Mohamad Zulfazdlee Abul Hassan Ashari, Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Napisah Karimah Ismail, N. Lubis, Safian, Zamri Ab Rahman
The Marinid Kingdom (1215-1465) was an Islamic government which emerged in the Maghreb during medieval time. Inheriting the rule from the Almohads, the Marinids were regarded as a strong and formidable Islamic government which once ruled the entire Maghreb and parts of al-Andalus at the height of its glory. Not unlike previous Muslim governments, the Marinid Kingdom also faced various problems and went through several conflicts which affected its stability and integrity. In fact the conflicts even caused the demise of the Marinid Kingdom in the year 1465 which saw the emergence of the Wattasids. This article is aimed at determining the internal factors which contributed to the decline of the Marinids which led to its eventual demise. This study employed a method of qualitative approach via historical study and content analysis, in particular using primary and secondary sources which focused on events which led to the demise of the kingdom. Results of this study identified several internal factors which contributed to the weakness and the eventual collapse of the Marinid Kingdom. In the present-day context, it is not impossible that the same factors can cause any Muslim countries, as a sovereign state and nation, to become weak and disintegrate should the government and the people fail to cooperate in matters regarding the stability of the country.
{"title":"Internal Factors behind the Decline of the Marinid Kingdom","authors":"Mohamad Zulfazdlee Abul Hassan Ashari, Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Napisah Karimah Ismail, N. Lubis, Safian, Zamri Ab Rahman","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n4p51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n4p51","url":null,"abstract":"The Marinid Kingdom (1215-1465) was an Islamic government which emerged in the Maghreb during medieval time. Inheriting the rule from the Almohads, the Marinids were regarded as a strong and formidable Islamic government which once ruled the entire Maghreb and parts of al-Andalus at the height of its glory. Not unlike previous Muslim governments, the Marinid Kingdom also faced various problems and went through several conflicts which affected its stability and integrity. In fact the conflicts even caused the demise of the Marinid Kingdom in the year 1465 which saw the emergence of the Wattasids. This article is aimed at determining the internal factors which contributed to the decline of the Marinids which led to its eventual demise. This study employed a method of qualitative approach via historical study and content analysis, in particular using primary and secondary sources which focused on events which led to the demise of the kingdom. Results of this study identified several internal factors which contributed to the weakness and the eventual collapse of the Marinid Kingdom. In the present-day context, it is not impossible that the same factors can cause any Muslim countries, as a sovereign state and nation, to become weak and disintegrate should the government and the people fail to cooperate in matters regarding the stability of the country.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49077258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent political and legal developments within the Arab region have resurrected previously dormant historical debates and endowed them with a new life and vitality. The theory of exceptionality has been prominent within these debates, being repeatedly reasserted in different constitutional drafts, and even celebrated, as a means through which political authority maintain and secure ‘the public order’. Egypt long lasting rule relying on an emergency context has provided a worthy manifestation of how emergency rule have been installed in political and legal settings; and become presented as an only way to govern; in which it had been incorporated in different constitutions and manifested into a political exercise. We dedicate this article to witness these overlapping challenges to analyze why post-revolutionary regimes have failed to deliver a meaningful transformative constitutionalism that is based upon the principle of the rule of Law, and continued instead to rely on the emergency status as module of governance.
{"title":"From Manshiya to Alexandria: Re-Examining the Process of Constitutionalizing and Normalizing the Emergency Status in Egypt","authors":"Nora Taha, A. Khalil","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n3p212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p212","url":null,"abstract":"Recent political and legal developments within the Arab region have resurrected previously dormant historical debates and endowed them with a new life and vitality. The theory of exceptionality has been prominent within these debates, being repeatedly reasserted in different constitutional drafts, and even celebrated, as a means through which political authority maintain and secure ‘the public order’. \u0000 \u0000Egypt long lasting rule relying on an emergency context has provided a worthy manifestation of how emergency rule have been installed in political and legal settings; and become presented as an only way to govern; in which it had been incorporated in different constitutions and manifested into a political exercise. We dedicate this article to witness these overlapping challenges to analyze why post-revolutionary regimes have failed to deliver a meaningful transformative constitutionalism that is based upon the principle of the rule of Law, and continued instead to rely on the emergency status as module of governance.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42290783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article provides an assessment of the state of legislation of Ukraine on the protection of intellectual property at the present stage. The most important problematic aspects and prospects of improving the legal regulation of intellectual property protection on the way to European integration are described in detail. The experience of foreign countries in ensuring the protection of intellectual property is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the features of computer program protection, which is especially relevant nowadays. Features of the use of license agreements by the owner of computer programs, namely BSD License, Apache License, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, were analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that a system of continuous analysis of decisions made by European countries in the field of intellectual property law, as well as on issues related to general state policy on the administration of intellectual property, in order to implement developed approaches to legislation and law enforcement practice, could improve the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine.
{"title":"Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Ukraine in the Light of European Integration Processes","authors":"Andrii Neugodnikov, T. Barsukova, R. Kharytonov","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n3p203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p203","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an assessment of the state of legislation of Ukraine on the protection of intellectual property at the present stage. The most important problematic aspects and prospects of improving the legal regulation of intellectual property protection on the way to European integration are described in detail. \u0000 \u0000The experience of foreign countries in ensuring the protection of intellectual property is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the features of computer program protection, which is especially relevant nowadays. Features of the use of license agreements by the owner of computer programs, namely BSD License, Apache License, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, were analyzed. \u0000 \u0000The conclusion is drawn that a system of continuous analysis of decisions made by European countries in the field of intellectual property law, as well as on issues related to general state policy on the administration of intellectual property, in order to implement developed approaches to legislation and law enforcement practice, could improve the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2020.
《政治与法律杂志》2020年第13卷第3期审稿人致谢。
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 3","authors":"William Tai","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n3p302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p302","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2020.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays autonomous vehicles are getting widespread use in different parts of the world. In some countries, they are being tested within the urban traffic whereas other counties have been already operating them. Such vehicles possess a number of obvious advantages. We cannot but agree that these cars are the future. However, before complete implementation and mass use of autonomous transport on public roads, it is necessary to resolve a number of problems concerning their safety towards road-users. Except for ethical, economic, and other aspects, it also embraces the legal aspect. The article analyses legal problems of ensuring transport security when using autonomous vehicles. It also touches upon the issues of obligations and liability. Special attention is paid to the matters of criminal liability for offences involving an autonomous vehicle. The conducted legal research allowed concluding that it is necessary to improve legislation in the sphere of operating such vehicles. It is essential to enshrine in law autonomous vehicles (whether fully-autonomous or partially-autonomous) operation rules, oblige their owners to perform regular diagnostic assessment, and to add demands to periodic vehicle inspection. When regulating criminal liability for harm caused by a self-driving vehicle, one must proceed from the layer of its autonomy which stipulates bringing the general public to responsibility.
{"title":"Autonomous Vehicles within the Urban Space and Transport Security Challenges: Legal Aspect","authors":"D. Iroshnikov, L. Y. Larina, A. Sidorkin","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n3p133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p133","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays autonomous vehicles are getting widespread use in different parts of the world. In some countries, they are being tested within the urban traffic whereas other counties have been already operating them. Such vehicles possess a number of obvious advantages. We cannot but agree that these cars are the future. \u0000 \u0000However, before complete implementation and mass use of autonomous transport on public roads, it is necessary to resolve a number of problems concerning their safety towards road-users. Except for ethical, economic, and other aspects, it also embraces the legal aspect. \u0000 \u0000The article analyses legal problems of ensuring transport security when using autonomous vehicles. It also touches upon the issues of obligations and liability. Special attention is paid to the matters of criminal liability for offences involving an autonomous vehicle. \u0000 \u0000The conducted legal research allowed concluding that it is necessary to improve legislation in the sphere of operating such vehicles. It is essential to enshrine in law autonomous vehicles (whether fully-autonomous or partially-autonomous) operation rules, oblige their owners to perform regular diagnostic assessment, and to add demands to periodic vehicle inspection. When regulating criminal liability for harm caused by a self-driving vehicle, one must proceed from the layer of its autonomy which stipulates bringing the general public to responsibility.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46032904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020.
《政治与法律杂志》2020年第13卷第2期书评人致谢。
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 2","authors":"William Tai","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n2p276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p276","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42466927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Point of fact, legislature is seen to be a significant body in any country because of its key duties of passing the legislations regarding the responsibility it has. The national and legal system has given legal protections for the legislature’ members in order to help them in carrying out the responsibility they have according to the countries’ constitutions, and this kind of protection is known to be the parliament immunity. The present study aims to clarify the parliamentary immunity concept explaining its own legal nature among Arab constitutions. Additionally, this study discusses important points related to the parliament immunity such as its types, namely, objective type as well as procedural type differentiating between them. Furthermore, this study indicates to some important aspects regarding parliament immunity among Arabs highlighting points like the lifting procedures of the immunity and some legal reasons for lifting and the constitutions’ positions regarding that. The study concludes that Arab countries have a special situation due to important events such as Arab Spring and Palestinian Issue in which they confirm that the Arab countries must deal with the parliament immunity carefully in a way that makes their people satisfied, lastly, some recommendations are made for further studies in the same topic.
{"title":"Parliamentary Immunity among Arab Constitutions","authors":"Jehan K Samarah Alzubi","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n2p269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p269","url":null,"abstract":"Point of fact, legislature is seen to be a significant body in any country because of its key duties of passing the legislations regarding the responsibility it has. The national and legal system has given legal protections for the legislature’ members in order to help them in carrying out the responsibility they have according to the countries’ constitutions, and this kind of protection is known to be the parliament immunity. The present study aims to clarify the parliamentary immunity concept explaining its own legal nature among Arab constitutions. Additionally, this study discusses important points related to the parliament immunity such as its types, namely, objective type as well as procedural type differentiating between them. Furthermore, this study indicates to some important aspects regarding parliament immunity among Arabs highlighting points like the lifting procedures of the immunity and some legal reasons for lifting and the constitutions’ positions regarding that. The study concludes that Arab countries have a special situation due to important events such as Arab Spring and Palestinian Issue in which they confirm that the Arab countries must deal with the parliament immunity carefully in a way that makes their people satisfied, lastly, some recommendations are made for further studies in the same topic.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46680260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transport plays a fundamental role in the life of society. The fast pace of life, especially in metropolises and cities, imposes new requirements towards human mobility. With the development of technologies unprecedented transport solutions have become popular. Specifically, in different countries personal electric transport (segway, self-balancing scooter, electric scooter, unicycle etc.) has assumed widespread use. The number of such vehicles is constantly growing. As known, any means of transport presents a hazard. That is why it is important to pay special attention to personal security when using this kind of transport. Based on the analysis of the current Russian and foreign legislations, case materials, scientific sources, the article investigates legal problems of ensuring personal security when using personal electric vehicles. In this respect, the authors consider the issues of ensuring safety of both a driver and a pedestrian, and third parties as well. The conducted legal research has allowed us to make a conclusion on the necessity of improving legislation in the sphere of using personal electric transport. In the authors’ opinion, one should start with statutory recognition of the very notion of “personal electric transport”, which must include characteristic features that allow to differentiate between this particular kind of transport and other vehicles. Nothing but comprehensive legal regulation based on a detailed analysis of possible risks, can prevent personal security hazards when using personal electric transport.
{"title":"Legal Aspects of Ensuring Security When using Personal Electric Transport in Russia and Abroad","authors":"Iroshnikov Denis Vladimirovich, Nemova Ninel Yurievna, Shevchenko Kirill Vladimirovich, Utkin Nikolay Ivanovich","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n2p235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p235","url":null,"abstract":"Transport plays a fundamental role in the life of society. The fast pace of life, especially in metropolises and cities, imposes new requirements towards human mobility. With the development of technologies unprecedented transport solutions have become popular. Specifically, in different countries personal electric transport (segway, self-balancing scooter, electric scooter, unicycle etc.) has assumed widespread use. The number of such vehicles is constantly growing. As known, any means of transport presents a hazard. That is why it is important to pay special attention to personal security when using this kind of transport. \u0000 \u0000Based on the analysis of the current Russian and foreign legislations, case materials, scientific sources, the article investigates legal problems of ensuring personal security when using personal electric vehicles. In this respect, the authors consider the issues of ensuring safety of both a driver and a pedestrian, and third parties as well. \u0000 \u0000The conducted legal research has allowed us to make a conclusion on the necessity of improving legislation in the sphere of using personal electric transport. In the authors’ opinion, one should start with statutory recognition of the very notion of “personal electric transport”, which must include characteristic features that allow to differentiate between this particular kind of transport and other vehicles. Nothing but comprehensive legal regulation based on a detailed analysis of possible risks, can prevent personal security hazards when using personal electric transport.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the situation of doctrine of “piercing the corporate veil” in the current Iranian legal system especially in the Iranian Commercial Code and in the Iranian Civil Code. The author discusses the ambiguities and legal challenges which arise, directly or indirectly, from implementation of these challenges. There is also a comparative study of the doctrine with the common law system. The paper aims to highlight the defects of this doctrine in the Iranian law system and provides suggestions to improve it.
{"title":"Piercing the Corporate Veil and Ambiguities in the Iranian Legal System: A Comparative Study with California Law","authors":"Ahmad Torabi","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n2p209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p209","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the situation of doctrine of “piercing the corporate veil” in the current Iranian legal system especially in the Iranian Commercial Code and in the Iranian Civil Code. The author discusses the ambiguities and legal challenges which arise, directly or indirectly, from implementation of these challenges. There is also a comparative study of the doctrine with the common law system. The paper aims to highlight the defects of this doctrine in the Iranian law system and provides suggestions to improve it.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42065615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nasrul Hisyam Nor Muhamad, Mohd Khairy Kamarudin, Mohd Zamro Muda, Noor Lizza Mohamed Said, N. Rahim, M. A. Razzak
This study aims to identify the key points of the FELDA land inheritance issues and their possible solutions. Land (Group Settlement Areas) Act 1960 was analyzed as it is the main act that regulates FELDA land management. This study discovered that Section 14 limits the land holding to not more than two holders while Section 15 prohibits subdividing or partitioning over FELDA land holding. An administrator is appointed to manage the land on behalf of other heirs and this practice poses risk as the administrator may fail to execute the trust. Hence, inter vivos gift is proposed to address this problem. It was also found that status of FELDA land holding is considered as ‘Conditional Holding’ since it limits the number of registered holders and authorisation to inherit the FELDA land to the second FELDA settlers generation This study concluded that inter vivos gift is legal and this is evidenced from the Section 215, National Land Code 1965 which demonstrates that FELDA land holding can be transferred to the second generation via ‘Form 14A’ at the land offices with the consent from the State Authority and FELDA management as specified in the Land (Group Settlement Areas) Act 1960.
{"title":"Inter Vivos Gift as Land Inheritance Mechanism for FELDA Land Holding","authors":"Nasrul Hisyam Nor Muhamad, Mohd Khairy Kamarudin, Mohd Zamro Muda, Noor Lizza Mohamed Said, N. Rahim, M. A. Razzak","doi":"10.5539/jpl.v13n2p226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p226","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to identify the key points of the FELDA land inheritance issues and their possible solutions. Land (Group Settlement Areas) Act 1960 was analyzed as it is the main act that regulates FELDA land management. This study discovered that Section 14 limits the land holding to not more than two holders while Section 15 prohibits subdividing or partitioning over FELDA land holding. An administrator is appointed to manage the land on behalf of other heirs and this practice poses risk as the administrator may fail to execute the trust. Hence, inter vivos gift is proposed to address this problem. It was also found that status of FELDA land holding is considered as ‘Conditional Holding’ since it limits the number of registered holders and authorisation to inherit the FELDA land to the second FELDA settlers generation This study concluded that inter vivos gift is legal and this is evidenced from the Section 215, National Land Code 1965 which demonstrates that FELDA land holding can be transferred to the second generation via ‘Form 14A’ at the land offices with the consent from the State Authority and FELDA management as specified in the Land (Group Settlement Areas) Act 1960.","PeriodicalId":90619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of politics and law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44984395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：