Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000120
K. Ioannidou, E. Gado, F. Ulm, R. Pellenq
AbstractNanoscale structural heterogeneities were recently revealed in computational and experimental studies of calcium silicate hydrates in hardened cement pastes. In this work their consequences...
{"title":"Inhomogeneity in Cement Hydrates: Linking Local Packing to Local Pressure","authors":"K. Ioannidou, E. Gado, F. Ulm, R. Pellenq","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000120","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractNanoscale structural heterogeneities were recently revealed in computational and experimental studies of calcium silicate hydrates in hardened cement pastes. In this work their consequences...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"87 11","pages":"04017003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41265329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000116
J. Sanahuja, Shun Huang
AbstractHomogenization of random media is a widely used practical and efficient tool to estimate the effective mechanical behavior of composite materials. However, when the microstructure evolves w...
{"title":"Mean-Field Homogenization of Time-Evolving Microstructures with Viscoelastic Phases: Application to a Simplified Micromechanical Model of Hydrating Cement Paste","authors":"J. Sanahuja, Shun Huang","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000116","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractHomogenization of random media is a widely used practical and efficient tool to estimate the effective mechanical behavior of composite materials. However, when the microstructure evolves w...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"7 1","pages":"04016011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42766211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000110
I. Mechab, N. E. Meiche, F. Bernard
AbstractFree vibration analysis of orthotropic beams with local and nonlocal formulation using the high-order theory including the Poisson effect is presented in this paper. The theory takes into account the transverse shear effects introducing a new displacement shape function and a parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the thickness of the beam. Hence it is unnecessary to use shear correction factors. The governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The couplings among the axial, torsion, and bending deformations are investigated in the one-dimensional beam model. The free vibration solutions are finally presented for the nonlocal higher-order beam/column models. The influence of the various geometrical and material parameters, thickness ratio, and number of symmetric and antisymmetric layers of the laminate material has been investigated to find the natural frequencies. The numerical results obtained in the present study for several examples are ...
{"title":"Free vibration analysis of higher-order shear elasticity nanocomposite beams with consideration of nonlocal elasticity and poisson effect","authors":"I. Mechab, N. E. Meiche, F. Bernard","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000110","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractFree vibration analysis of orthotropic beams with local and nonlocal formulation using the high-order theory including the Poisson effect is presented in this paper. The theory takes into account the transverse shear effects introducing a new displacement shape function and a parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the thickness of the beam. Hence it is unnecessary to use shear correction factors. The governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The couplings among the axial, torsion, and bending deformations are investigated in the one-dimensional beam model. The free vibration solutions are finally presented for the nonlocal higher-order beam/column models. The influence of the various geometrical and material parameters, thickness ratio, and number of symmetric and antisymmetric layers of the laminate material has been investigated to find the natural frequencies. The numerical results obtained in the present study for several examples are ...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-30DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000113
J. Timothy, G. Meschke
AbstractWithin the framework of mean-field homogenization methods, a lattice version of the cascade micromechanics model for the estimation of the effective permeability of microcracked materials w...
摘要在平均场均匀化方法的框架下，提出了一种栅格级联微观力学模型，用于估算微裂纹材料的有效渗透率。
{"title":"Cascade Lattice Micromechanics Model for the Effective Permeability of Materials with Microcracks","authors":"J. Timothy, G. Meschke","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000113","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWithin the framework of mean-field homogenization methods, a lattice version of the cascade micromechanics model for the estimation of the effective permeability of microcracked materials w...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-18DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000112
Yaxin Zhen
AbstractVibration and instability analysis of a fluid-conveying double-carbon nanotube system (DCNTS) is researched in this article. The system is composed of two single-walled carbon nanotubes, and the two carbon nanotubes are assumed to be connected by an elastic spring medium. Nonlocal elasticity theory and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory are employed in the equation modeling of the system. The nonlocal effect on the in-phase (synchronous) and out-of-phase (asynchronous) vibration of fluid-conveying DCNTS is discussed in detail. Explicit expressions of critical-flow velocity are given for both in-phase and out-of-phase vibration. It is found that the nonlocal parameter plays an important role in the natural frequency and critical-flow velocity for both the in-phase and out-of-phase vibration. An increase in the nonlocal parameter has an obvious reducing effect on the natural frequency and critical-flow velocity. For the case of out-of-phase vibration, the effect of spring stiffness reduces the nonlocal effect.
{"title":"Vibration and Instability Analysis of Double-Carbon Nanotubes System Conveying Fluid","authors":"Yaxin Zhen","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000112","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractVibration and instability analysis of a fluid-conveying double-carbon nanotube system (DCNTS) is researched in this article. The system is composed of two single-walled carbon nanotubes, and the two carbon nanotubes are assumed to be connected by an elastic spring medium. Nonlocal elasticity theory and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory are employed in the equation modeling of the system. The nonlocal effect on the in-phase (synchronous) and out-of-phase (asynchronous) vibration of fluid-conveying DCNTS is discussed in detail. Explicit expressions of critical-flow velocity are given for both in-phase and out-of-phase vibration. It is found that the nonlocal parameter plays an important role in the natural frequency and critical-flow velocity for both the in-phase and out-of-phase vibration. An increase in the nonlocal parameter has an obvious reducing effect on the natural frequency and critical-flow velocity. For the case of out-of-phase vibration, the effect of spring stiffness reduces the nonlocal effect.","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-18DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000111
E. Landis, Chula Gangsa, L. Flanders
AbstractIn this work, X-ray microtomographic images were analyzed to quantify the influence of void spaces in small mortar specimens, with a particular focus on the porosity of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Specimens were nominally 5-mm-diameter, 4-mm-long cylinders with 0.5-mm-diameter glass bead aggregates. Specimens were scanned via synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography while they were positioned in an in situ loading frame in a split cylinder configuration. Scans of undamaged specimens were evaluated for porosity both in the bulk paste and in the ITZ. Specifically, voids in the paste and porosity in the ITZ were superimposed onto a map of the principal tensile stress in the specimen in an attempt to identify critical flaws and to measure their role in split cylinder strength. Results indicate that a stress intensity factor-type approach can be used to identify critical flaws in cement paste specimens. Similarly, a critical ITZ region can be identified based on local principal stress and loc...
{"title":"Revisiting Critical Flaws in Cement-Based Composites","authors":"E. Landis, Chula Gangsa, L. Flanders","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000111","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn this work, X-ray microtomographic images were analyzed to quantify the influence of void spaces in small mortar specimens, with a particular focus on the porosity of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Specimens were nominally 5-mm-diameter, 4-mm-long cylinders with 0.5-mm-diameter glass bead aggregates. Specimens were scanned via synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography while they were positioned in an in situ loading frame in a split cylinder configuration. Scans of undamaged specimens were evaluated for porosity both in the bulk paste and in the ITZ. Specifically, voids in the paste and porosity in the ITZ were superimposed onto a map of the principal tensile stress in the specimen in an attempt to identify critical flaws and to measure their role in split cylinder strength. Results indicate that a stress intensity factor-type approach can be used to identify critical flaws in cement paste specimens. Similarly, a critical ITZ region can be identified based on local principal stress and loc...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000105
A. Akono
AbstractA scratch test consists in pulling a diamond stylus across the surface of a weaker material; it is widely applied in several fields of science and engineering, including polymer damage, metal wear, thin-film quality control, and strength of rocks. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the fracture analysis of materials via scratch testing. In this study, the energetic size effect law (SEL) is applied at the microscopic scale for progressive-load scratch tests using a Rockwell C diamond probe. First, we employ dimensional analysis to connect the scratch force to the projected load-bearing area and to the perimeter for an axisymmetric scratch probe. In a second step, based on geometrical considerations, we approximate the real scratch probe geometry with a cone of equivalent half-apex angle, θeq. Then, we express the dependence of the nominal strength, σN, on the structural size, Λ, via a scaling relationship. The theoretical developments are later implemented in an experimental procedu...
{"title":"Energetic Size Effect Law at the Microscopic Scale: Application to Progressive-Load Scratch Testing","authors":"A. Akono","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000105","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractA scratch test consists in pulling a diamond stylus across the surface of a weaker material; it is widely applied in several fields of science and engineering, including polymer damage, metal wear, thin-film quality control, and strength of rocks. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the fracture analysis of materials via scratch testing. In this study, the energetic size effect law (SEL) is applied at the microscopic scale for progressive-load scratch tests using a Rockwell C diamond probe. First, we employ dimensional analysis to connect the scratch force to the projected load-bearing area and to the perimeter for an axisymmetric scratch probe. In a second step, based on geometrical considerations, we approximate the real scratch probe geometry with a cone of equivalent half-apex angle, θeq. Then, we express the dependence of the nominal strength, σN, on the structural size, Λ, via a scaling relationship. The theoretical developments are later implemented in an experimental procedu...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-11DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000109
K. Guru, Tushar Sharma, K. Shukla, S. Mishra
AbstractThe paper presents an approach to determine the elastic properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced composites, using the principles from molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and the finite-element method. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to determine the elastic properties of matrix, interface energy, and the interfacial gap due to nonbonded van der Waals forces between the matrix and CNT. The value of the interface energy and interfacial gap is used to determine the stiffness of interface between CNT and epoxy. A 3D-RVE (three-dimensional representative volume element) consisting of epoxy matrix, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (8,8), and the interface between them is generated. Finite-element modeling is used to calculate the Young’s modulus of the nanocomposites. Parametric studies are carried out to observe the effects of different interface stiffness (soft and hard interface) and thickness for the cases of long (fully embedded) and short CNTs on the Young’s modulus o...
{"title":"Effect of Interface on the Elastic Modulus of CNT Nanocomposites","authors":"K. Guru, Tushar Sharma, K. Shukla, S. Mishra","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000109","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe paper presents an approach to determine the elastic properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced composites, using the principles from molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and the finite-element method. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to determine the elastic properties of matrix, interface energy, and the interfacial gap due to nonbonded van der Waals forces between the matrix and CNT. The value of the interface energy and interfacial gap is used to determine the stiffness of interface between CNT and epoxy. A 3D-RVE (three-dimensional representative volume element) consisting of epoxy matrix, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (8,8), and the interface between them is generated. Finite-element modeling is used to calculate the Young’s modulus of the nanocomposites. Parametric studies are carried out to observe the effects of different interface stiffness (soft and hard interface) and thickness for the cases of long (fully embedded) and short CNTs on the Young’s modulus o...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-21DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000107
Chu Shi, Qingsong Tu, Houfu Fan, C. Ríos, Shaofan Li
AbstractIn this work, the interphase effects of nanoparticle enhanced polymer composite materials are investigated. Three interphase models based on finite size representative volume element (RVE) are proposed to estimate the effective material properties of nanoparticle-polymer composites, including” (1) The finite Eshelby tensor based shell model, (2) An improved double inclusion model, and (3) A modified Hashin-Shtrikman model. These micromechanics models are employed to analyze the interphase phase effects on the effective material properties of nanoparticle-polymer composites. One crucial factor that influences the strength of nanoparticle enhanced polymer composites is the material properties of the interphase between nanoparticles and the corresponding polymer matrix. These three improved micromechanics models are designed to incorporate interphase effects. Using the interphase models, the authors estimate the effective Young’s and shear moduli for a set of four material systems of silica nanoparti...
{"title":"Interphase Models for Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites","authors":"Chu Shi, Qingsong Tu, Houfu Fan, C. Ríos, Shaofan Li","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000107","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn this work, the interphase effects of nanoparticle enhanced polymer composite materials are investigated. Three interphase models based on finite size representative volume element (RVE) are proposed to estimate the effective material properties of nanoparticle-polymer composites, including” (1) The finite Eshelby tensor based shell model, (2) An improved double inclusion model, and (3) A modified Hashin-Shtrikman model. These micromechanics models are employed to analyze the interphase phase effects on the effective material properties of nanoparticle-polymer composites. One crucial factor that influences the strength of nanoparticle enhanced polymer composites is the material properties of the interphase between nanoparticles and the corresponding polymer matrix. These three improved micromechanics models are designed to incorporate interphase effects. Using the interphase models, the authors estimate the effective Young’s and shear moduli for a set of four material systems of silica nanoparti...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04016003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000103
Kristin N. Alstadt, K. Katti, D. Katti
AbstractOil shale is an important energy resource that is immensely underutilized due to the cost of extraction of crude oil from oil shale as a result of limited scientific understanding of the locking of kerogen, the precursor to crude oil in the oil shale. Here, nanomechanical properties of in situ kerogen surrounded by minerals in oil shale are evaluated for the Green River Formation oil shale of Colorado Piceance Basin. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy experiments indicate that the sizes of kerogen-rich phases in the oil shale samples are of the scale of 10–50 nm. Comparison of nanoindentation experiments on light- and dark-colored oil shale regions indicates that light oil shale has softer regions arising from higher kerogen content. There do not appear to be significant differences between light- and dark-colored oil shale in orientation parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane. The elastic modulus values of dark- and light-colored oil shale from nanomechanical experime...
{"title":"Nanoscale Morphology of Kerogen and In Situ Nanomechanical Properties of Green River Oil Shale","authors":"Kristin N. Alstadt, K. Katti, D. Katti","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000103","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractOil shale is an important energy resource that is immensely underutilized due to the cost of extraction of crude oil from oil shale as a result of limited scientific understanding of the locking of kerogen, the precursor to crude oil in the oil shale. Here, nanomechanical properties of in situ kerogen surrounded by minerals in oil shale are evaluated for the Green River Formation oil shale of Colorado Piceance Basin. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy experiments indicate that the sizes of kerogen-rich phases in the oil shale samples are of the scale of 10–50 nm. Comparison of nanoindentation experiments on light- and dark-colored oil shale regions indicates that light oil shale has softer regions arising from higher kerogen content. There do not appear to be significant differences between light- and dark-colored oil shale in orientation parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane. The elastic modulus values of dark- and light-colored oil shale from nanomechanical experime...","PeriodicalId":90606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nanomechanics & micromechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"04015003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58479393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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