Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000207
Ashish Dhamanda, A. Bhardwaj
Major issue of modern power system having complex power structure, it is necessary for Thermal Generating Unit (TGU) to continuous supplying an electric power with the increasing demand. Owing to this Automatic Generation Control (AGC) play a key role for maintaining the frequency oscillation and tie-line power due to unpredictable load changes. This paper help to solve the settling time issue of load frequency and tie-line power for multi area (Five area) AGC interconnected TGU Reheat and Non-Reheat system using different controllers like GA (Using Tuning of PID) controller, Fuzzy controller and PID controller. For better results the combined response of frequency and tieline deviation has been obtained separately for multi areas reheat and non-reheat T.G.U system and the comparative Tables of the entire controller’s response is taking place separately. The results obtain from the combined response and comparative table, shows that GA controller gives the better dynamic performance due to settle down frequency and tie-line power deviation in less time and satisfy the automatic generation control requirements.
电力结构复杂是现代电力系统的主要问题，随着电力需求的不断增长，火电机组必须持续供电。因此，自动发电控制(AGC)在维持不可预测负荷变化时的频率振荡和联络线功率方面起着关键作用。本文解决了采用GA (using Tuning of PID)控制器、模糊控制器和PID控制器等不同控制器的多区(五区)AGC并联TGU再热与非再热系统的负荷频率和联络线功率的确定时间问题。为了获得更好的结果，分别得到了多区再热和非再热燃气轮机系统的频率和线偏差的联合响应，并分别给出了整个控制器响应的对比表。综合响应和对比表的结果表明，遗传算法在较短的时间内稳定频率和联络线功率偏差，具有较好的动态性能，能够满足自动发电控制的要求。
{"title":"Multi Area AGC Problem of T.G.U Solved Through GA (Using Tuning of PID) Controller","authors":"Ashish Dhamanda, A. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"Major issue of modern power system having complex power structure, it is necessary for Thermal Generating Unit (TGU) to continuous supplying an electric power with the increasing demand. Owing to this Automatic Generation Control (AGC) play a key role for maintaining the frequency oscillation and tie-line power due to unpredictable load changes. This paper help to solve the settling time issue of load frequency and tie-line power for multi area (Five area) AGC interconnected TGU Reheat and Non-Reheat system using different controllers like GA (Using Tuning of PID) controller, Fuzzy controller and PID controller. For better results the combined response of frequency and tieline deviation has been obtained separately for multi areas reheat and non-reheat T.G.U system and the comparative Tables of the entire controller’s response is taking place separately. The results obtain from the combined response and comparative table, shows that GA controller gives the better dynamic performance due to settle down frequency and tie-line power deviation in less time and satisfy the automatic generation control requirements.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85298961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-02DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000193
Ligade Sunil Subhash, K. P. Thooyamani
Cloud computing allows business customers to scale up and down their resource usage based on needs. Many of the touted gains in the cloud model come from resource multiplexing through virtualization technology. In this research paper, we present a system that uses virtualization technology to allocate data centre resources dynamically based on application demands and support green computing by optimizing the number of servers in use. We introduce the concept of “skewness” to measure the unevenness in the multidimensional resource utilization of a server. By minimizing skewness, we can combine different types of workloads nicely and improve the overall utilization of server resources. We develop a set of heuristics that prevent overload in the system effectively while saving energy used. Trace driven simulation and experiment results demonstrate that our algorithm achieves good performance.
{"title":"Allocation of Resource Dynamically in Cloud Computing Environment Using Virtual Machines","authors":"Ligade Sunil Subhash, K. P. Thooyamani","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud computing allows business customers to scale up and down their resource usage based on needs. Many of the touted gains in the cloud model come from resource multiplexing through virtualization technology. In this research paper, we present a system that uses virtualization technology to allocate data centre resources dynamically based on application demands and support green computing by optimizing the number of servers in use. We introduce the concept of “skewness” to measure the unevenness in the multidimensional resource utilization of a server. By minimizing skewness, we can combine different types of workloads nicely and improve the overall utilization of server resources. We develop a set of heuristics that prevent overload in the system effectively while saving energy used. Trace driven simulation and experiment results demonstrate that our algorithm achieves good performance.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78874113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000195
U. Srilakshmi
The self-arranging capacity of hubs in MANET absolutes it respected among fundamental mission applications like military utilize or crisis recuperation. The portability and adaptability conveyed by remote system finished it conceivable in numerous applications. Encompassed by all the contemporary remote net-works Mobile Ad hoc Network is a standout amongst the most critical and selective applications. In this paper a qualified learns of Secure Intrusion-Detection Systems for deciding noxious hubs and assaults on MANETs are introduced. Because of some exceptional qualities of MANETs aversion instruments alone are not adequate to deal with the safe systems. One of the principle favorable circumstances of remote systems is its ability to allow information correspondence between various gatherings and still keep up their versatility. However this message is deficient to the scope of transmitters. This implies two hubs can't chat with each other when the separation between the two hubs is more remote than the correspondence scope of their own. MANET comprehends this trouble by permitting transitional gatherings to transmit information transmissions. This is accomplished by separating MANET into two sorts of systems to be specific single-jump and multi bounce. In a solitary bounce organize all hubs inside a similar radio range discuss specifically with each other.
{"title":"Proficient Interference Exposure Expedients to Secure MANET from Occurrences","authors":"U. Srilakshmi","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"The self-arranging capacity of hubs in MANET absolutes it respected among fundamental mission applications like military utilize or crisis recuperation. The portability and adaptability conveyed by remote system finished it conceivable in numerous applications. Encompassed by all the contemporary remote net-works Mobile Ad hoc Network is a standout amongst the most critical and selective applications. In this paper a qualified learns of Secure Intrusion-Detection Systems for deciding noxious hubs and assaults on MANETs are introduced. Because of some exceptional qualities of MANETs aversion instruments alone are not adequate to deal with the safe systems. One of the principle favorable circumstances of remote systems is its ability to allow information correspondence between various gatherings and still keep up their versatility. However this message is deficient to the scope of transmitters. This implies two hubs can't chat with each other when the separation between the two hubs is more remote than the correspondence scope of their own. MANET comprehends this trouble by permitting transitional gatherings to transmit information transmissions. This is accomplished by separating MANET into two sorts of systems to be specific single-jump and multi bounce. In a solitary bounce organize all hubs inside a similar radio range discuss specifically with each other.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89773251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-23DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000194
B. Jozi, Robin Braun, B. Samali, Jianchun Li, Ulrike Dackermann
Timber utility poles play a significant role in the infrastructure of Australia as well as many other countries for power distribution and communication networks. Due to the advanced age of Australia’s timber pole infrastructure, substantial efforts are undertaken on maintenance and asset management to avoid any failures of the utility lines. Nevertheless, the lack of reliable tools for assessing the condition of in-service poles seriously jeopardizes the maintenance and asset management. For instance, each year approximately 300,000 poles are replaced in the Eastern States of Australia with up to 80% of them still being in a very good condition, resulting in major waste of natural resources and money. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods based on stress wave propagation can potentially offer simple and cost-effective tools for identifying the in-service condition of timber poles. Nonetheless, most of the currently available methods are not appropriate for condition assessment of timber poles in-service due to presence of uncertainties such as complicated material properties, environmental conditions, interaction of soil and structure, and an impact excitation type. In order to address these complexities, advanced digital signal processing methodologies are needed to be employed. Deterministic signal separation, blind signal separation, and frequency-wavenumber velocity filtering are the three groups of methodologies, which could most probably provide solutions. In this paper applicability and effectiveness of the blind signal separation methods is investigated through a numerical data obtained from of a timber pole modelled with both isotropic and orthotropic material properties. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and K-means clustering algorithms are the blind signal separation methodologies that are employed in this research work.
{"title":"Limitation of the Lateral Angled Broadband Low Frequency Impact Excitation on the Non-Destructive Condition Assessment of the Timber Utility Poles","authors":"B. Jozi, Robin Braun, B. Samali, Jianchun Li, Ulrike Dackermann","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Timber utility poles play a significant role in the infrastructure of Australia as well as many other countries for power distribution and communication networks. Due to the advanced age of Australia’s timber pole infrastructure, substantial efforts are undertaken on maintenance and asset management to avoid any failures of the utility lines. Nevertheless, the lack of reliable tools for assessing the condition of in-service poles seriously jeopardizes the maintenance and asset management. For instance, each year approximately 300,000 poles are replaced in the Eastern States of Australia with up to 80% of them still being in a very good condition, resulting in major waste of natural resources and money. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods based on stress wave propagation can potentially offer simple and cost-effective tools for identifying the in-service condition of timber poles. Nonetheless, most of the currently available methods are not appropriate for condition assessment of timber poles in-service due to presence of uncertainties such as complicated material properties, environmental conditions, interaction of soil and structure, and an impact excitation type. In order to address these complexities, advanced digital signal processing methodologies are needed to be employed. Deterministic signal separation, blind signal separation, and frequency-wavenumber velocity filtering are the three groups of methodologies, which could most probably provide solutions. In this paper applicability and effectiveness of the blind signal separation methods is investigated through a numerical data obtained from of a timber pole modelled with both isotropic and orthotropic material properties. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and K-means clustering algorithms are the blind signal separation methodologies that are employed in this research work.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"138 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86526959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-11DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000192
A. Khaliq, R. Fahad, Junaid Shafique, Maryam Iqbal
In every walk of life, technology or household errands, commercial sector or Health sector everywhere energy is playing vital role and is the key to progress. Macroscopic analysis of worldwide energy utilization reveals that Lighting accounts for almost 20% of over-all power consumption. The demand for energy is incrementing swiftly over time with increase in populace, transmutation in life style, and advancement in technology. This urging call for sustainable energy resources to meet the ever escalating need has led to energy calamity which is the most imminent and colossal menace for economic stability of underdeveloped countries like Pakistan and is acting as a vacuum to inhibit the economic as well as social prosperity of the country. Several efforts have been made to fetch instant remedies and design long term plans to cope up with these alarming circumstances. While enlisting the possible solutions to this agitating situation, undoubtedly ‘energy conservation’ thrives at the top. Substantial energy savings can be achieved by reducing energy consumption by artificial lighting which has potential of energy preserving by utilizing efficient lighting technologies such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). A case study is conducted for a commercial setup to compare the performance, appropriateness and financial effects of conventional bulbs and LED.
{"title":"Study of Energy Saving in a Commercial Setup by Replacing Conventional Bulbs with LED Lights","authors":"A. Khaliq, R. Fahad, Junaid Shafique, Maryam Iqbal","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"In every walk of life, technology or household errands, commercial sector or Health sector everywhere energy is playing vital role and is the key to progress. Macroscopic analysis of worldwide energy utilization reveals that Lighting accounts for almost 20% of over-all power consumption. The demand for energy is incrementing swiftly over time with increase in populace, transmutation in life style, and advancement in technology. This urging call for sustainable energy resources to meet the ever escalating need has led to energy calamity which is the most imminent and colossal menace for economic stability of underdeveloped countries like Pakistan and is acting as a vacuum to inhibit the economic as well as social prosperity of the country. Several efforts have been made to fetch instant remedies and design long term plans to cope up with these alarming circumstances. While enlisting the possible solutions to this agitating situation, undoubtedly ‘energy conservation’ thrives at the top. Substantial energy savings can be achieved by reducing energy consumption by artificial lighting which has potential of energy preserving by utilizing efficient lighting technologies such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). A case study is conducted for a commercial setup to compare the performance, appropriateness and financial effects of conventional bulbs and LED.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91208422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-04DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000191
B. G. Rolón, Jm Belman-Flores, V. E. Gutiérrez
A polymer-ceramic composite material was modelled in the MatLab software, and developed for low-temperature applications. No gasses were emitted during the manufacturing process of this composite. The objective was to develop a uniformly dispersed, interwoven, and reinforced fibre’s structure, resulting in a fiber pyro expanded perlite/ epoxy composite. The material does not cause immediate chemical reactions, either with the severe nor the soft matrix of epoxy resins. Mechanical and physical characterizations of the material were described herein. The thermal conductivity of the material was calculated by the Mixture Rules method and experimentally by Method SAM, finding a value of 0.284 W/mK. The main application proposed for this material is for thermal insulation purposes at cryogenic temperatures in the industry.
{"title":"Design and Manufacture of a Fiber Pyro Expanded Perlite/Epoxy Composite for Thermal Insulation","authors":"B. G. Rolón, Jm Belman-Flores, V. E. Gutiérrez","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"A polymer-ceramic composite material was modelled in the MatLab software, and developed for low-temperature applications. No gasses were emitted during the manufacturing process of this composite. The objective was to develop a uniformly dispersed, interwoven, and reinforced fibre’s structure, resulting in a fiber pyro expanded perlite/ epoxy composite. The material does not cause immediate chemical reactions, either with the severe nor the soft matrix of epoxy resins. Mechanical and physical characterizations of the material were described herein. The thermal conductivity of the material was calculated by the Mixture Rules method and experimentally by Method SAM, finding a value of 0.284 W/mK. The main application proposed for this material is for thermal insulation purposes at cryogenic temperatures in the industry.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78688552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-01DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000190
W. Ahmad, A. Faiz, S. Jamil
Artificial lighting uses a significant percentage of the electrical power being consumed globally. Power generation is one of the major issues for a progressing country like Pakistan, conversely the demand is growing due to increased population and advanced life style. This could lead to severe power shortages. To tackle this situation, a way is to reduce the demands by using energy efficient technologies. This will lead to required lighting provision by using lesser power. Using efficient bulbs like Light emitting diode (LED) instead of conventional fluorescent tube lights (FTL) provides energy efficient lighting system. A new lighting system is designed for the chosen building using DIALux 4.12 simulation software which fulfills the standard requirements of Illuminating engineers society of North America (IESNA). Installation of new lamps proved that the system consumes 47% lesser energy compared to the old conventional system and calculations shows a payback period of 1.734 years for the initial costs. These figures prove the economy of the newly designed system.
{"title":"Case Study of Energy Saving in Building and Architectural Engineering Department, Bahahuddin Zakariya University Multan by Replacing Conventional Lights with LED Bulbs","authors":"W. Ahmad, A. Faiz, S. Jamil","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial lighting uses a significant percentage of the electrical power being consumed globally. Power generation is one of the major issues for a progressing country like Pakistan, conversely the demand is growing due to increased population and advanced life style. This could lead to severe power shortages. To tackle this situation, a way is to reduce the demands by using energy efficient technologies. This will lead to required lighting provision by using lesser power. Using efficient bulbs like Light emitting diode (LED) instead of conventional fluorescent tube lights (FTL) provides energy efficient lighting system. A new lighting system is designed for the chosen building using DIALux 4.12 simulation software which fulfills the standard requirements of Illuminating engineers society of North America (IESNA). Installation of new lamps proved that the system consumes 47% lesser energy compared to the old conventional system and calculations shows a payback period of 1.734 years for the initial costs. These figures prove the economy of the newly designed system.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86684611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000189
P. Babu, P. Naganjaneyulu, K. Prasad
With the superior growth of digital communication the need for high-speed data transmission has increased. In that, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is multi-carrier modulation techniques, which partition the single spectrum into numerous sub-carriers. The major benefit of OFDM is their significance towards channel fading in wireless environment. In wide range data transmission, the OFDM is heavily affected by the Inter Symbol Interface (ISI). To diminish ISI, an Adaptive Analog Beam Forming (AABF) based Phased Array Antenna (PAA) is introduced. PAA achieves the reduction of noise significantly and also shows improvement in the effectiveness of reducing the side lobe ranges with narrow beam width. The experimental outcome proves that the proposed system performs effectively than the other existing systems.
随着数字通信的飞速发展，对高速数据传输的需求日益增加。其中，正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种多载波调制技术，它将单个频谱划分为多个子载波。OFDM的主要优点是它对无线环境下信道衰落的重要意义。在大范围数据传输中，OFDM受码间接口(Inter Symbol Interface, ISI)的影响很大。为了减小干扰，提出了一种基于自适应模拟波束形成(AABF)的相控阵天线。PAA对噪声的降噪效果显著，对窄波束宽度的旁瓣范围的降噪效果也有所提高。实验结果表明，该系统的性能优于已有的系统。
{"title":"Adaptive Beam Forming of MIMO System using Low Complex Selection of Steering Vector","authors":"P. Babu, P. Naganjaneyulu, K. Prasad","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"With the superior growth of digital communication the need for high-speed data transmission has increased. In that, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is multi-carrier modulation techniques, which partition the single spectrum into numerous sub-carriers. The major benefit of OFDM is their significance towards channel fading in wireless environment. In wide range data transmission, the OFDM is heavily affected by the Inter Symbol Interface (ISI). To diminish ISI, an Adaptive Analog Beam Forming (AABF) based Phased Array Antenna (PAA) is introduced. PAA achieves the reduction of noise significantly and also shows improvement in the effectiveness of reducing the side lobe ranges with narrow beam width. The experimental outcome proves that the proposed system performs effectively than the other existing systems.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73872671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-27DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000188
K. Kang
Minimizing or avoiding the creation of waste solvents can be most effective in protecting environment and managing the cost. Since fabrication of silica spheres (approximately 1.0 g of silica spheres with diameter of approximately 300 nm) for photonic crystal requires relatively large amount of solvents (100 ml 2-propanol and 100 ml NH4OH solution), it will be ideal to use recycled solvents for reducing waste solvents. Monodisperse silica spheres were synthesized with Stober synthetic process. The diameter of the spheres was uniform when the ratio of 2-propanol and NH4OH was 1:1. To investigate the effect of recycled solvents, the ratio of 2-propanol:NH4OH maintained 1:1. The spheres were separated by filtration or centrifuge. The mixture of solvents was recycled repeatedly after separating the spheres. The spheres became irregular shape when the mixture of solvents recycled by filtration more than twice. The solvent was completely dried and collected the residual compound in the mixture of solvents, which was comprised of mainly –OH and Si-O-Si. However, there was no irregular shape and residual solid in the mixture of solvents after 4 times recycling by centrifuge. These results imply that the filtering process removes NH4OH due to the low pressure during the filtering process, but the centrifuge method requires no low pressure process and maintains similar NH4OH concentration after repeated recycling process. Therefore, the recycled solvent mixture can be repeatedly used as long as similar NH4OH concentration maintains.
最大限度地减少或避免产生废溶剂是保护环境和管理成本的最有效方法。由于制备光子晶体硅球(直径约为300 nm的约1.0 g硅球)需要相对大量的溶剂(100 ml 2-丙醇和100 ml NH4OH溶液)，因此使用回收溶剂减少溶剂浪费将是理想的选择。采用Stober法合成了单分散二氧化硅微球。当2-丙醇与NH4OH的比例为1:1时，球的直径均匀。为了考察回收溶剂的影响，2-丙醇:NH4OH的比例保持1:1。球体通过过滤或离心机分离。分离球体后，溶剂混合物反复循环。当溶剂混合物经过两次以上的过滤循环后，球体变得不规则。将溶剂完全干燥，并收集溶剂混合物中的残余化合物，该混合物主要由-OH和Si-O-Si组成。但经4次离心循环后，溶剂混合物中无不规则形状和残留固体。这些结果表明，过滤法在过滤过程中由于低压去除了NH4OH，而离心机法不需要低压过程，重复循环过程后保持了相似的NH4OH浓度。因此，只要保持相似的NH4OH浓度，回收的溶剂混合物就可以重复使用。
{"title":"The Effect of Recycled Solvent on the Structure of Photonic Crystal","authors":"K. Kang","doi":"10.4172/0976-4860.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"Minimizing or avoiding the creation of waste solvents can be most effective in protecting environment and managing the cost. Since fabrication of silica spheres (approximately 1.0 g of silica spheres with diameter of approximately 300 nm) for photonic crystal requires relatively large amount of solvents (100 ml 2-propanol and 100 ml NH4OH solution), it will be ideal to use recycled solvents for reducing waste solvents. Monodisperse silica spheres were synthesized with Stober synthetic process. The diameter of the spheres was uniform when the ratio of 2-propanol and NH4OH was 1:1. To investigate the effect of recycled solvents, the ratio of 2-propanol:NH4OH maintained 1:1. The spheres were separated by filtration or centrifuge. The mixture of solvents was recycled repeatedly after separating the spheres. The spheres became irregular shape when the mixture of solvents recycled by filtration more than twice. The solvent was completely dried and collected the residual compound in the mixture of solvents, which was comprised of mainly –OH and Si-O-Si. However, there was no irregular shape and residual solid in the mixture of solvents after 4 times recycling by centrifuge. These results imply that the filtering process removes NH4OH due to the low pressure during the filtering process, but the centrifuge method requires no low pressure process and maintains similar NH4OH concentration after repeated recycling process. Therefore, the recycled solvent mixture can be repeatedly used as long as similar NH4OH concentration maintains.","PeriodicalId":90538,"journal":{"name":"International journal of advancements in computing technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.4172/0976-4860.1000187
E. G. Shendi
In this study, the effect of Guar gum in three concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 gram per each kilogram of skim milk, containing 0.4% fat in producing Iranian white cheese was investigated. Control cheeses were prepared in two forms, that one of them was full fat cheese, made up from milk that containing 3.2% of fat and complete milk without Guar gum, and the other one was reduced fat cheese (containing 0.4%), without adding any gum. Results showed that chemical, textural, and rheological features of Iranian white cheese improved by increasing Guar gum's concentration up to 0.75 g. In present study, full fat control cheese had the least textural and rheological features extent of G′, G″, G*, σ and E that texture was soft and desirable. Produced cheese with 0.75 g of Guar gum was close to full fat control cheese. However, by increasing Guar gum's concentration to 1 g, these indices showed increment, and were close to reduced fat control cheese. Reduced fat control cheese had the most of G′, G″, G*, σ, and E indicating its hard texture and so undesirability. It can be concluded that Guar gum can be used as a fat replacer to decline energy-producing feature and its texture improvement as well.
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