Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020026
I. W. Bashinskiy, N. G. Kadetov, V. A. Senkevich, T. G. Stojko, E. A. Katsman, V. V. Osipov
Abstract
This review summarizes information on the main negative factors affecting the state of floodplain water bodies ecosystems, describes the most common consequences for abiotic and biotic processes, and suggests possible ways to conserve these ecosystems. Evidence of the negative impact of hydraulic construction, embanking of floodplains, channelizing of rivers, agriculture, and other anthropogenic impacts is presented. A special role is played by climate change, which leads to a decrease in flood inundation, drying and overgrowing of water bodies, and their eutrophication. The authors suggest criteria to choose correct indicators that can testify not only to special stages of water body succession (e.g., vegetation) or its trophic status (zooplankton), but also to the long-term effects of anthropogenic and climatic changes. As a recommendation, it is proposed not to consider water bodies separately, but to assess the whole waterscapes and use the change in β-diversity as an indicator. Further conservation strategies can be based on the approaches of the Red List of Ecosystems of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), which will help to draw attention to the problem. The key role for the conservation of floodplain water bodies should be played by territorial protection measures, up to the development of a separate category for small water bodies.
{"title":"Transformation of Ecosystems of Floodplain Water Bodies under Current Natural and Anthropogenic Changes and Possible Strategies for Their Conservation","authors":"I. W. Bashinskiy, N. G. Kadetov, V. A. Senkevich, T. G. Stojko, E. A. Katsman, V. V. Osipov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020026","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This review summarizes information on the main negative factors affecting the state of floodplain water bodies ecosystems, describes the most common consequences for abiotic and biotic processes, and suggests possible ways to conserve these ecosystems. Evidence of the negative impact of hydraulic construction, embanking of floodplains, channelizing of rivers, agriculture, and other anthropogenic impacts is presented. A special role is played by climate change, which leads to a decrease in flood inundation, drying and overgrowing of water bodies, and their eutrophication. The authors suggest criteria to choose correct indicators that can testify not only to special stages of water body succession (e.g., vegetation) or its trophic status (zooplankton), but also to the long-term effects of anthropogenic and climatic changes. As a recommendation, it is proposed not to consider water bodies separately, but to assess the whole waterscapes and use the change in β-diversity as an indicator. Further conservation strategies can be based on the approaches of the Red List of Ecosystems of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), which will help to draw attention to the problem. The key role for the conservation of floodplain water bodies should be played by territorial protection measures, up to the development of a separate category for small water bodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140610182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010043
O. A. Filatova
Abstract
Ecological niche partitioning is a process that allows organisms to achieve differences in resource use to reduce competition. Niche partitioning is traditionally viewed as a result of modification of genetically inherited traits through the process of adaptive evolution. However, in social animals with developed cognitive abilities, a significant portion of behavioral patterns is transmitted not genetically, but through social learning. Complex sets of behavioral patterns transmitted through social learning are called cultural traditions. The partitioning of ecological niches in cetaceans is most often considered in the context of morphological adaptations: changes in size, skull shape, and the structure of the filtering apparatus. The role of cultural traditions in niche partitioning is still poorly understood, but it is an important and promising area of research, as it provides a novel approach to the ability of animals to change their behavior in order to exploit the environment more efficiently. The main advantage of traditions over genetically inherited behavioral patterns is the ability to change quickly and spread rapidly in a population. Estimating the role of cultural traditions in ecological niche partitioning would highlight the significance of behavior plasticity and social learning in the evolution of animal intelligence. Ecological niche partitioning through the rapidly changing and rapidly spreading behavioral adaptations in the population, allowing to adapt quickly to changes in the environment, could provide a significant evolutionary advantage, which could lead to the development of a relatively high level of intelligence in cetaceans.
{"title":"The Role of Cultural Traditions in Ecological Niche Partitioning in Cetaceans","authors":"O. A. Filatova","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010043","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Ecological niche partitioning is a process that allows organisms to achieve differences in resource use to reduce competition. Niche partitioning is traditionally viewed as a result of modification of genetically inherited traits through the process of adaptive evolution. However, in social animals with developed cognitive abilities, a significant portion of behavioral patterns is transmitted not genetically, but through social learning. Complex sets of behavioral patterns transmitted through social learning are called cultural traditions. The partitioning of ecological niches in cetaceans is most often considered in the context of morphological adaptations: changes in size, skull shape, and the structure of the filtering apparatus. The role of cultural traditions in niche partitioning is still poorly understood, but it is an important and promising area of research, as it provides a novel approach to the ability of animals to change their behavior in order to exploit the environment more efficiently. The main advantage of traditions over genetically inherited behavioral patterns is the ability to change quickly and spread rapidly in a population. Estimating the role of cultural traditions in ecological niche partitioning would highlight the significance of behavior plasticity and social learning in the evolution of animal intelligence. Ecological niche partitioning through the rapidly changing and rapidly spreading behavioral adaptations in the population, allowing to adapt quickly to changes in the environment, could provide a significant evolutionary advantage, which could lead to the development of a relatively high level of intelligence in cetaceans.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010067
M. A. Nikitin, S. I. Borman
Abstract—
The emergence of the nervous system is one of the most important events in the evolution of life on Earth. The details of this event remain poorly understood; in particular, a great variety of known neurotransmitter substances requires an explanation. We analyze the homologs of neuronal glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in Placozoa (animals without a nervous system, but possessing the mobility and behavior). Phylogenetic analysis and comparison of amino acid residues responsible for a ligand specificity demonstrated that these Placozoan receptors are unexpectedly numerous, diverse, and evolutionarily dynamic, and by all these traits, they rather resemble the olfactory receptors of higher animals. Our results indicate that the chemoreceptor system was an important source of diverse receptors for the emerging nervous system, and future neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, GABA, glycine) were relevant external signals for the first animals that did not yet have a nervous system.
{"title":"Glutamate and GABA Receptors of Nerveless Animals (Placozoa): Preadaptation to Neurotransmission","authors":"M. A. Nikitin, S. I. Borman","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010067","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The emergence of the nervous system is one of the most important events in the evolution of life on Earth. The details of this event remain poorly understood; in particular, a great variety of known neurotransmitter substances requires an explanation. We analyze the homologs of neuronal glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in Placozoa (animals without a nervous system, but possessing the mobility and behavior). Phylogenetic analysis and comparison of amino acid residues responsible for a ligand specificity demonstrated that these Placozoan receptors are unexpectedly numerous, diverse, and evolutionarily dynamic, and by all these traits, they rather resemble the olfactory receptors of higher animals. Our results indicate that the chemoreceptor system was an important source of diverse receptors for the emerging nervous system, and future neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, GABA, glycine) were relevant external signals for the first animals that did not yet have a nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010110
E. L. Sumina, D. L. Sumin
Abstract
The results of the study of stromatolites for the purposes of geology have shown the directed and irreversible nature of their evolution. Further detailed study of the structure made it possible to reveal the subordination of the structures of various hierarchical levels and the consistency of their changes over time, which indicates the presence of morphogenetic and adaptive capabilities in the macroscopic stromatolite-forming agent—the properties of an integral organism. This was in conflict with the ideas existing at that time about the impossibility of the formation of organized communities or multicellular organisms by prokaryotes. It was believed that the formation of multicellular organisms and any communities with developed communication requires a high structural complexity of the elements. Bacteria were considered as solitary or colonial organisms not having sufficient complexity. However, direct observation of their accumulations revealed signs of highly organized communities comparable in their integrity to organisms. This forces a different approach to the nature of the emergence of communities and the sources of their complexity. On the basis of the unity of the observed processes, in addition to the cyanobacteria themselves, data on other groups of bacteria, as well as on modular organisms and communities of multicellular eukaryotes, are considered.
{"title":"Adaptive Reactions of Ancient Fossil Organisms: Likely Evolutionary Causes of Sociality Emergence","authors":"E. L. Sumina, D. L. Sumin","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010110","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of the study of stromatolites for the purposes of geology have shown the directed and irreversible nature of their evolution. Further detailed study of the structure made it possible to reveal the subordination of the structures of various hierarchical levels and the consistency of their changes over time, which indicates the presence of morphogenetic and adaptive capabilities in the macroscopic stromatolite-forming agent—the properties of an integral organism. This was in conflict with the ideas existing at that time about the impossibility of the formation of organized communities or multicellular organisms by prokaryotes. It was believed that the formation of multicellular organisms and any communities with developed communication requires a high structural complexity of the elements. Bacteria were considered as solitary or colonial organisms not having sufficient complexity. However, direct observation of their accumulations revealed signs of highly organized communities comparable in their integrity to organisms. This forces a different approach to the nature of the emergence of communities and the sources of their complexity. On the basis of the unity of the observed processes, in addition to the cyanobacteria themselves, data on other groups of bacteria, as well as on modular organisms and communities of multicellular eukaryotes, are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010109
M. P. Shevelyova, E. I. Deryusheva, E. L. Nemashkalova, A. V. Machulin, E. A. Litus
Abstract—
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was and remains the main cause of the development of dementia in older patients. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by a progressive course and belongs to a group of socially significant diseases. There are several hypotheses for the development of AD: the tau hypothesis, the amyloid hypothesis, the cholinergic hypothesis, the hypotheses of oxidative stress and inflammation. The absence of a generally accepted understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AD prevents the development of new efficient methods for its treatment and prevention. In clinical practice, cholinesterase inhibitors that alleviate the symptoms of the disease but do not affect its course are widely used. In 2021, a drug for pathogenetic therapy of AD (aducanumab), which contributes to a decrease in the content of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain of patients, was for the first time approved. The effect on human serum albumin (HSA), which carries 90% of Aβ in the blood serum and 40–90% of Aβ in the cerebrospinal fluid, is another promising approach to the treatment of AD aimed at removing Aβ from the patient’s central nervous system. In clinical practice, plasmapheresis with a replacement of one’s own HSA with a purified therapeutic albumin preparation has already been tested and demonstrated its efficiency. The enhancement of the interaction of HSA with Aβ through the effect of exogenous and endogenous HSA ligands (such as serotonin, ibuprofen, and some unsaturated fatty acids) is another variant of this approach. The studies in vivo confirm the association of this group of ligands with the pathogenesis of AD. The listed substances belong to well-studied natural metabolites or drugs, which significantly simplifies the development of new methods of therapy and prevention of AD using them. In general, a new direction of scientific studies devoted to the study of HSA as a carrier and depot of Aβ in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid will allow us to expand our understanding of Aβ metabolism and its role in the pathogenesis of AD.
摘要-阿尔茨海默病（AD）过去是、现在仍然是导致老年痴呆症的主要原因。这种神经退行性疾病的特点是病程呈进行性发展，属于一类具有社会意义的疾病。关于老年痴呆症的发病有几种假说：tau 假说、淀粉样蛋白假说、胆碱能假说、氧化应激和炎症假说。由于对注意力缺失症的病因和发病机制缺乏普遍接受的认识，因此无法开发新的有效方法来治疗和预防注意力缺失症。在临床实践中，缓解疾病症状但不影响病程的胆碱酯酶抑制剂被广泛使用。2021 年，一种有助于降低患者大脑中淀粉样蛋白-β肽（Aβ）含量的 AD 病理治疗药物（阿杜单抗）首次获得批准。人血清白蛋白（HSA）在血清中携带 90% 的 Aβ，在脑脊液中携带 40%-90% 的 Aβ，它对人血清白蛋白的作用是治疗 AD 的另一种有希望的方法，目的是清除患者中枢神经系统中的 Aβ。在临床实践中，用纯化的治疗性白蛋白制剂替代自身 HSA 的血浆置换疗法已经过测试，并证明了其有效性。通过外源性和内源性 HSA 配体（如血清素、布洛芬和一些不饱和脂肪酸）的作用来增强 HSA 与 Aβ 的相互作用是这种方法的另一种变体。体内研究证实，这组配体与注意力缺失症的发病机制有关。所列物质都属于已被充分研究的天然代谢物或药物，这大大简化了利用这些物质开发治疗和预防注意力缺失症新方法的工作。总之，致力于研究 HSA 作为血液和脑脊液中 Aβ 的载体和储存库的科学研究新方向，将使我们能够扩大对 Aβ 代谢及其在 AD 发病机制中作用的认识。
{"title":"Role of Human Serum Albumin in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"M. P. Shevelyova, E. I. Deryusheva, E. L. Nemashkalova, A. V. Machulin, E. A. Litus","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010109","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was and remains the main cause of the development of dementia in older patients. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by a progressive course and belongs to a group of socially significant diseases. There are several hypotheses for the development of AD: the tau hypothesis, the amyloid hypothesis, the cholinergic hypothesis, the hypotheses of oxidative stress and inflammation. The absence of a generally accepted understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AD prevents the development of new efficient methods for its treatment and prevention. In clinical practice, cholinesterase inhibitors that alleviate the symptoms of the disease but do not affect its course are widely used. In 2021, a drug for pathogenetic therapy of AD (aducanumab), which contributes to a decrease in the content of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain of patients, was for the first time approved. The effect on human serum albumin (HSA), which carries 90% of Aβ in the blood serum and 40–90% of Aβ in the cerebrospinal fluid, is another promising approach to the treatment of AD aimed at removing Aβ from the patient’s central nervous system. In clinical practice, plasmapheresis with a replacement of one’s own HSA with a purified therapeutic albumin preparation has already been tested and demonstrated its efficiency. The enhancement of the interaction of HSA with Aβ through the effect of exogenous and endogenous HSA ligands (such as serotonin, ibuprofen, and some unsaturated fatty acids) is another variant of this approach. The studies in vivo confirm the association of this group of ligands with the pathogenesis of AD. The listed substances belong to well-studied natural metabolites or drugs, which significantly simplifies the development of new methods of therapy and prevention of AD using them. In general, a new direction of scientific studies devoted to the study of HSA as a carrier and depot of Aβ in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid will allow us to expand our understanding of Aβ metabolism and its role in the pathogenesis of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010079
P. L. Panchenko
Abstract
Scientists have described thousands of species of viruses, many of which are pathogens of vertebrates. Given that vertebrates have their highly sophisticated adaptive immune systems capable of memorizing pathogens, interaction with such systems should theoretically be one of the most important factors influencing the evolution of viruses. The review focuses on how acquired immunity (infection-induced and vaccine-induced) affects the most important medical characteristics of viral pathogens—transmissibility, infectivity, and virulence. Both known real examples of the evolution of viruses in immunized populations and theoretical articles and the results of mathematical modeling are considered. Special attention is paid to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methodological recommendations are given for creating vaccines and conducting vaccination campaigns in the light of the raised evolutionary issues.
{"title":"Evolution of Viruses in Immunized Populations of Vertebrates","authors":"P. L. Panchenko","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010079","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Scientists have described thousands of species of viruses, many of which are pathogens of vertebrates. Given that vertebrates have their highly sophisticated adaptive immune systems capable of memorizing pathogens, interaction with such systems should theoretically be one of the most important factors influencing the evolution of viruses. The review focuses on how acquired immunity (infection-induced and vaccine-induced) affects the most important medical characteristics of viral pathogens—transmissibility, infectivity, and virulence. Both known real examples of the evolution of viruses in immunized populations and theoretical articles and the results of mathematical modeling are considered. Special attention is paid to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methodological recommendations are given for creating vaccines and conducting vaccination campaigns in the light of the raised evolutionary issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010055
D. O. Logofet, L. L. Golubyatnikov, E. S. Kazantseva, N. G. Ulanova, M. I. Khomutovsky, D. K. Tekeev
Abstract—
Eritrichium caucasicum is an alpine short-lived perennial species endemic to the Caucasus. The stage structure of a local population has been observed on permanent plots in the alpine belt of the Northwestern Caucasus annually for 13 years (2009–2021), accumulating data of the “identified individuals from unknown parents” type. The latter circumstance has predetermined what is called reproductive uncertainty in the terminology of matrix models for discrete-structured population dynamics and means that the annual recruitment rates inherent in the groups of generative plants and final-flowering generative plants cannot be calibrated in a unique way. As a result, instead of the annual values of the asymptotic growth rate, the model gives only certain ranges of their values that vary from year to year, corresponding to the data. This introduces both technical difficulties and uncertainty in the viability forecast based on the asymptotic growth rates. A well-known alternative approach is to estimate the stochastic growth rate λS, but only artificial modes of randomness involved in the calculation of λS have been proposed in the literature. Our realistic model of randomness is related to variations in weather and microclimatic conditions of the habitat. It is reconstructed from a fairly long (60 years) time series of the weather indicator. Using this realistic model in Monte Carlo calculations of λS, we have obtained a more reliable and accurate estimate of the stochastic growth rate.
{"title":"Thirteen Years of Monitoring a Local Population of Eritrichium caucasicum: Stochastic Growth Rate under Reproductive Uncertainty","authors":"D. O. Logofet, L. L. Golubyatnikov, E. S. Kazantseva, N. G. Ulanova, M. I. Khomutovsky, D. K. Tekeev","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010055","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p><i>Eritrichium caucasicum</i> is an alpine short-lived perennial species endemic to the Caucasus. The stage structure of a local population has been observed on permanent plots in the alpine belt of the Northwestern Caucasus annually for 13 years (2009–2021), accumulating data of the “identified individuals from unknown parents” type. The latter circumstance has predetermined what is called reproductive uncertainty in the terminology of matrix models for discrete-structured population dynamics and means that the annual recruitment rates inherent in the groups of generative plants and final-flowering generative plants cannot be calibrated in a unique way. As a result, instead of the annual values of the asymptotic growth rate, the model gives only certain ranges of their values that vary from year to year, corresponding to the data. This introduces both technical difficulties and uncertainty in the viability forecast based on the asymptotic growth rates. A well-known alternative approach is to estimate the stochastic growth rate λ<sub>S</sub>, but only artificial modes of randomness involved in the calculation of λ<sub>S</sub> have been proposed in the literature. Our realistic model of randomness is related to variations in weather and microclimatic conditions of the habitat. It is reconstructed from a fairly long (60 years) time series of the weather indicator. Using this realistic model in Monte Carlo calculations of λ<sub>S</sub>, we have obtained a more reliable and accurate estimate of the stochastic growth rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010080
S. M. Rusyaev, A. M. Orlov
Abstract
Bioprospecting (bioexploration or biosearch), a research area that has emerged since the late 1990s, is rapidly developing. In recent decades, the number of scientific publications on this topic has increased many times. Marine bioprospecting, as part of the general trend, is characterized by an extremely wide range of studies, most of which are still in the phase of accumulating information about the genetic and biochemical diversity of biological material. In order to assess the potential of this area, a review of the results of research conducted around the world was carried out. Within its framework, a periodization of the direction was carried out; the scale, main factors, problems, and economic foundation for the development of bioprospecting were shown. The analysis and classification of methodological concepts was carried out. The role of information is revealed and the consequences of the development of bioprospecting are considered. The significant lag of Russian science in marine bioprospecting requires taking serious steps in the development of this important and promising area: creating appropriate infrastructure and new forms of organizing research, consolidating the scientific community, and including business and government agencies in the process.
{"title":"The Phenomenon of Marine Bioprospecting","authors":"S. M. Rusyaev, A. M. Orlov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010080","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Bioprospecting (bioexploration or biosearch), a research area that has emerged since the late 1990s, is rapidly developing. In recent decades, the number of scientific publications on this topic has increased many times. Marine bioprospecting, as part of the general trend, is characterized by an extremely wide range of studies, most of which are still in the phase of accumulating information about the genetic and biochemical diversity of biological material. In order to assess the potential of this area, a review of the results of research conducted around the world was carried out. Within its framework, a periodization of the direction was carried out; the scale, main factors, problems, and economic foundation for the development of bioprospecting were shown. The analysis and classification of methodological concepts was carried out. The role of information is revealed and the consequences of the development of bioprospecting are considered. The significant lag of Russian science in marine bioprospecting requires taking serious steps in the development of this important and promising area: creating appropriate infrastructure and new forms of organizing research, consolidating the scientific community, and including business and government agencies in the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424010122
V. V. Suntsov
Abstract
Two approaches to typing (analysis of intraspecific diversity) and reconstruction of the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of the causative agent of the plague (the microbe Yersinia pestis)—molecular genetic (MG) and ecological (adaptationist, on the basis of host adaptation)—are considered. It is shown that each of the approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. MG typing of pathogen strains in the studied foci of the world made it possible to characterize up to 30 subspecies/genovariants of the plague microbe, but the phylogeny of the microbe built on the basis of this diversity contradicts some obvious environmental facts. The ecological scenario of the origin and evolution of the causative agent of the plague has no obvious contradictions, and as an evolutionarily based hypothesis, it should be taken into account in MG reconstructions of the phylogeny of the plague microbe. The prospect of research in this direction is seen in integrating molecular genetic (statistical) and ecological (adaptationist) approaches.
{"title":"Intraspecific Typing and Phylogeny of the Causative Agent of the Plague—The Microbe Yersinia pestis: Problems and Perspectives","authors":"V. V. Suntsov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424010122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424010122","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Two approaches to typing (analysis of intraspecific diversity) and reconstruction of the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of the causative agent of the plague (the microbe <i>Yersinia pestis</i>)—molecular genetic (MG) and ecological (adaptationist, on the basis of host adaptation)—are considered. It is shown that each of the approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. MG typing of pathogen strains in the studied foci of the world made it possible to characterize up to 30 subspecies/genovariants of the plague microbe, but the phylogeny of the microbe built on the basis of this diversity contradicts some obvious environmental facts. The ecological scenario of the origin and evolution of the causative agent of the plague has no obvious contradictions, and as an evolutionarily based hypothesis, it should be taken into account in MG reconstructions of the phylogeny of the plague microbe. The prospect of research in this direction is seen in integrating molecular genetic (statistical) and ecological (adaptationist) approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s207908642401002x
I. V. Abramova
Abstract
Disturbed forest ecosystems are characterized by significant spatial and temporal changes. As a part of the study on bird communities, changes in bird abundance during the secondary succession of a cleared mossy pine woodland in southwestern Belarus were investigated. The purpose of the work was to determine the interannual dynamics of bird species abundance and to assess the variability of individual species abundance during the secondary succession of the mossy pine woodland. The material was collected in 2000–2019. Line transects were set to conduct bird counts in ecosystems at different stages of succession. For the data processing, generally accepted methods of statistical analysis were used. The species diversity of birds was found to increase from 8 to 42 species; the overall abundance increased from 171.7 to 587.1 birds/km2 during the succession (six stages, from 1 to 90 years in age). The abundance of species (birds/km2) and interannual variability during 11 seasons were determined. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the highest (71.00–82.50%) for species whose abundance did not exceed 1.0 birds/km2. The average abundance of species varied considerably, e.g., among passerines at the stage of 80–90 years old from 1.1 birds/km2 (Red-breasted Flycatcher) to 153.7 birds/km2 (Common Chaffinch). Bird populations with high abundance turned out to be the most stable; for example, at the last two successional stages, the CV of the Common Chaffinch is 6.02 and 7.16%. For species with average abundance, the variability is found to be low or medium (varies from 11.90 to 36.20%); for species with low abundance, the CV varies from 17.68 to 82.50%. All six stages of succession were dominated by nesting migratory birds, which account for 75.0% of the species in the first stage of succession to 52.4% in the fifth and sixth stages. Near and distant migrants form the basis of the bird community at all stages. Populations of sedentary species and distant migrants are more stable than those of near migrants.
{"title":"Bird Population Dynamics during the Regenerative Succession of Mossy Pine Woodland in Southwestern Belarus","authors":"I. V. Abramova","doi":"10.1134/s207908642401002x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s207908642401002x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Disturbed forest ecosystems are characterized by significant spatial and temporal changes. As a part of the study on bird communities, changes in bird abundance during the secondary succession of a cleared mossy pine woodland in southwestern Belarus were investigated. The purpose of the work was to determine the interannual dynamics of bird species abundance and to assess the variability of individual species abundance during the secondary succession of the mossy pine woodland. The material was collected in 2000–2019. Line transects were set to conduct bird counts in ecosystems at different stages of succession. For the data processing, generally accepted methods of statistical analysis were used. The species diversity of birds was found to increase from 8 to 42 species; the overall abundance increased from 171.7 to 587.1 birds/km<sup>2</sup> during the succession (six stages, from 1 to 90 years in age). The abundance of species (birds/km<sup>2</sup>) and interannual variability during 11 seasons were determined. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the highest (71.00–82.50%) for species whose abundance did not exceed 1.0 birds/km<sup>2</sup>. The average abundance of species varied considerably, e.g., among passerines at the stage of 80–90 years old from 1.1 birds/km<sup>2</sup> (Red-breasted Flycatcher) to 153.7 birds/km<sup>2</sup> (Common Chaffinch). Bird populations with high abundance turned out to be the most stable; for example, at the last two successional stages, the CV of the Common Chaffinch is 6.02 and 7.16%. For species with average abundance, the variability is found to be low or medium (varies from 11.90 to 36.20%); for species with low abundance, the CV varies from 17.68 to 82.50%. All six stages of succession were dominated by nesting migratory birds, which account for 75.0% of the species in the first stage of succession to 52.4% in the fifth and sixth stages. Near and distant migrants form the basis of the bird community at all stages. Populations of sedentary species and distant migrants are more stable than those of near migrants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号