolution, hominid populations that diversified their diet to include prebiotic-bearing plants would have had a selective advantage over competitors.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hirayama, Ryutarou Arai, K. Itoh, Rumi Ide, Shimako Mutoh
Ingestion of brown rice cereal has been found to improve skin conditions, while the effects of wheat bran cereal were limited (Ide et al., J. Integr. Study Diet. Habits, 2005, in press). The effects of these breakfast cereals on the composition of intestinal flora and the intestinal environment were investigated. Two different types of breakfast cereals, wheat bran cereal that is particularly rich in dietary fiber and brown rice cereal fortified with vitamins and minerals, were consumed twice a day by young female volunteers. The control group ingested their usual diet. Composition of fecal flora, fecal moisture, fecal pH, fecal enzymic activities and concentrations of intestinal putrefactive products and short chain fatty acids as well as skin conditions were analyzed. The populations of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae significantly decreased after two weeks of wheat bran cereal consumption. Moisture of feces was significantly decreased and the properties of feces and defecation frequency were improved by wheat bran cereal. Activity of β-glucosidase increased significantly and the concentrations of putrefactive products decreased slightly. The effects of brown rice cereal on composition of intestinal flora and intestinal environment were not obvious. No direct correlation between the effects on the intestinal environment and skin conditions was found. The results suggest that the two different types of breakfast cereals used in the present study have different impacts on the intestinal environment and skin conditions.
研究发现，摄入糙米谷物可以改善皮肤状况，而麦麸谷物的效果有限(Ide et al.， J. Integr.)。研究饮食。《习惯》，2005年出版)。研究了这些早餐谷物对肠道菌群组成和肠道环境的影响。年轻的女性志愿者每天吃两次不同类型的早餐谷物，一种是富含膳食纤维的麦麸谷物，另一种是富含维生素和矿物质的糙米谷物。对照组摄食正常饮食。分析粪便菌群组成、粪便水分、粪便pH、粪便酶活性、肠道腐烂产物和短链脂肪酸浓度以及皮肤状况。食用麦麸谷物两周后，肠杆菌科和链球菌科的数量显著减少。麦麸谷物显著降低了粪便水分，改善了粪便性质和排便频率。β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著升高，腐烂产物浓度略有下降。糙米谷物对肠道菌群组成和肠道环境的影响不明显。对肠道环境的影响和皮肤状况之间没有直接的联系。结果表明，本研究中使用的两种不同类型的早餐谷物对肠道环境和皮肤状况有不同的影响。
{"title":"Effects of Wheat Bran and Brown Rice Cereals on the Intestinal Environment and Skin Conditions","authors":"K. Hirayama, Ryutarou Arai, K. Itoh, Rumi Ide, Shimako Mutoh","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.25.9","url":null,"abstract":"Ingestion of brown rice cereal has been found to improve skin conditions, while the effects of wheat bran cereal were limited (Ide et al., J. Integr. Study Diet. Habits, 2005, in press). The effects of these breakfast cereals on the composition of intestinal flora and the intestinal environment were investigated. Two different types of breakfast cereals, wheat bran cereal that is particularly rich in dietary fiber and brown rice cereal fortified with vitamins and minerals, were consumed twice a day by young female volunteers. The control group ingested their usual diet. Composition of fecal flora, fecal moisture, fecal pH, fecal enzymic activities and concentrations of intestinal putrefactive products and short chain fatty acids as well as skin conditions were analyzed. The populations of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae significantly decreased after two weeks of wheat bran cereal consumption. Moisture of feces was significantly decreased and the properties of feces and defecation frequency were improved by wheat bran cereal. Activity of β-glucosidase increased significantly and the concentrations of putrefactive products decreased slightly. The effects of brown rice cereal on composition of intestinal flora and intestinal environment were not obvious. No direct correlation between the effects on the intestinal environment and skin conditions was found. The results suggest that the two different types of breakfast cereals used in the present study have different impacts on the intestinal environment and skin conditions.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"9-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ohashi, K. Nagai, M. Tokunaga, K. Ushida, Tomomi Yamada
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dried yak cheese from the Bhutan Himalayas were examined for their ability to stimulate the expression of cytokine mRNA on the murine macrophage. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL) 6 or IL-12 p40 gene was stimulated by several strains. The dried yak cheese, Chugo, contains LAB that possess immuno-modulating activity.
{"title":"Stimulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in a Murine Macrophage Cell Line by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Bhutanese Dried Yak Cheese","authors":"Y. Ohashi, K. Nagai, M. Tokunaga, K. Ushida, Tomomi Yamada","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.125","url":null,"abstract":"Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dried yak cheese from the Bhutan Himalayas were examined for their ability to stimulate the expression of cytokine mRNA on the murine macrophage. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL) 6 or IL-12 p40 gene was stimulated by several strains. The dried yak cheese, Chugo, contains LAB that possess immuno-modulating activity.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"24 1","pages":"125-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates on the growth of four species of bifidobacteria, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve and B. infantis was investigated. It was observed that the growth of 3 species of bifidobacteria (B. bifidum, B. breve and B. infantis) was stimulated by bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates. These results suggest the possibility that lactoferrin, digested in the intestine, acts as a bifidogenic factor for the growth of bifidobacteria.
{"title":"Comparison of Growth Promoting Effects on Bifidobacterium spp. by Bovine Lactoferrin Hydrolysates","authors":"Woan-sub Kim, M. Rahman, H. Kumura, K. Shimazaki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.119","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates on the growth of four species of bifidobacteria, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve and B. infantis was investigated. It was observed that the growth of 3 species of bifidobacteria (B. bifidum, B. breve and B. infantis) was stimulated by bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates. These results suggest the possibility that lactoferrin, digested in the intestine, acts as a bifidogenic factor for the growth of bifidobacteria.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"24 1","pages":"119-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Butyric acid present in the culture filtrates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella loescheii and Fusobacterium nucleatum induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in murine thymocytes, splenic T cells, and human Jurkat T cells. A pronounced accumulation of ROS occurred during butyric acid-induced apoptosis. Butyric acid induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, e.g. cytochrome c, AIF, and Smac, and by the ceramide pathway. Up-regulation of JNK and p38, and down-regulation of ERK occurred immediately after butyric acid treatment. In microarray analysis, butyric acid treatment resulted in increased expression of the proapoptotic gene, whereas the expression of anti-apoptotic mediators was decreased. These data suggest that butyric acid is an apoptosis-inducing agent in most lymphoreticular cells. In contrast, epithelial cells and fibroblasts were insensitive to butyric acid. Fibroblasts from healthy gingival tissue rescued butyric acid-induced T cell apoptosis via proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-11, which were produced by the fibroblasts stimulated by butyric acid. Furthermore, the T cell apoptosis was also down-regulated by T cell adhesion to gingival fibroblasts through interaction with CD44, VLA-2, and VLA-5 expressed on T cells stimulated with butyric acid. Also, gingival fibroblasts from periodontal patients were highly susceptible to apoptosis induced by butyric acid when compared to healthy gingival fibroblasts. In conclusion, since short-chain fatty acids produced by periodontopathic bacteria induce apoptosis in immunological cells and the fibroblasts from periodontal patients, the results strongly suggested that they are concerned with the progress of periodontal disease.
{"title":"Apoptosis induced by Short-chain Fatty Acids Modulates Immunoresponses : Role of Cell-to-cell Communication in Inhibiting Butyric Acid-induced T Cell Apoptosis","authors":"K. Ochiai, T. Kurita-Ochiai","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.91","url":null,"abstract":"Butyric acid present in the culture filtrates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella loescheii and Fusobacterium nucleatum induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in murine thymocytes, splenic T cells, and human Jurkat T cells. A pronounced accumulation of ROS occurred during butyric acid-induced apoptosis. Butyric acid induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, e.g. cytochrome c, AIF, and Smac, and by the ceramide pathway. Up-regulation of JNK and p38, and down-regulation of ERK occurred immediately after butyric acid treatment. In microarray analysis, butyric acid treatment resulted in increased expression of the proapoptotic gene, whereas the expression of anti-apoptotic mediators was decreased. These data suggest that butyric acid is an apoptosis-inducing agent in most lymphoreticular cells. In contrast, epithelial cells and fibroblasts were insensitive to butyric acid. Fibroblasts from healthy gingival tissue rescued butyric acid-induced T cell apoptosis via proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-11, which were produced by the fibroblasts stimulated by butyric acid. Furthermore, the T cell apoptosis was also down-regulated by T cell adhesion to gingival fibroblasts through interaction with CD44, VLA-2, and VLA-5 expressed on T cells stimulated with butyric acid. Also, gingival fibroblasts from periodontal patients were highly susceptible to apoptosis induced by butyric acid when compared to healthy gingival fibroblasts. In conclusion, since short-chain fatty acids produced by periodontopathic bacteria induce apoptosis in immunological cells and the fibroblasts from periodontal patients, the results strongly suggested that they are concerned with the progress of periodontal disease.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"24 1","pages":"91-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ogura, N. Yamaga, Takao Suzuki, K. Kimura, Y. Kido, Kazuo Yamada, K. Uchida
The effect of Escherichia coli K-12 on the transformation of hyocholic acid, α-muricholic acid, β-muricholic acid and 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid was examined in aerobic and anaerobic cultures for 4 days and the activities were compared with those on cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Hyocholic acid was dehydrogenated, but to a lesser extent than cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid. However, α-muricholic acid, which has a 7α-hydroxyl group, was not dehydrogenated even after 4 days. This was confirmed by experiments using a cell-free crude enzyme preparation and by gas chromatographic analysis of bile acids in the medium culture. β-Muricholic acid and 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid were not changed by Esherichia coli K-12.
{"title":"Aerobic and Anaerobic Biotransformation of Bile Acids by Escherichia coli (II): No Conversion of α-Muricholic Acid by 7α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase of E. coli","authors":"Y. Ogura, N. Yamaga, Takao Suzuki, K. Kimura, Y. Kido, Kazuo Yamada, K. Uchida","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.24.41","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of Escherichia coli K-12 on the transformation of hyocholic acid, α-muricholic acid, β-muricholic acid and 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid was examined in aerobic and anaerobic cultures for 4 days and the activities were compared with those on cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Hyocholic acid was dehydrogenated, but to a lesser extent than cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid. However, α-muricholic acid, which has a 7α-hydroxyl group, was not dehydrogenated even after 4 days. This was confirmed by experiments using a cell-free crude enzyme preparation and by gas chromatographic analysis of bile acids in the medium culture. β-Muricholic acid and 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid were not changed by Esherichia coli K-12.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"24 1","pages":"41-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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