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Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 14, No. 1 《政法学刊》第14卷第1期审稿人致谢
Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n1p128
William Tai
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2021.
《政治与法律杂志》2021年第14卷第1期审稿人致谢。
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引用次数: 0
The Philosophy of International Public Law and the Changes on the Reality of the International Society 国际公法哲学与国际社会现实的变迁
Pub Date : 2021-02-18 DOI: 10.5539/JPL.V14N3P1
A. Hammash
The evolution of the concept of International society has considerably broadened throughout history along with the evolution of International rules. At first, it was defining the group of sovereign States existing at that time, while subsequently to the creation of the UN organization, International society would rather imply any individual designated by International legal corpus. At the end of the Cold War, the multiplication of nation-States, that would stay politically and economically fragile and unstable, compelled the UN to act over those States' sovereignty, though, to help them to outlive. Over the last decades, the phenomenon of globalization has contributed to support the idea of human rights and has considerably led to a global opinion that would be able to put pressure on States. Moreover, the UN would engage itself in emphasizing the concept of peace in all its decisions and actions. As such, International Penal institutions as the International Court of Justice had been established. But the fear of States for their sovereignty has still remained a problem in the equation.
纵观历史,国际社会概念的演变随着国际规则的演变而大大扩大。起初,它定义的是当时存在的主权国家集团,而后来联合国组织的创建,国际社会更倾向于指国际法律主体指定的任何个人。在冷战结束时,在政治和经济上仍然脆弱和不稳定的民族国家的激增,迫使联合国在这些国家的主权上采取行动,帮助它们生存下去。在过去几十年中,全球化现象有助于支持人权观念,并在很大程度上导致了一种能够对各国施加压力的全球舆论。此外,联合国将致力于在其所有决定和行动中强调和平的概念。因此,设立了国际刑事机构,如国际法院。但是,各国对其主权的恐惧仍然是一个问题。
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引用次数: 0
On Development Strategies for Improving the Management Level of Chinese Enterprises in Africa: the case of Chinese enterprises in Kenyan 提高中国在非洲企业管理水平的发展策略——以中国在肯尼亚企业为例
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n4p136
Jia-Xing Wang
China has become Africa’s largest trading partner. The level of economic and trade cooperation between China and Kenya have been continuously improved within the framework of the China-Africa Community of Shared Future and the “Belt and Road” cooperation. Nowadays, the cooperation between China and Kenya is standing at a new starting point and facing new development opportunities. Chinese enterprises in Kenya have developed rapidly in terms of number and scale in recent years. And the businesses involve a wide range of fields, ranging from agricultural and sideline products and food industry to precision parts processing and manufacturing, which have created a considerable number of jobs for the local area and increased the overall labor income. However, there are still many outstanding problems in specific cooperation practices, such as the lack of attention on corporate management and corporate culture. Based on literature analysis, this article uses Chinese enterprises in Kenya as an example to illustrate the development status of Chinese companies in Africa, study the problems that exist in the development of Chinese companies in Kenya and propose solutions to the corresponding problems. The further development of Chinese enterprises in Africa will promote the better realization of the China-Africa community with a shared future and the development of the “Belt and Road” to achieve a win-win situation.
中国已成为非洲第一大贸易伙伴。在中非命运共同体和“一带一路”合作框架下,中肯经贸合作水平不断提升。当前,中肯合作正站在新的历史起点上,面临新的发展机遇。近年来,在肯中资企业在数量和规模上发展迅速。企业涉及面广,从农副产品、食品工业到精密零部件加工制造,为当地创造了大量就业岗位,提高了整体劳动收入。但在具体的合作实践中仍存在许多突出的问题,如对企业管理和企业文化的重视不够。本文在文献分析的基础上,以在肯尼亚的中国企业为例,说明中国企业在非洲的发展现状,研究中国企业在肯尼亚发展中存在的问题,并针对问题提出解决方案。中国企业在非洲的进一步发展,将有助于更好地实现中非命运共同体和“一带一路”建设,实现互利共赢。
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引用次数: 0
The Technologies of Remote Communication in The Investigation and Trial and Their Impact on the Requirements of Justice 侦查审判中的远程通信技术及其对司法要求的影响
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n3p138
Mamdouh Hassan Mane Al-adwan
Using the remote communication technology in investigation and trial procedures is based on linking the parties of a criminal case in one geographical scope, or in several areas in the same country, or in different regional places among different countries. Therefore, it is imperative to get acquainted with the general rules in remote investigation and trial that have been introduced by criminal legislation to break the traditional general rules of litigation, and to take into account the technological development data in the field of crime detection without prejudice to the rights of the accused or other parties to the criminal case. There is no doubt that the use of audio-visual communication technology will clearly contribute to reducing the financial burdens on the parties of the case, in addition to the legality of these procedures and their impact on the criminal justice system. Consequently, most criminal legislation seeks to include new means and methods for conducting investigations and criminal trial procedures and to create effective litigation procedures in pursuit of achieving justice in its optimal form, especially as technological and technical means are constantly developing, which would necessitate to employ this tremendous development in technological data and modern technology to develop the justice sector.
在侦查和审判程序中使用远程通信技术的基础是将刑事案件的当事人联系在一个地理范围内,或在同一个国家的几个地区,或在不同国家之间的不同区域。因此,必须熟悉刑事立法中引入的远程侦查审判的一般规则,打破传统的诉讼一般规则,并在不损害被告人或刑事案件其他当事人权利的前提下,考虑到犯罪侦查领域的技术发展数据。毫无疑问,除了这些程序的合法性及其对刑事司法制度的影响外,视听通讯技术的使用显然将有助于减轻案件当事人的财政负担。因此,大多数刑事立法都设法包括进行调查和刑事审判程序的新手段和方法,并建立有效的诉讼程序,以追求以最佳形式实现正义,特别是因为技术和技术手段不断发展,这将需要利用技术数据和现代技术方面的巨大发展来发展司法部门。
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引用次数: 0
The Motives and Obstacles in Iranian Women’s Participation in Political Life of the Country 伊朗妇女参与国家政治生活的动机与障碍
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n4p87
S. Esmaeili
The article deals with the overview of the main obstacles in the Iranian women’s participation in the country’s political life originating from the national, cultural, social and economic aspects of Iranian society. Much attention is paid to the factors that motivate both Iranian women and men to participate in politics, as well as the problems that Iranian women face while struggling for their place in the parliament. The peculiarities of the political parties’ activities, the financial aspect of the candidates allowing them to take part in election campaigns, distrust of women in Iranian society (in terms of their public role), the lack of electoral quotas for women are defined as the main factors of their non-participation in the elections. However, Iranian women’s motivation, on the one hand, and the country’s political system, on the other hand, play a significant role, because they are key internal and external factors to be taken into account. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978, the situation with women’s rights in the country improved supported by the Government’s constitutional establishment of equal rights of men and women in political life of Iran. However, other spheres remained unchanged due to strong religious influence. Only in the 1990s the rights of Iranian women to participate in the country’s politics were addressed by domestic and foreign scholars, though their studies do not provide an in-depth analysis of the problems of Iranian women concerned about the participation in political life of the present-day Iran and their solution.
本文概述了伊朗妇女参与国家政治生活的主要障碍,这些障碍来自伊朗社会的国家、文化、社会和经济方面。许多人关注促使伊朗男女参与政治的因素,以及伊朗妇女在争取议会席位时所面临的问题。政党活动的特殊性、候选人的财政状况允许她们参加竞选活动、伊朗社会对妇女的不信任(就她们的公共角色而言)、缺乏妇女选举配额被认为是她们不参加选举的主要因素。然而,伊朗女性的动机和该国的政治制度都发挥着重要作用,因为它们是需要考虑的关键内部和外部因素。1978年伊朗伊斯兰革命胜利后,在伊朗政府宪法规定男女在政治生活中享有平等权利的支持下,该国妇女的权利状况有所改善。然而,由于强烈的宗教影响,其他领域保持不变。直到1990年代,国内外学者才开始讨论伊朗妇女参政的权利,但他们的研究并未深入分析伊朗妇女参与政治生活的问题及其解决办法。
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引用次数: 0
Immunity Clause under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria: A Dire Need for Reform 1999年尼日利亚宪法规定的豁免条款:迫切需要改革
Pub Date : 2020-12-27 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n2p47
Francis N. Ukoh Ukoh, R. A. Ngwoke
Immunity clause as enshrined under section 308 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria has generated protracted controversies for and against its inclusion in the rubrics of Nigerian constitutional laws. This paper considers widespread corruption by Nigerian leaders, shielded by the immunity clause. It explains the need for reform to curtail the anomaly wherein absolute executive immunity is provided for leaders in Nigeria. The paper maintains that there should be equality before the law, hence, the possible prosecution and appearance of a sitting President, Vice President, Governors and Deputy Governors in some criminal and civil matters drawing from other jurisdictions.
1999年《尼日利亚联邦共和国宪法》第308条规定的豁免条款引发了长期的争议,支持和反对将其纳入尼日利亚宪法的标题。本文考虑了尼日利亚领导人在豁免条款的保护下普遍存在的腐败问题。它解释了改革的必要性,以遏制尼日利亚领导人享有绝对行政豁免权的反常现象。该文件坚持认为,法律面前应该平等,因此,在任总统、副总统、州长和副州长在一些刑事和民事事务中可能会受到其他司法管辖区的起诉和出庭。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of Common Security and Defence Policy’s (CSDP) Strategic Communication (StratCom) 共同安全与防务政策(CSDP)战略沟通(StratCom)分析
Pub Date : 2020-12-27 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n2p56
Kieran Doyle, Tedla Desta
Strategic communication (StratCom) is established as one of the key functions and interests of contemporary organisations and governments. The usefulness and importance of strategic communication becomes even more essential when the organisation is defence and security-focused or involved in crisis management. The objective of this study was to assess the strategic communication practices, and inherent challenges of communicating Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and present relevant reflections. A documentary analysis of the relevant EU websites and social media pages of 16 CSDP missions and operations was conducted. This was supplemented with eight key-informant interviews with Press and Public Information Officers (PPIOs) of CSDP and EU strategists. The research demonstrated that most CSDP missions and operations are present on most social media platforms but they often garner very small number of likes, comments, shares, replies or interactions from their targeted audiences. Features of an echo-chamber are also observed. The study also found that public affairs (information) and public diplomacy were the two main forms of strategic communication that the CSDP utilises. CSDP’s strategic communication also tends to take a one-way StratCom process. The challenges faced in terms of StratCom by CSDP are not uniform; they are contextual ranging from resource, translation to mismatch of expectations. The major challenge, however, emanates from the structural problems of CSDP or the EU itself that are beyond the European External Action Service (EEAS) or the relevant Press and Public Information Offices (PPIOs). The study recommendations include quicker EU level political and policy compromise on CSDP, training and resource improvements for StratCom, ‘storytelling and use of real people’, highlighting gender, rights and local ownership, increasing the link with the international media and regular and appropriate self-appraisals.
战略沟通(StratCom)被确立为当代组织和政府的关键职能和利益之一。当组织以国防和安全为重点或参与危机管理时,战略沟通的有用性和重要性变得更加重要。本研究的目的是评估战略沟通实践,以及共同安全与防务政策(CSDP)沟通的内在挑战,并提出相关反思。对16个CSDP特派团和行动的相关欧盟网站和社会媒体页面进行了文献分析。此外,还对CSDP的新闻和公共信息官员(PPIOs)和欧盟战略家进行了8次关键信息者访谈。研究表明,大多数CSDP任务和运营都出现在大多数社交媒体平台上,但它们通常从目标受众那里获得的点赞、评论、分享、回复或互动数量非常少。回声室的特征也被观察到。研究还发现,公共事务(信息)和公共外交是CSDP利用的两种主要战略传播形式。CSDP的战略沟通也倾向于采取单向战略通信过程。CSDP在战略通信方面面临的挑战并不统一;它们与环境有关,从资源、翻译到期望的不匹配。然而,主要的挑战来自CSDP或欧盟本身的结构性问题,这些问题超出了欧洲对外行动处(EEAS)或相关的新闻和公共信息办公室(PPIOs)的范围。该研究建议包括加快欧盟层面在CSDP上的政治和政策妥协,为StratCom提供培训和资源改进,“讲故事和使用真实的人”,强调性别、权利和地方所有权,增加与国际媒体的联系,以及定期和适当的自我评估。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Judicial Emergency Administration during Pandemic Covid-19 Covid-19大流行期间的比较司法紧急管理
Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n2p27
Ibnu Sina Chandranegara
The Decree of a state of emergency affects not only the executive and legislative branches but also the judiciary. The Covid-19 Pandemic in various countries has both direct and indirect effects on the judiciary, especially in the performance of its duties and functions. This article is to found out the answer of two research question first, how court administration in the United States and Indonesia responds to the Covid-19 pandemic emergency and second, how is its reflection in on optimizing access to justice for court administration even under in the state of emergencies to the pandemic Covid -19. This study uses the comparative method by a study on legal material and practice of judicial emergency in other countries to take the best material and approach to provides advice that needs to be avoided in Indonesian Judiciary. This article has a novelty that legal material in the Judiciary act and procedural law books so limiting delegation to set supplementary regulations for each court and creating potential uniformity for emergency policy in the judiciary.
紧急状态令不仅影响到行政和立法部门,也影响到司法部门。在各国发生的新冠肺炎疫情对司法部门,特别是对其履行职责产生了直接和间接的影响。本文旨在找出两个研究问题的答案,一是美国和印度尼西亚的法院行政如何应对Covid-19大流行的紧急状态,二是在Covid-19大流行的紧急状态下,法院行政如何优化司法途径。本研究采用比较的方法,通过研究其他国家的法律材料和司法紧急情况的实践,采取最好的材料和方法,为印度尼西亚司法机构提供需要避免的建议。这一条款的新颖之处在于,《司法法》和《程序法》中的法律材料限制了为每个法院制定补充规定的授权,并为司法部门的紧急政策创造了潜在的统一。
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引用次数: 0
Competition Law in Pakistan and China: A Comparative Study 巴基斯坦与中国竞争法比较研究
Pub Date : 2020-12-14 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n2p1
Nishan-e-Hyder Soomro, Wang Yuhui
The present study aims to make comparative analysis of competition law in Pakistan and China by analyzing the leniency programs that whether or not they are in accordance with market structure or not, and investigating the mechanism to evidences while applying leniency policies and its value in competition law. The study adopts qualitative data analysis in order to analyze the respective aims and objective. It is found out by this research that progressive and unconventional are very important to be taken by both countries in order to ingeniously enforce competition law. Although competition law is supposed to prevent anti competition rituals and practices by nurturing free and fair competition in the market. It promotes a greater competition in the market by safeguarding customers against inaccurate means, which are adopted by firms. Therefore, competition law can be regarded as highly essential for regulating businesses by ensuring producer and consumer welfare. It ultimately promotes healthy growth of the economy and social justice. While on the other hand, a huge budget is entailed by investigation procedures which have been regarded as a huge financial resources’ loss by experts. In addition to this, there is also a greater risk of surcharges of violation, punishment and legal costs, which sometimes lead to harm corporate image. Moreover, the leniency programs in both Pakistan and China cover administrative liability only. Therefore, it is important to voluntarily comply with competition rules, regulations and laws, which would play an immensely significant role in minimizing the social costs which occur due to this law enforcement. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.
本研究旨在对巴基斯坦和中国的竞争法进行比较分析,通过分析是否符合市场结构的宽大处理方案,并探讨宽大处理政策适用的证据机制及其在竞争法中的价值。本研究采用定性数据分析的方法来分析各自的目的和目的。研究发现,为了巧妙地执行竞争法,两国都必须采取进步和非传统的措施。尽管竞争法应该通过促进市场上的自由和公平竞争来防止反竞争的仪式和做法。它通过保护客户免受公司采用的不准确手段的侵害,促进了市场上更大的竞争。因此,竞争法可以被视为通过确保生产者和消费者的福利来规范企业的高度必要性。它最终促进了经济的健康增长和社会正义。另一方面,调查程序需要巨额预算,专家们认为这是巨大的财政资源损失。除此之外,还有更大的违规、处罚和法律费用附加风险,有时会损害企业形象。此外,巴基斯坦和中国的宽大处理方案仅涵盖行政责任。因此,自愿遵守竞争规则、条例和法律是很重要的,这将在最大限度地减少因执法而产生的社会成本方面发挥极其重要的作用。定性研究方法已应用于以下文章。
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引用次数: 1
Constructive Arrest: An Analysis of the Case of PP v Mohd Safwan Husain 推定逮捕:对人民党诉Mohd Safwan Husain案的分析
Pub Date : 2020-12-13 DOI: 10.5539/jpl.v14n1p73
M. Said, Sahanah Kathirvelu, L. Min, N. Rahim, Nur Wafda Asyrani Jamaie, Iman Camelia Abdullah Firuz, Zulkarnaini Abdullah
After the landmark principle in Shaaban & Ors v. Chong Fook Kam & Anor that established a different set of definition for arrest in Malaysia Criminal Procedure Law in 1969, the case of Pendakwa Raya lwn. Mohd Safwan Husain again stirred the definition of arrest in the year of 2017. While it has long been a norm in this area of law to differentiate arrest into actual and constructive arrest, the judgment of Mohd Safwan Husain commented the differentiation critically. This paper aims to analyse the arrest happened in the case of Mohd Safwan Husain thoroughly, not only from the perspective of Criminal Procedure Code, but also from the view of Dangerous Drugs Act. Research method used are library research and case analysis. As for now there is no governing law on constructive arrest, the researchers believe that an explanation should be provided on what constitutes a constructive arrest in the Criminal Procedure Code and the present existing provision which is Section 15 Criminal Procedure Code should be amended.
继1969年Shaaban & Ors诉Chong Fook Kam & Anor案中具有里程碑意义的原则在马来西亚刑事诉讼法中确立了一套不同的逮捕定义之后,Pendakwa Raya案。Mohd Safwan Husain在2017年再次搅动了逮捕的定义。虽然在这一法律领域,将逮捕区分为实际逮捕和建设性逮捕长期以来一直是一种规范,但Mohd Safwan Husain的判决对这种区分进行了批判。本文不仅从刑事诉讼法的角度,而且从《危险药品法》的角度,对Mohd Safwan Husain案中发生的逮捕进行了深入的分析。研究方法为图书馆调查和案例分析。由于目前没有关于推定逮捕的管辖法律,研究人员认为,应解释刑事诉讼法中什么构成推定逮捕,并应修改现行的规定,即刑事诉讼法第15条。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of politics and law
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