Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424030095
A. A. Tsarelunga, E. Yu. Blagoveschenskaya
Abstract
As currently shown, the phylloplane of different plants is actively colonized by yeasts and filamentous fungi of different taxonomic groups. The features of the leaf as a microhabitat are low humidity, susceptibility to mechanical effects of rain and wind, lack of nutrients on the surface, and high solar insolation, which causes the allocation of epiphytic fungi as a separate ecological group. Although the data vary from plant to plant, in general, it can be said that basidial yeasts and such filamentous fungi as Alternaria, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Phoma, and Trichoderma are most commonly found on plant surfaces. The biological cycle of epiphytic fungi has not yet been studied completely, but it is assumed that it begins with the specific adhesion of the spore on the surface, followed by the formation of biofilms or so-called “aggregates” that combine bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi, and ends with the formation of spores either on the surface of a living plant or on dead and decaying leaves.
{"title":"Phylloplane as Fungi Habitat","authors":"A. A. Tsarelunga, E. Yu. Blagoveschenskaya","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424030095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424030095","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>As currently shown, the phylloplane of different plants is actively colonized by yeasts and filamentous fungi of different taxonomic groups. The features of the leaf as a microhabitat are low humidity, susceptibility to mechanical effects of rain and wind, lack of nutrients on the surface, and high solar insolation, which causes the allocation of epiphytic fungi as a separate ecological group. Although the data vary from plant to plant, in general, it can be said that basidial yeasts and such filamentous fungi as <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Epicoccum</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Phoma</i>, and <i>Trichoderma</i> are most commonly found on plant surfaces. The biological cycle of epiphytic fungi has not yet been studied completely, but it is assumed that it begins with the specific adhesion of the spore on the surface, followed by the formation of biofilms or so-called “aggregates” that combine bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi, and ends with the formation of spores either on the surface of a living plant or on dead and decaying leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424030071
V. G. Onipchenko, F. S. Bostanova, O. A. Tokareva, M. I. Makarov, T. G. Elumeeva, A. A. Akhmetzhanova, D. K. Tekeev, T. I. Malysheva, M. S. Kadulin
Abstract
Fires play an important role in structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, but their long-term impact on the composition and structure of plant communities in humid high mountain regions remains poorly studied. At the driest alpine grasslands, dominated by a dense-tussock grass Festuca varia, with substantial accumulation of non-decomposed litter, a 23-year experiment with regular (every two years) litter burning was conducted. The composition of the plant community changed significantly. The mortmass (mass of litter), aboveground vascular plant biomass, and relative abundance of dominants decreased substantially. In aboveground biomass, the proportion of grasses decreased and that of forbs increased. The shoot numbers of Anthemis cretica, Campanula collina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, and Veronica gentianoides increased after burning. A twofold increase in alpha diversity of vascular plants was observed on plots with burning treatment; it was twice as high as the initial value and was significantly higher than the values in the control plots. Long-term burning did not substantially change mean the P, Ca, and Mg content in the biomass of the most of studied species; only the K content decreased in some species, while the Mg content increased in Festuca varia and Nardus stricta. The increase in P and Mg content in the mortmass was observed. During long-term burning, weak soil acidification and a decrease in the Ca content, as well as a strong decrease in the nitrogen content and the intensity of nitrogen transformation processes, were observed. Generally, the observed patterns were similar to those in other studied herb communities; however, the decrease in K content during the regular burning was not reported earlier.
摘要火灾对陆地生态系统的结构和功能起着重要作用，但对火灾对潮湿高山地区植物群落的组成和结构的长期影响的研究仍然很少。在最干旱的高山草地上，以密簇草 Festuca varia 为主，积累了大量未分解的垃圾。植物群落的组成发生了显著变化。枯落物的质量、地上维管植物的生物量和优势植物的相对丰度都大幅下降。在地上生物量中，禾本科植物的比例下降，而草本植物的比例上升。焚烧后，Anthemis cretica、Campanula collina、Deschampsia flexuosa、Festuca ovina、Nardus stricta 和 Veronica gentianoides 的嫩枝数量增加。在经过焚烧处理的地块上，维管植物的阿尔法多样性增加了两倍，是初始值的两倍，并且明显高于对照地块的值。长期焚烧并没有对大多数研究物种生物量中的磷、钙和镁含量产生重大影响；只有一些物种的钾含量有所下降，而 Festuca varia 和 Nardus stricta 的镁含量有所增加。据观察，灰泥中的 P 和 Mg 含量有所增加。在长期焚烧过程中，观察到土壤弱酸化和 Ca 含量下降，以及氮含量和氮转化过程强度大幅下降。总体而言，观察到的模式与其他研究的草本群落相似；不过，定期焚烧期间钾含量下降的情况此前未见报道。
{"title":"Impact of Litter Burning on Alpine Festuca varia Grasslands of the Northwestern Caucasus","authors":"V. G. Onipchenko, F. S. Bostanova, O. A. Tokareva, M. I. Makarov, T. G. Elumeeva, A. A. Akhmetzhanova, D. K. Tekeev, T. I. Malysheva, M. S. Kadulin","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424030071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424030071","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Fires play an important role in structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, but their long-term impact on the composition and structure of plant communities in humid high mountain regions remains poorly studied. At the driest alpine grasslands, dominated by a dense-tussock grass <i>Festuca varia</i>, with substantial accumulation of non-decomposed litter, a 23-year experiment with regular (every two years) litter burning was conducted. The composition of the plant community changed significantly. The mortmass (mass of litter), aboveground vascular plant biomass, and relative abundance of dominants decreased substantially. In aboveground biomass, the proportion of grasses decreased and that of forbs increased. The shoot numbers of <i>Anthemis cretica</i>, <i>Campanula collina</i>, <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i>, <i>Festuca ovina</i>, <i>Nardus stricta</i>, and <i>Veronica gentianoides</i> increased after burning. A twofold increase in alpha diversity of vascular plants was observed on plots with burning treatment; it was twice as high as the initial value and was significantly higher than the values in the control plots. Long-term burning did not substantially change mean the P, Ca, and Mg content in the biomass of the most of studied species; only the K content decreased in some species, while the Mg content increased in <i>Festuca varia</i> and <i>Nardus stricta</i>. The increase in P and Mg content in the mortmass was observed. During long-term burning, weak soil acidification and a decrease in the Ca content, as well as a strong decrease in the nitrogen content and the intensity of nitrogen transformation processes, were observed. Generally, the observed patterns were similar to those in other studied herb communities; however, the decrease in K content during the regular burning was not reported earlier.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424030101
E. Yu. Yakovleva, E. B. Naimark, D. D. Sivunova, M. G. Krivosheina, A. V. Markov
Abstract
Larvae of many shore fly species (family Ephydridae) are adapted to living in water with high or extremely high salinity. Little is known about the morphological and physiological foundations of such adaptation. We described the details of the morphology of third-instar larvae of two shore flies: Ephydra riparia and Paracoenia fumosa, and presented the images made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the first time, by silver-staining and SEM, we proved that the larvae of both studied species had anal organs (AO)— specialized structures that serve an osmoregulatory function and are responsible for the transport of ions from the environment to the larval hemolymph (but not in the opposite direction). We compared the larvae morphology of the studied species with some other shore fly species from the genera Ephydra, Paracoenia, Hydrellia, and Coenia, as well as with larvae of the model species Drosophila melanogaster (family Drosophilidae). Special attention was paid to the morphology of AO, which contribute to the adaptation of larvae to increased salinity. Extremely halophilic species either do not have AO, or they are poorly developed, while the moderately halophilic ephydrids have more developed features connected with the permeability of the AO cuticle and active ion transport. These features are most developed in freshwater shore flies. AO activity can vary due to the shape and area of the AO, the smoothness or wrinkling of the cuticle, and the presence of nano-pits on it. The described variability of the AO structure is probably adaptive since, at high salinity, both the permeability of the AO cuticle and the active transport of ions from the environment to the hemolymph become less useful or even harmful.
摘要 许多岸蝇（Ephydridae科）的幼虫都适应生活在高盐度或极高盐度的水中。人们对这种适应的形态和生理基础知之甚少。我们描述了两种岸蝇三龄幼虫的形态细节：Ephydra riparia 和 Paracoenia fumosa，并展示了使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）拍摄的图像。通过银染色和扫描电子显微镜，我们首次证明了所研究的两个物种的幼虫都有肛门器官（AO）--具有渗透调节功能的特化结构，负责将离子从环境中输送到幼虫血淋巴（但不是相反方向）。我们将所研究物种的幼虫形态与 Ephydra、Paracoenia、Hydrellia 和 Coenia 属的其他一些岸蝇物种以及模式物种黑腹果蝇（果蝇科）的幼虫进行了比较。研究人员特别关注AO的形态，这有助于幼虫对盐度升高的适应。极度嗜卤的物种要么没有AO，要么AO发育不良，而适度嗜卤的嗜盐水果蝇则具有与AO角质层的渗透性和活性离子传输有关的更发达的特征。这些特征在淡水岸蝇中最为发达。AO 活性会因 AO 的形状和面积、角质层的平滑或皱褶以及上面是否存在纳米凹坑而变化。所描述的 AO 结构的变化可能是适应性的，因为在高盐度条件下，AO 角质层的渗透性和离子从环境到血淋巴的主动运输都变得不那么有用，甚至有害。
{"title":"Larva Morphology of Shore Flies Ephydra riparia and Paracoenia fumosa (Diptera: Ephydridae) and Adaptation of Diptera to Increased Salinity","authors":"E. Yu. Yakovleva, E. B. Naimark, D. D. Sivunova, M. G. Krivosheina, A. V. Markov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424030101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424030101","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Larvae of many shore fly species (family Ephydridae) are adapted to living in water with high or extremely high salinity. Little is known about the morphological and physiological foundations of such adaptation. We described the details of the morphology of third-instar larvae of two shore flies: <i>Ephydra riparia</i> and <i>Paracoenia fumosa</i>, and presented the images made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the first time, by silver-staining and SEM, we proved that the larvae of both studied species had anal organs (AO)— specialized structures that serve an osmoregulatory function and are responsible for the transport of ions from the environment to the larval hemolymph (but not in the opposite direction). We compared the larvae morphology of the studied species with some other shore fly species from the genera <i>Ephydra</i>, <i>Paracoenia</i>, <i>Hydrellia</i>, and <i>Coenia</i>, as well as with larvae of the model species <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (family Drosophilidae). Special attention was paid to the morphology of AO, which contribute to the adaptation of larvae to increased salinity. Extremely halophilic species either do not have AO, or they are poorly developed, while the moderately halophilic ephydrids have more developed features connected with the permeability of the AO cuticle and active ion transport. These features are most developed in freshwater shore flies. AO activity can vary due to the shape and area of the AO, the smoothness or wrinkling of the cuticle, and the presence of nano-pits on it. The described variability of the AO structure is probably adaptive since, at high salinity, both the permeability of the AO cuticle and the active transport of ions from the environment to the hemolymph become less useful or even harmful.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141062307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424030022
Y. I. Bakay, S. P. Melnikov, A. I. Glubokov
Abstract
The results of the analysis of the data set obtained in the course of long-term studies of the population biology of beaked redfish Sebastes mentella are used as an interdisciplinary approach in the study of its geographical, biotopic, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic features and population structure in the pelagic zone of the Irminger Sea and the adjacent bathyal zone of Greenland and Iceland. The approach is based on the ecological-parasitological method, which involves the use of data on the composition of parasite communities and the occurrence of their individual species as biomarkers for understanding the features of the ecology of hydrobionts. The results obtained, which include information on the spatial distribution, functional subdivision of the area, ontogenetic migrations, maturation and growth rate, underwater marking, and phenetic, genetic, and other features of beaked redfish, made it possible to identify the conditions for divergent formation and significant isolation of its pelagic and benthic groupings constituting the North Atlantic population. The colonization by this species of great depths of the oceanic pelagic zone and the near-bottom layer of the bathyal zone, accompanied with an increase in the rate of sexual maturation and migratory activity in the pelagic zone, characterizes the direction of the current stage of its phylogenesis. The unity of the pelagic grouping of beaked redfish in the vast water area and throughout the depth of its distribution in the Irminger and Labrador seas is substantiated. It is shown that significant differences in infestation rate between males and females of beaked redfish, stable in time and space, with the only species-specific parasite (the copepod Sphyrion lumpi) serve as a phene of the pelagic grouping of the North Atlantic population of the host.
{"title":"Ecological-Parasitological Method in Studies of Population Biology of Beaked Redfish Sebastes mentella (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) in the Irminger Sea","authors":"Y. I. Bakay, S. P. Melnikov, A. I. Glubokov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424030022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424030022","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of the analysis of the data set obtained in the course of long-term studies of the population biology of beaked redfish <i>Sebastes mentella</i> are used as an interdisciplinary approach in the study of its geographical, biotopic, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic features and population structure in the pelagic zone of the Irminger Sea and the adjacent bathyal zone of Greenland and Iceland. The approach is based on the ecological-parasitological method, which involves the use of data on the composition of parasite communities and the occurrence of their individual species as biomarkers for understanding the features of the ecology of hydrobionts. The results obtained, which include information on the spatial distribution, functional subdivision of the area, ontogenetic migrations, maturation and growth rate, underwater marking, and phenetic, genetic, and other features of beaked redfish, made it possible to identify the conditions for divergent formation and significant isolation of its pelagic and benthic groupings constituting the North Atlantic population. The colonization by this species of great depths of the oceanic pelagic zone and the near-bottom layer of the bathyal zone, accompanied with an increase in the rate of sexual maturation and migratory activity in the pelagic zone, characterizes the direction of the current stage of its phylogenesis. The unity of the pelagic grouping of beaked redfish in the vast water area and throughout the depth of its distribution in the Irminger and Labrador seas is substantiated. It is shown that significant differences in infestation rate between males and females of beaked redfish, stable in time and space, with the only species-specific parasite (the copepod <i>Sphyrion lumpi</i>) serve as a phene of the pelagic grouping of the North Atlantic population of the host.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141062274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020063
K. A. Laishev, Yu. A. Stolpovsky, A. A. Yuzhakov, M. T. Semina
Abstract
The genetic potential of ungulates in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is rich and diverse, but requires modern research methods. The use of genetic systems allows one to study the genome of animals, determine the state of the genetic diversity of species, propose reasonable ways to maintain the level of heterozygosity in domesticated animals, and purposefully obtain individuals endowed with the characteristics necessary for humans. Analysis of the gene pools and their structure is interesting for both modern breeding and environmental genetics and may be in demand in the future when planning the development of animal husbandry in the Arctic zone for decades to come. The unique adaptive capabilities of the animals to the harsh conditions of the Far North open up wide opportunities for their rational use. Reindeer, muskox, and snow sheep are the most important components of high-latitude ecosystems, which can hardly be inhabited by other species of ungulates. Thus, they represent great scientific and practical value in terms of preserving agrodiversity in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
{"title":"Prospects of Using the Genetic Potential of Ungulates Living in the Arctic Zone","authors":"K. A. Laishev, Yu. A. Stolpovsky, A. A. Yuzhakov, M. T. Semina","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020063","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The genetic potential of ungulates in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is rich and diverse, but requires modern research methods. The use of genetic systems allows one to study the genome of animals, determine the state of the genetic diversity of species, propose reasonable ways to maintain the level of heterozygosity in domesticated animals, and purposefully obtain individuals endowed with the characteristics necessary for humans. Analysis of the gene pools and their structure is interesting for both modern breeding and environmental genetics and may be in demand in the future when planning the development of animal husbandry in the Arctic zone for decades to come. The unique adaptive capabilities of the animals to the harsh conditions of the Far North open up wide opportunities for their rational use. Reindeer, muskox, and snow sheep are the most important components of high-latitude ecosystems, which can hardly be inhabited by other species of ungulates. Thus, they represent great scientific and practical value in terms of preserving agrodiversity in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020051
E. G. Kolomyts
Abstract
The program provisions on the geosystem monitoring of forests in connection with modern climate changes put forward earlier by the author are being developed. The search strategy is presented in the form of an experimental geoecological analysis (using the example of the forest ecosystems of the Volga River basin), with the implementation of the complete monitoring triad “state–forecast–management,” according to the Israel–Gerasimov concept. The theoretical and scientific-methodical foundations of geosystem monitoring are considered, and the methods of basic and predictive empirical-statistical modeling of the functional and structural characteristics of forest communities developed by the author are presented. An integrated landscape-ecological approach to monitoring is presented by the analysis and forecast of climate-genic changes in three groups of invariant indicators of the structural and functional organization of forest biogeosystems: (1) numerical parameters characterizing the tightness of intercomponent links (as an indicator of the territorial integrity of the geo(eco)system); (2) primary bioproductivity as the main indicator of the biological cycle; (3) index of labile (phytocoenotic) stability of geo(eco)systems as integral indicators of their ecological reserve. A working algorithm for geosystem monitoring of forests is described, which describes a successive change in the stages of observation, forecasting, and regulation, with the identification of mitigation and adaptation effects on the carbon balances of forest ecosystems.
{"title":"Ways to Implement a United Triad Regional Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems at the Present Stage of Global Warming","authors":"E. G. Kolomyts","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020051","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The program provisions on the geosystem monitoring of forests in connection with modern climate changes put forward earlier by the author are being developed. The search strategy is presented in the form of an experimental geoecological analysis (using the example of the forest ecosystems of the Volga River basin), with the implementation of the complete monitoring triad “state–forecast–management,” according to the Israel–Gerasimov concept. The theoretical and scientific-methodical foundations of geosystem monitoring are considered, and the methods of basic and predictive empirical-statistical modeling of the functional and structural characteristics of forest communities developed by the author are presented. An integrated landscape-ecological approach to monitoring is presented by the analysis and forecast of climate-genic changes in three groups of invariant indicators of the structural and functional organization of forest biogeosystems: (1) numerical parameters characterizing the tightness of intercomponent links (as an indicator of the territorial integrity of the geo(eco)system); (2) primary bioproductivity as the main indicator of the biological cycle; (3) index of labile (phytocoenotic) stability of geo(eco)systems as integral indicators of their ecological reserve. A working algorithm for geosystem monitoring of forests is described, which describes a successive change in the stages of observation, forecasting, and regulation, with the identification of mitigation and adaptation effects on the carbon balances of forest ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020087
F. S. Lobyrev
Abstract
We have studied the regularities that determine the preservation and/or change in statistically significant differences when switching from comparing the average values of plastic traits of juvenile fish to comparing the average values of their indices. An algorithm for evaluating the factors determining the variability of plastic traits and their indices in allometry has been proposed. We identified and parametrized three cases of variability: (a) statistically significant differences are absent between the values of plastic traits and their indices, (b) significant differences disappear when switching from comparing features to comparing their indices, and (c) significant differences in both cases remain. Case (b) is associated with different initial length of juveniles and different hatching time; case (c) is determined by different growth rates in the compared groups. The approach was tested on the selection of fingerlings of the Perca fluviatilus L. perch from two water bodies of the Staritsky district of Tver oblast.
{"title":"On the Issue of Statistically Significant Differences between the Average Values of Plastic Traits in Two Groups of Juvenile Fish and between the Average Values of Their Indices","authors":"F. S. Lobyrev","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020087","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We have studied the regularities that determine the preservation and/or change in statistically significant differences when switching from comparing the average values of plastic traits of juvenile fish to comparing the average values of their indices. An algorithm for evaluating the factors determining the variability of plastic traits and their indices in allometry has been proposed. We identified and parametrized three cases of variability: (a) statistically significant differences are absent between the values of plastic traits and their indices, (b) significant differences disappear when switching from comparing features to comparing their indices, and (c) significant differences in both cases remain. Case (b) is associated with different initial length of juveniles and different hatching time; case (c) is determined by different growth rates in the compared groups. The approach was tested on the selection of fingerlings of the <i>Perca fluviatilus</i> L. perch from two water bodies of the Staritsky district of Tver oblast.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140610180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020105
A. M. Semenov, A. A. Shatalov, E. V. Semenova
Abstract
Experimental results of daily counting under a microscope for 30 days of prokaryotic cells in preparations from soil samples when stained with different specific dyes and published results on daily counting of bacteria in soil using different methods are presented. The FITC dye, which stains the entire set of bacterial cells, revealed a wavelike dynamics of cell numbers with different numbers of oscillations in the form of peaks in all experiments. Using the SFDA dye, which detects only living, metabolically active cells, wavelike dynamics were also revealed, but their oscillating number was significantly less. The reliability of oscillations and differences in cell numbers when using different dyes were confirmed statistically by harmonic analysis. The wavelike dynamics of living, metabolically active cells is a consequence of the cycles of growth and death of bacterial cells and short-term trophic succession in the microbial community. External disturbing influences did not affect the manifestation of wavelike population dynamics, either in the population of living cells or in the total number of cells. The phenomenon of wavelike dynamics of nonliving bacterial cells and their numerical superiority is explained by the fact that cells, losing viability, lyse and disintegrate not immediately after dying, but with some delay in time. This leads to the accumulation and permanent superiority of the pool of dead cells when microscopically counting the total number of bacteria in the soil and explains the discrepancy in bacterial numbers between different counting methods. The presented experimental and published material will serve as a substantiation for microbiologists and biotechnologists of the need to control the dynamics of the numbers of introduced populations and communities of microorganisms into the natural environment, as well as a source of knowledge for the successful management of natural microbial communities.
{"title":"Microscopic Counting of the Total Number of Bacteria and Metabolically Active Bacteria in Soil Samples: Their Relationship and Oscillation Dynamics of Number","authors":"A. M. Semenov, A. A. Shatalov, E. V. Semenova","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020105","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Experimental results of daily counting under a microscope for 30 days of prokaryotic cells in preparations from soil samples when stained with different specific dyes and published results on daily counting of bacteria in soil using different methods are presented. The FITC dye, which stains the entire set of bacterial cells, revealed a wavelike dynamics of cell numbers with different numbers of oscillations in the form of peaks in all experiments. Using the SFDA dye, which detects only living, metabolically active cells, wavelike dynamics were also revealed, but their oscillating number was significantly less. The reliability of oscillations and differences in cell numbers when using different dyes were confirmed statistically by harmonic analysis. The wavelike dynamics of living, metabolically active cells is a consequence of the cycles of growth and death of bacterial cells and short-term trophic succession in the microbial community. External disturbing influences did not affect the manifestation of wavelike population dynamics, either in the population of living cells or in the total number of cells. The phenomenon of wavelike dynamics of nonliving bacterial cells and their numerical superiority is explained by the fact that cells, losing viability, lyse and disintegrate not immediately after dying, but with some delay in time. This leads to the accumulation and permanent superiority of the pool of dead cells when microscopically counting the total number of bacteria in the soil and explains the discrepancy in bacterial numbers between different counting methods. The presented experimental and published material will serve as a substantiation for microbiologists and biotechnologists of the need to control the dynamics of the numbers of introduced populations and communities of microorganisms into the natural environment, as well as a source of knowledge for the successful management of natural microbial communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s207908642402004x
V. V. Kochetkov
Abstract—
Behavior is an important component of animal life. Two forms of behavior are considered in the article: cognitive (genetically fixed) and intellectual (acquired as an adaptation to the environment). A scientific novelty of the study consists in the interpretation of these forms using the example of nest-building, territorial, and foraging behavior of the families in the wolf population group. A conservatism of the cognitive behavior and plasticity of the intellectual behavior (which together provide a high vitality and stability of wolf populations in the biogeocenosis) were demonstrated. As a result of comparative analysis, it was established that, with an increase in the contacts between wolf and elk (Central Forest Biosphere Reserve) and wolf and deer (Yellowstone National Park and southwestern Montana), changes in behavior occurred in the prey. In elks, this was manifested in increased alertness, which made it difficult for the wolf to approach the prey at a distance for a successful attack, and the deer left feeding places and preferred safer habitats with better visibility for wolf detection; these are the consequences of the activation of a natural caution reflex. An increased alertness or vigilance was a barrier against the consumption of prey by a predator. But the wolf also cannot change the genetically fixed process of killing the prey by changing the hunting strategy: moving from a short-term pursuit in the case of an unsuccessful attack to a long one.
{"title":"Cognitive and Intellectual Behavior of a Wolf (Canis lupus L.): Barriers Preventing Consuming the Elk (Alces alces) Population by a Predator","authors":"V. V. Kochetkov","doi":"10.1134/s207908642402004x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s207908642402004x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Behavior is an important component of animal life. Two forms of behavior are considered in the article: cognitive (genetically fixed) and intellectual (acquired as an adaptation to the environment). A scientific novelty of the study consists in the interpretation of these forms using the example of nest-building, territorial, and foraging behavior of the families in the wolf population group. A conservatism of the cognitive behavior and plasticity of the intellectual behavior (which together provide a high vitality and stability of wolf populations in the biogeocenosis) were demonstrated. As a result of comparative analysis, it was established that, with an increase in the contacts between wolf and elk (Central Forest Biosphere Reserve) and wolf and deer (Yellowstone National Park and southwestern Montana), changes in behavior occurred in the prey. In elks, this was manifested in increased alertness, which made it difficult for the wolf to approach the prey at a distance for a successful attack, and the deer left feeding places and preferred safer habitats with better visibility for wolf detection; these are the consequences of the activation of a natural caution reflex. An increased alertness or vigilance was a barrier against the consumption of prey by a predator. But the wolf also cannot change the genetically fixed process of killing the prey by changing the hunting strategy: moving from a short-term pursuit in the case of an unsuccessful attack to a long one.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1134/s2079086424020075
M. V. Lakhtin, V. M. Lakhtin, A. Yu. Mironov, V. A. Aleshkin, S. S. Afanasyev, S. Yu. Kombarova
Abstract
The modern concepts of lectins and glycoconjugates binding to them, the features and patterns of their interaction, and the protective role and potential in the human body are summarized. The analysis of terms and approaches to classifications of lectins is carried out. The features of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, recognized and bound by lectins, in symbiotic relationships, in innate immunity at the reception level are emphasized. The levels of specificity of lectins are considered. There is a need to expand research on the glycoconjugate specificity of lectins and their systems and to assess the communication potential of glycoconjugates in relation to any protein combinations and systems as lectins. The participation of lectin and glycoconjugate systems in signal transmission and communication is noted. Lectins manifest themselves as basic for superstructure glycoconjugate effectors in soluble and solid cell phases in cascade directed assemblies forming the interactome network. Lectins and glycoconjugates, as inextricably co-functioning, are promising in biology, medicine, and biotechnologies.
{"title":"The Potential of Lectins and Their Recognized Glycoconjugates in the Human Body","authors":"M. V. Lakhtin, V. M. Lakhtin, A. Yu. Mironov, V. A. Aleshkin, S. S. Afanasyev, S. Yu. Kombarova","doi":"10.1134/s2079086424020075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086424020075","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The modern concepts of lectins and glycoconjugates binding to them, the features and patterns of their interaction, and the protective role and potential in the human body are summarized. The analysis of terms and approaches to classifications of lectins is carried out. The features of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, recognized and bound by lectins, in symbiotic relationships, in innate immunity at the reception level are emphasized. The levels of specificity of lectins are considered. There is a need to expand research on the glycoconjugate specificity of lectins and their systems and to assess the communication potential of glycoconjugates in relation to any protein combinations and systems as lectins. The participation of lectin and glycoconjugate systems in signal transmission and communication is noted. Lectins manifest themselves as basic for superstructure glycoconjugate effectors in soluble and solid cell phases in cascade directed assemblies forming the interactome network. Lectins and glycoconjugates, as inextricably co-functioning, are promising in biology, medicine, and biotechnologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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