Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00275
Xing Xia, K. Rekab
The problem of estimating system reliability is the same as estimating the product of means of independent Bernoulli populations. We use independent Beta priors for the means and propose a sequential design that is second order efficient, it converges faster to the optimal ratio than the first order designs. Second order sequential designs are sought and show the optimality of the fully sequential design through an application of reliability estimation using Monte Carlo simulation.
{"title":"Second-order efficiency of fully sequential designs for estimating the product of two means with application in reliability estimation","authors":"Xing Xia, K. Rekab","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00275","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of estimating system reliability is the same as estimating the product of means of independent Bernoulli populations. We use independent Beta priors for the means and propose a sequential design that is second order efficient, it converges faster to the optimal ratio than the first order designs. Second order sequential designs are sought and show the optimality of the fully sequential design through an application of reliability estimation using Monte Carlo simulation.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89222499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00274
S. Tzortzios, G. Adam, N. Dalezios
{"title":"Computer-based methods in environmental data organization and management","authors":"S. Tzortzios, G. Adam, N. Dalezios","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00274","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77125459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00273
Reta Habtamu Bacha, M. Tadesse
Malnutrition is the underlying cause of more than 2.6 million child deaths each year. Globally significant numbers of people are affected by malnutrition(undernutrition). The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) estimated that undernutrition affects approximately 789 million people in 2014-16.1,2 The prevalence of undernourshment and underweight among children under age five were primarily used internationally to measure and compare the burden of undernutrition.2
{"title":"Bayesian generalized linear model for identifying predictors of child nutritional status in Ethiopia","authors":"Reta Habtamu Bacha, M. Tadesse","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00273","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is the underlying cause of more than 2.6 million child deaths each year. Globally significant numbers of people are affected by malnutrition(undernutrition). The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) estimated that undernutrition affects approximately 789 million people in 2014-16.1,2 The prevalence of undernourshment and underweight among children under age five were primarily used internationally to measure and compare the burden of undernutrition.2","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78746712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00272
Imtinen Sghaier, Rania Ouertani, M. Mahjoubi, Darine El-Hidri, W. Hassen, A. Chamkhi, H. Chouchane, A. Jaouani, A. Cherif, Mohamed Neifar
In recent years, the release of textile wastewaters (TWWs), without adequate treatment, into natural ecosystem has become a great threat and one of the main sources of environmental pollution.1 Apart the high amounts, TWWs have a complex and specific nature.2 TWWs are highly charged by synthetic dyes. One of the most frequently synthetic dyes used in dyeing units, is azo dyes.3 More than 10,000 dyes are available commercially and more than 7×105 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually.4 Azo dyes can be grouped as mono-, di-, or tri-azo, according to the number of azo bonds (-N=N-) in their structure.5 There are about 15% of dyes are lost due to inefficiency dyeing process in wastewater.6 The release of these dyes in large quantities into surrounding environment have serious concerns in aquatic life and public health especially as they are considered as recalcitrant compounds,7 stable towards light and temperature and resist to microbial attack.8,9 Indeed, removal of these toxic compounds remained mandatory. So, different physical and chemical methods have been employed but their continuous application put forth their limitations as they require high energy, time and cost, and generate large amount of sludge and toxic by-products.10 Bioremediation has been considered as a good alternative process to deal this threat. Different azo dyes decolorizing microorganisms have been reported, including bacteria,11,12 fungi13,14 and yeast.15,16 Since different textile processing steps require an excessive use of salt and sodium hydroxide, TWWs are characterized by alkaline pH and high salinity.1 Considering the specific nature of TWWs, fungal treatment remained inadequate in TWWs treatment as that are functional at low pH.17 Researchers have been focused on bacteria dye removal as that it is more adequate to support TWWs characteristics; particularly the focus has been on haloalkaliphilic bacteria. Bioremediation by bacteria can be carried out using two approaches either mono or mixed culture to exploit decolorization potency of each strain and also cooperative interactions between them.18,19
{"title":"Application of a mixture design to optimize textile azo-dye decolorization using a bacterial consortium","authors":"Imtinen Sghaier, Rania Ouertani, M. Mahjoubi, Darine El-Hidri, W. Hassen, A. Chamkhi, H. Chouchane, A. Jaouani, A. Cherif, Mohamed Neifar","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00272","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the release of textile wastewaters (TWWs), without adequate treatment, into natural ecosystem has become a great threat and one of the main sources of environmental pollution.1 Apart the high amounts, TWWs have a complex and specific nature.2 TWWs are highly charged by synthetic dyes. One of the most frequently synthetic dyes used in dyeing units, is azo dyes.3 More than 10,000 dyes are available commercially and more than 7×105 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually.4 Azo dyes can be grouped as mono-, di-, or tri-azo, according to the number of azo bonds (-N=N-) in their structure.5 There are about 15% of dyes are lost due to inefficiency dyeing process in wastewater.6 The release of these dyes in large quantities into surrounding environment have serious concerns in aquatic life and public health especially as they are considered as recalcitrant compounds,7 stable towards light and temperature and resist to microbial attack.8,9 Indeed, removal of these toxic compounds remained mandatory. So, different physical and chemical methods have been employed but their continuous application put forth their limitations as they require high energy, time and cost, and generate large amount of sludge and toxic by-products.10 Bioremediation has been considered as a good alternative process to deal this threat. Different azo dyes decolorizing microorganisms have been reported, including bacteria,11,12 fungi13,14 and yeast.15,16 Since different textile processing steps require an excessive use of salt and sodium hydroxide, TWWs are characterized by alkaline pH and high salinity.1 Considering the specific nature of TWWs, fungal treatment remained inadequate in TWWs treatment as that are functional at low pH.17 Researchers have been focused on bacteria dye removal as that it is more adequate to support TWWs characteristics; particularly the focus has been on haloalkaliphilic bacteria. Bioremediation by bacteria can be carried out using two approaches either mono or mixed culture to exploit decolorization potency of each strain and also cooperative interactions between them.18,19","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89472283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-02DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00271
Almuhamedova Bg, Aliev Da, Tillashaykhov Mn, Igissinov Ns, Yusupov Bd
Cervical cancer (cervical cancer) remains one of the global problems of public health and public health. According to the International Agency for the Study of Cancer in the world, about 528,000 new cases of cervical cancer are recorded annually and about 266,000 women die from this pathology.1 In this case, the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer has a significant geographical variability2–8 and depends on many exogenous and endogenous causes, which of course, in turn, are associated with socioeconomic, demographic factors, reproductive history, etc., as evidenced by numerous studies.9–11 In Uzbekistan, as in many countries, cervical cancer also represents one of the urgent problems in oncogynecology. The capital of Uzbekistan is the city of Tashkent, which is the largest city in Central Asia, the center of the Tashkent agglomeration, the main cultural, scientific, political and economic center in Uzbekistan, as well as a transport hub.
{"title":"Dynamic study of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Tashkent city","authors":"Almuhamedova Bg, Aliev Da, Tillashaykhov Mn, Igissinov Ns, Yusupov Bd","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00271","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer (cervical cancer) remains one of the global problems of public health and public health. According to the International Agency for the Study of Cancer in the world, about 528,000 new cases of cervical cancer are recorded annually and about 266,000 women die from this pathology.1 In this case, the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer has a significant geographical variability2–8 and depends on many exogenous and endogenous causes, which of course, in turn, are associated with socioeconomic, demographic factors, reproductive history, etc., as evidenced by numerous studies.9–11 In Uzbekistan, as in many countries, cervical cancer also represents one of the urgent problems in oncogynecology. The capital of Uzbekistan is the city of Tashkent, which is the largest city in Central Asia, the center of the Tashkent agglomeration, the main cultural, scientific, political and economic center in Uzbekistan, as well as a transport hub.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88143359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-22DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00269
Z. Rafat, S. Hashemi, Roshank Daie Ghazvini, M. Yarahmadi, Maryam Sharafkhah
Skin as the largest organ of human body is significantly colonized by a variety of bacterial and fungal population1,2 and richosporon is a normal fungal inhabitant of the skin. Opportunistic infections by this fungus has been increasingly often report in immune compromised patients.3–6 Two of the most factors influencing the complex of inhabitants on the skin are gender7 and age.8,9 There is little information about Trichosporon distribution inhabiting on human skin in the world and it should be noted, this is the first study about this subject in Iran. The purpose of this study were to create new information about the type and percentage of Trichosporon population in each site of the human skin, attempting to determine what influences the individual’s age and sex have on the composition and percentage of cutaneous Trichosporon community in Iranian people. As we know, Iran is a tropical country and fungal organisms can significantly growth over this condition.
{"title":"Study of skin and nail Trichosporon species as a normal flora based on age groups in healthy persons in Tehran-Iran","authors":"Z. Rafat, S. Hashemi, Roshank Daie Ghazvini, M. Yarahmadi, Maryam Sharafkhah","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00269","url":null,"abstract":"Skin as the largest organ of human body is significantly colonized by a variety of bacterial and fungal population1,2 and richosporon is a normal fungal inhabitant of the skin. Opportunistic infections by this fungus has been increasingly often report in immune compromised patients.3–6 Two of the most factors influencing the complex of inhabitants on the skin are gender7 and age.8,9 There is little information about Trichosporon distribution inhabiting on human skin in the world and it should be noted, this is the first study about this subject in Iran. The purpose of this study were to create new information about the type and percentage of Trichosporon population in each site of the human skin, attempting to determine what influences the individual’s age and sex have on the composition and percentage of cutaneous Trichosporon community in Iranian people. As we know, Iran is a tropical country and fungal organisms can significantly growth over this condition.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77696319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-11DOI: 10.32474/CTBB.2019.01.000112
O. Maxwell, C. NwokikeChukwudike, C. OfforhaBright, I. OlayemiJoshua, E. J. Thomas
The Lomax distribution also called “Pareto type II” is a special case of the generalized beta distribution of the second kind [1], and can be seen in many application areas, such as actuarial science, economics, biological sciences, engineering, lifetime and reliability modeling and so on [2]. This heavy-duty distribution is considered useful as an alternative distribution to survival problems and lifetesting in engineering and survival analysis [3]. Inverse Lomax distribution is a member of the inverted family of distributions and discovered to be very flexible in analyzing situations with a realized non-monotonic failure rate [4]. The probability density function and cumulative density function of the Inverted Lomax distribution are given by [5]:
{"title":"Modeling lifetime data with the odd generalized exponentiated inverse Lomax distribution","authors":"O. Maxwell, C. NwokikeChukwudike, C. OfforhaBright, I. OlayemiJoshua, E. J. Thomas","doi":"10.32474/CTBB.2019.01.000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32474/CTBB.2019.01.000112","url":null,"abstract":"The Lomax distribution also called “Pareto type II” is a special case of the generalized beta distribution of the second kind [1], and can be seen in many application areas, such as actuarial science, economics, biological sciences, engineering, lifetime and reliability modeling and so on [2]. This heavy-duty distribution is considered useful as an alternative distribution to survival problems and lifetesting in engineering and survival analysis [3]. Inverse Lomax distribution is a member of the inverted family of distributions and discovered to be very flexible in analyzing situations with a realized non-monotonic failure rate [4]. The probability density function and cumulative density function of the Inverted Lomax distribution are given by [5]:","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78377345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-26DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00267
Berhane Abebe, K. Shukla
In many cases, it is not easy to get samples from continuous distributions. The observed values, in the most of cases, are collected actually discrete in nature for the reason that they are measured to only finite number of decimal places and cannot completely presents all points in a continuum. According to Lai,1 discretization of a continuous lifetime model is an appealing approach to derive a discrete lifetime model corresponding to the continuous one. Therefore, it is reasonable and convenient to model the situation by an appropriate discrete distribution generated from the underlying continuous distribution preserving one or more important characteristics including probability density function (pdf), mean residual life function etc. and important statistical properties of the distribution.
{"title":"A discrete Pranav distribution and its applications","authors":"Berhane Abebe, K. Shukla","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00267","url":null,"abstract":"In many cases, it is not easy to get samples from continuous distributions. The observed values, in the most of cases, are collected actually discrete in nature for the reason that they are measured to only finite number of decimal places and cannot completely presents all points in a continuum. According to Lai,1 discretization of a continuous lifetime model is an appealing approach to derive a discrete lifetime model corresponding to the continuous one. Therefore, it is reasonable and convenient to model the situation by an appropriate discrete distribution generated from the underlying continuous distribution preserving one or more important characteristics including probability density function (pdf), mean residual life function etc. and important statistical properties of the distribution.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81844872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-25DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00266
S. Tzortzios, N. Gitsakis, G. Adam
The approaches and methodologies used for agricultural data analysis and processing in general continuously evolve (e.g. specific statistical analysis methods and tools, such as SPSS, are used quite intensively to assist the researcher’s work). The basic idea in our research work is to provide an integrated environment, where various data analysis and modeling tools would be at the disposal of the researcher to be used in processing farming production problems and extracting adequate solutions. For this purpose, certain database management and qualitative modeling techniques have been used in conjunction, as an integrated computing environment, called AgroModel, and tested upon specific cattle breeding cases. Artificial intelligence and qualitative modeling techniques have been applied for a long period of time, with quite successful results in most of the cases.1 However in the field of agriculture there is still a need for further research work to be carried out. We decided to use and apply qualitative techniques describing the structure and performance of plants and animals within agricultural environments, in order to assist the agriculturist to manage easily complicated processes, associated in particular with cattle breeding, and provide the ability to extract and evaluate the most valuable information from a set of complicated with various factors quantitative data. The retrieval of all the relevant information on the control treatments in various agricultural cases could be considered as a quite important research material for interesting studies of the plant species or livestock breeds in various experimental environments.
{"title":"Management of huge amounts of data using qualitative and statistical modeling: an agricultural case study","authors":"S. Tzortzios, N. Gitsakis, G. Adam","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00266","url":null,"abstract":"The approaches and methodologies used for agricultural data analysis and processing in general continuously evolve (e.g. specific statistical analysis methods and tools, such as SPSS, are used quite intensively to assist the researcher’s work). The basic idea in our research work is to provide an integrated environment, where various data analysis and modeling tools would be at the disposal of the researcher to be used in processing farming production problems and extracting adequate solutions. For this purpose, certain database management and qualitative modeling techniques have been used in conjunction, as an integrated computing environment, called AgroModel, and tested upon specific cattle breeding cases. Artificial intelligence and qualitative modeling techniques have been applied for a long period of time, with quite successful results in most of the cases.1 However in the field of agriculture there is still a need for further research work to be carried out. We decided to use and apply qualitative techniques describing the structure and performance of plants and animals within agricultural environments, in order to assist the agriculturist to manage easily complicated processes, associated in particular with cattle breeding, and provide the ability to extract and evaluate the most valuable information from a set of complicated with various factors quantitative data. The retrieval of all the relevant information on the control treatments in various agricultural cases could be considered as a quite important research material for interesting studies of the plant species or livestock breeds in various experimental environments.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84259235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-14DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00265
M. Fahim
Strabismus, also called squint, tropia and heterotropia, is a common ocular disorder having 1% to 4% of prevalence.1 There are two types of strabismus: concomitant and incomitant. Concomitant strabismus is a condition in which the ocular angle of deviation remains constant in each direction of gaze. It includes the most common types of strabismus, including exotropia, esotropia, hypetropia, monofixation syndrome and microstrabismus. In the incomitant strabismus, which is also called as complex or paralytic strabismus, the misalignment of eyes or the angle of deviation differs with each direction of gaze. According to different surveys the global prevalence of strabismus shows the estimated prevalence of squint in the general population is from 2 to 5%. Between 5 and 15 million individuals in the United States may have this condition, several studies of clinical populations have reported that esotropia appears to occur approximately 3 times as often as exotropia in children.2 However, the National Health Survey of individual’s 4−74 years of age found a higher prevalence of exotropia (2.1%) than esotropia (1.2%) in the U.S population. This difference is probably related to the fact that the overall prevalence of strabismus in persons 55−75 years of age (in whom exotropia is more common) is 6.1% substantially greater than for very young children 1−3 years of age (1.9%) or children and adults 4−54 years of age (3.3%).3 The prevalence of exotropia may be underestimated, because it is most often an intermittent strabismus. For Hispanic/Latino and African American children ages 6−72 months in Los Angeles, California. The prevalence of strabismus was 2.4% for the former and 2.5% for the latter group. Exotropia was more common than esotropia.4 Approximately 50% of all childhood esotropia are either fully or partially accommodative. An esotropia is partially accommodative when the accommodative factors of uncorrected hyperopia and/or a high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio contribute to, but do not account for. The entire strabismus, non-accommodative esotropia is the second most common form of childhood esotropia, accounting for approximately 10% of all strabismus. Infantile esotropia accounts for approximately 8.1% of cases of esotropia, affecting 1 in every 100−500 persons.5 Intermittent exotropia is the most common type of exotropia, affecting nearly 1% of the population. Exotropia has been reported to be more prevalent among Asian and African American populations than among Caucasians women comprise 60 -70% of patients with exotropia.6 The prevalence of strabismus in Nigeria was 0.14%.7 In Pakistan, children under the age of 15 years account for 45% of the total population. The overall estimated prevalence of strabismus in Pakistan is 5.4%. Out of this 2.5% strabismus patients are under the age of the 5 years while 2.9% patients are over the age of 5 years. The national prevalence of squint 5.4% suggests that there are 7.02 million
{"title":"Prevalence of Strabismus and its type in Pediatric age group 6-15 years in a tertiary eye care hospital, Karachi","authors":"M. Fahim","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2019.08.00265","url":null,"abstract":"Strabismus, also called squint, tropia and heterotropia, is a common ocular disorder having 1% to 4% of prevalence.1 There are two types of strabismus: concomitant and incomitant. Concomitant strabismus is a condition in which the ocular angle of deviation remains constant in each direction of gaze. It includes the most common types of strabismus, including exotropia, esotropia, hypetropia, monofixation syndrome and microstrabismus. In the incomitant strabismus, which is also called as complex or paralytic strabismus, the misalignment of eyes or the angle of deviation differs with each direction of gaze. According to different surveys the global prevalence of strabismus shows the estimated prevalence of squint in the general population is from 2 to 5%. Between 5 and 15 million individuals in the United States may have this condition, several studies of clinical populations have reported that esotropia appears to occur approximately 3 times as often as exotropia in children.2 However, the National Health Survey of individual’s 4−74 years of age found a higher prevalence of exotropia (2.1%) than esotropia (1.2%) in the U.S population. This difference is probably related to the fact that the overall prevalence of strabismus in persons 55−75 years of age (in whom exotropia is more common) is 6.1% substantially greater than for very young children 1−3 years of age (1.9%) or children and adults 4−54 years of age (3.3%).3 The prevalence of exotropia may be underestimated, because it is most often an intermittent strabismus. For Hispanic/Latino and African American children ages 6−72 months in Los Angeles, California. The prevalence of strabismus was 2.4% for the former and 2.5% for the latter group. Exotropia was more common than esotropia.4 Approximately 50% of all childhood esotropia are either fully or partially accommodative. An esotropia is partially accommodative when the accommodative factors of uncorrected hyperopia and/or a high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio contribute to, but do not account for. The entire strabismus, non-accommodative esotropia is the second most common form of childhood esotropia, accounting for approximately 10% of all strabismus. Infantile esotropia accounts for approximately 8.1% of cases of esotropia, affecting 1 in every 100−500 persons.5 Intermittent exotropia is the most common type of exotropia, affecting nearly 1% of the population. Exotropia has been reported to be more prevalent among Asian and African American populations than among Caucasians women comprise 60 -70% of patients with exotropia.6 The prevalence of strabismus in Nigeria was 0.14%.7 In Pakistan, children under the age of 15 years account for 45% of the total population. The overall estimated prevalence of strabismus in Pakistan is 5.4%. Out of this 2.5% strabismus patients are under the age of the 5 years while 2.9% patients are over the age of 5 years. The national prevalence of squint 5.4% suggests that there are 7.02 million","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78297558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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