In patients undergoing cardiosurgical operations under conditions of extracorporeal circulation, continued high-volume controlled hemodiafiltration was used, the content of subpopulations of M1, M2, M3, CD4+ monocytes, and total monocytes was studied in the circulation before surgery and on days 3 and 10 after it. Previously unknown data have been discovered that can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac surgery.
In the modern world, human activity has a significant impact on vegetation and landscapes, which creates problems in preserving the natural functions of ecosystems that provide human living conditions. One of the ways to solve this problem is to study key species that determine the composition and structure of ecosystems, as well as rare species, the diversity of which is important for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance and ensuring vital conditions for human beings. The results of an assessment of the species composition of the Melittophilic flora of the Toratau Geopark located on the territory of the Ishimbay, Gafuriysky, Meleuzovsky, and Sterlitamak districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, are presented. During the research, the species composition was determined, including 127 species of nectar-bearing plants from 29 families, of which 23 species from the family Asteracea, 20 species from the family Fabaceae, and 14 species from the family Rosaceae are predominant.
Results of a study of Lake Tolpanjärvi’s ecosystem are reported. Its hydrological and geochemical indices, as well as the current condition of biotic communities (the zooplankton, benthos, and fish population), were studied and analyzed. Analysis of the chemical composition of water indicates that the lake has a low organic-matter content (total phosphorus 0.007 mg/L, nitrogen 0.26 mg/L). Lake Tolpanjärvi is an oligotrophic lake, as indicated by the abundance of zooplankton (with a biomass of less than 1 g/m3) and zoobenthos (biomass 0.44 g/m2). The lake is of an oligosaprobic class (second-quality class, clean natural water), as evidenced by its saprobity index estimated using the Pantle–Buck method. The quantitative indices of the zoobenthos varied from 120 individuals/m2 and 0.08 g/m2 in the profundal zone to 1200 inds./m2 and 0.86 g/m2 in the quiet littoral zone. The lake is more similar in the chironomid index (K 2.10) to clean natural water. It is inhabited by eight fish species of five families. The fish population is dominated by the whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, the perch Perca fluviatilis, and the roach Rutilus rutilus. Two ecological forms of whitefish, differing in both the number of gill rakers (sparsely rakered 18–24 and medium-rakered 28–36) and biological indices (size–weight, maturation, fertility, and feeding), occur in the lake. Stable highly diverse ecosystems were shown to form the basis for the preservation of the gene pool and for assessment of the current condition of water bodies heavily affected by human activities.
Modern approaches to the organization of hunting are based on the principles of sustainable development, requiring a combination of biodiversity conservation and economic efficiency, which is impossible without improving the accuracy and objectivity of data on the number of game animals. The presented review article discusses various types and methods of census for game animals: winter route census, survey and expert methods, run-through census, aerial census, line transect census, and track census. At the same time, the main emphasis is placed on the analysis of winter route census of animals as the main method for estimating the number of most game animals in the Russian Federation. As a possible complement or an independent alternative to census for the number of game animals, the prospects for the use of aerial census using unmanned aerial vehicles are considered.
The effect of organic forms of silicon contained in plant tissues on the digestibility of feed for herbivorous mammals was studied. In the process of digestion, an extremely small part of the consumed silicon is assimilated, which makes it possible to use organic silicon naturally contained in plants as an indicator of the digestibility of plant foods. The consumed silicon reduces the digestibility of the feed and puts a limit on the fermentation of the consumed vegetable substrate and its structural components (fiber and lignin). With an increase in the proportion of silicon in the consumed vegetation per unit, the digestibility decreases linearly by one-third or one-fourth. The fermentation limit is set when the silicon content in the feed is within 3–4% of the dry weight. Among the main groups of forage plants (grasses and forbs), the amount of silicon is significantly higher in grasses (1.70 and 0.91%, respectively). For this reason, the digestibility of grasses in all compared animals (camels, Przewalski’s horses, bison, and saiga) is 1.2–1.4 times lower than the digestibility of forbs. With an increase in the proportion of grasses in feed per unit, the digestibility of feed in animals with different types of digestion (ruminant and monogastric) decreases linearly by an average of 0.16. The different digestibility of grasses and forbs causes the separation of herbivores by types of nutrition and food specialization. Consumers of various forbs (saigas) avoid the consumption of grasses and are not viable at their dominance in pasture vegetation. The specific features of the digestion of herbivores (Equidae and Bovidae) provide an increased volume of consumption, compensating for the reduced digestibility of grasses.
The current method for estimating the biomass of dead organic matter in forest ecosystems is analyzed. The main focus of the study is the adequacy of mathematical models used to estimate the density of decomposing wood. The failure of the traditional approach to estimating the density index, is shown both for an individual decomposing dead tree and in calculating the average index characterizing the density of the wood of the totality of dead trees. We consider the possibility of applying the concept of effective density to estimate the biomass of dead wood remains as the most corresponding to their heterogeneous structure. We propose a method based on representations of interval analysis, which allows, using standard values of the density of healthy wood, to estimate the density index of rotting wood of the corresponding decomposition class of the detritus classification system.
The importance of vitamin D3 for maintaining the level of health in conditions of the acute respiratory and vascular infectious pathology of COVID-19 is considered. Physiological vitamin deficiency has been documented as a negative predictor of virus exposure and disease severity. A complex of clinical and experimental studies document that vitamin D3 performs the function of controlling hemovascular homeostasis—the endothelium of the vascular wall, a complex of immunological reactions, coagulation and rheological properties of blood, systemic hemodynamics, etc. The variety of effects is determined by the transcriptional role of the vitamin D3 receptor, which expresses gene targets for synthesis functional protective proteins. The possibilities of supplementation, maintaining the level of vitamin D3 and its chemical metabolites, for the preventive and therapeutic strategy of COVID-19 are considered.
Structural and functional vital activity of each animal species organically fits into the life of the biosphere. To understand their place and role, a new approach to study methods is needed. Based on many years of research (1975–2022) on the ecology and behavior of the wolf, an attempt was made to understand the features of the structural and functional hierarchy of the life strategy of this species. It has been shown with argumentation that he strategy of the Individual is to adapt to living in the environment; the couple’s strategy is to form a habitat and fit into the general structure of the population; the family’s strategy is to raise and educate wolf cubs; the population’s strategy is to preserve genetic diversity, established adaptations, and sustainability in the environment; the strategy of the species is to preserve the habitat; the strategy of the community (biocenosis) consists in participation in the conservation and formation of the biodiversity of certain species; and the strategy of the ecosystem (biogeocoenosis) consists in participation in structural, functional, and energy processes.
The organization of the living space of animal populations is diverse, but in a generalized version it is characterized by two concepts—“territory” and “habitat.” The first involves the protection of territory by single individuals, married couples, families, and packs using acoustic signals and olfactory marks to mark boundaries. The second does not provide for such strict habitat protection. It is generally accepted that wolf families are characterized by a territory lifestyle. However, long-term studies (1975–2022) in the Central Forest Nature Reserve (CFNR) of the ecology and behavior of wolf families do not confirm this idea. Doubts about “territoriality” are justified by the following arguments. The size and boundaries of wolf families were not constant in both long-term and seasonal aspects and did not depend on family size. This is also typical for other populations, as is confirmed by references to published works. An algorithm for forming the territory of wolf families is shown. In the spring–summer period, their size was about 65 km2, by the end of summer the area increased to 120–150 km2, reaching a maximum in winter, developing new habitats. In the summer–autumn period, the size of the territory averaged 34% of the maximum. The size of the brood did not affect the size of the territory, since it was formed by the parents of the families, that is, a pair of individuals. Wolf population growth in 1971–1981 caused an increase in the number of families in the population (Tver oblast): couples from 6 to 32 and families from 10 to 157, with the population group (CFNR) increasing from 3 to 7, but with a reduction in the size of their territories. At a stationary population with a good food supply, the size of the family territory in the CFNR was 1100–1200 km2; in the growth phase under optimal conditions, from 135 to 650 km2; and, in the stationary phase with a poor food supply, up to 2500 km2. However the main argument is that the population cycle (stationary number → growth → peak number → decline → low (static) number) is possible for wolf populations only when the living space of families is organized according to the “habitat” type, when the spatial structure of the population is compacted due to the emergence of new families, ensuring not only population growth, but also replenishment of the gene pool. Marking (urinary) marks perform the function of a signaling biological field: at the borders of families, individuals warn other wolves about their presence, and inside the territory the marks help in searching for prey and significant points in space. Conflict situations between families were not recorded during the entire observation period, which is typical for the organization of living space according to the “habitat” type.
We have analyzed the results of bird counts averaged over the first half of summer (May 16–July 15) in 1996, 2000–2002, 2007, 2008, and 2013 in Eastern Altai. The hierarchical classification of bird population has been compiled on the basis of cluster analysis. Its structure and the main environmental factors that determine the territorial heterogeneity of ornithocomplexes have been identified. It has been shown that their variability in Eastern Altai and the Altai physiographic mountain region is generally similar in structure. The spatial-typological structure of the Eastern Altai bird population is close to a crescent in its configuration.
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