L. V. D. van der Woude, R. Cowan, V. Goosey-Tolfrey, F. Chénier, U. Arnet, R. Vegter
BACKGROUND: This current opinion is a call for standardization of measurements of manual wheeling ability among larger and diverse populations to support our understanding of motor control and learning. VIEW OF THE PAST: Handrim wheelchair propulsion remains the most common mode of wheeled ambulation and has stood the test of time as a practical upper-body alternative to walking. CURRENT STATE: Two theoretical models appeared useful in understanding the demands on the wheelchair-user combination and the role of motor skill acquisition: Power Balance Model and Constraint-based Approach. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: Power output and energy cost measures are crucial mediators in the development of a motor control theory of cyclic motions in rehabilitation, adapted sports and beyond.
{"title":"Power output and energy cost: crucial measures to understand motor skill learning in handrim wheelchair propulsion","authors":"L. V. D. van der Woude, R. Cowan, V. Goosey-Tolfrey, F. Chénier, U. Arnet, R. Vegter","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.261","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: This current opinion is a call for standardization of measurements of manual wheeling ability among larger and diverse populations to support our understanding of motor control and learning.\u0000VIEW OF THE PAST: Handrim wheelchair propulsion remains the most common mode of wheeled ambulation and has stood the test of time as a practical upper-body alternative to walking.\u0000CURRENT STATE: Two theoretical models appeared useful in understanding the demands on the wheelchair-user combination and the role of motor skill acquisition: Power Balance Model and Constraint-based Approach.\u0000FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: Power output and energy cost measures are crucial mediators in the development of a motor control theory of cyclic motions in rehabilitation, adapted sports and beyond.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88185682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, the most prominent motor control theories that underpin the pedagogy of coaches in high performance sport are derived from the discipline of psychology with a dominant focus on internalised control processes for learning and performance. In contrast, ecological dynamics is a contemporary meta-theory focused on the person-environment scale of analysis for understanding human behavior, exemplified by strengthening the relations between each learner and their environment. In this tutorial, we outline key concepts in ecological dynamics that considers learning and performance as being distinct, yet inextricably linked. In our considerations, we raise questions on long-held assumptions about control process theories on learning and performance for practice designs in high performance sports. For example, how useful is inferring learning by describing improved performance as showing more relative permanence, greater stability and consistency, with commensurate lower levels of attention and movement variability? How relevant are traditional ways of measuring learning using retention and transfer tests in high performance sports? What is actually attained in an ecological view of learning, focussed on education of attention and calibration of actions to specifying information present in performance environments? An implication of these issues for high performance sport is that learning needs to be assessed by how well a learner adapts to the specific constraints and demands of a performance context. This key idea has important implications for performance analysis and evaluation in sport.
{"title":"Learning and performing: What can theory offer high performance sports practitioners?","authors":"I. Renshaw, K. Davids, Mark O’Sullivan","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.280","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the most prominent motor control theories that underpin the pedagogy of coaches in high performance sport are derived from the discipline of psychology with a dominant focus on internalised control processes for learning and performance. In contrast, ecological dynamics is a contemporary meta-theory focused on the person-environment scale of analysis for understanding human behavior, exemplified by strengthening the relations between each learner and their environment. In this tutorial, we outline key concepts in ecological dynamics that considers learning and performance as being distinct, yet inextricably linked. In our considerations, we raise questions on long-held assumptions about control process theories on learning and performance for practice designs in high performance sports. For example, how useful is inferring learning by describing improved performance as showing more relative permanence, greater stability and consistency, with commensurate lower levels of attention and movement variability? How relevant are traditional ways of measuring learning using retention and transfer tests in high performance sports? What is actually attained in an ecological view of learning, focussed on education of attention and calibration of actions to specifying information present in performance environments? An implication of these issues for high performance sport is that learning needs to be assessed by how well a learner adapts to the specific constraints and demands of a performance context. This key idea has important implications for performance analysis and evaluation in sport.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88322277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Lage, L. A. Fernandes, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, N. G. H. M. Nogueira, B. P. Ferreira
brings an interesting and insightful viewpoint to our narrative review, in which we aimed to discuss recent findings of a specific area of study: the practice organization. We have reflected on Schöllhorn 1 comments and decided to reply on three specific points: (1) the role of narrative literature reviews, (2) the different interpretations of Lage et al. 2 and Schöllhorn 1 , and (3) the maintenance or not of our main conclusions. of are The mini-review, a narrative review, in the BJMB a a specific topic from terms the main narrative review published on practice
为我们的叙述性回顾带来了一个有趣而深刻的观点，我们旨在讨论一个特定研究领域的最新发现:实践组织。我们对Schöllhorn 1的评论进行了反思，并决定就三个具体问题进行回复:(1)叙事文献综述的作用，(2)Lage et al. 2和Schöllhorn 1的不同解释，以及(3)我们的主要结论是否维持。其中的迷你评论，是一种叙述性评论，在BJMB一个特定的主题下，从术语上主要发表关于实践的叙述性评论
{"title":"Practice organization beyond memory processes: the Schöllhorn (2022) comments on generalization","authors":"G. Lage, L. A. Fernandes, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, N. G. H. M. Nogueira, B. P. Ferreira","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.306","url":null,"abstract":"brings an interesting and insightful viewpoint to our narrative review, in which we aimed to discuss recent findings of a specific area of study: the practice organization. We have reflected on Schöllhorn 1 comments and decided to reply on three specific points: (1) the role of narrative literature reviews, (2) the different interpretations of Lage et al. 2 and Schöllhorn 1 , and (3) the maintenance or not of our main conclusions. of are The mini-review, a narrative review, in the BJMB a a specific topic from terms the main narrative review published on practice","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80937750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. V. Magalhães, J. A. Silva, Mathaeus H. S. Pereira, Natalia Rinaldi
{"title":"Infographic: Type of physical exercises recommended to improve balance and gait in older adults with a history of falls","authors":"G. V. Magalhães, J. A. Silva, Mathaeus H. S. Pereira, Natalia Rinaldi","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75189097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motor learning is a central focus of several disciplines including kinesiology, neuroscience and rehabilitation. However, given the different traditions of these fields, this interdisciplinarity can be a challenge when trying to interpret evidence and claims from motor learning experiments. To address this issue, we offer a set of ten guidelines for designing motor learning experiments starting from task selection to data analysis, primarily from the viewpoint of running lab-based experiments. The guidelines are not intended to serve as rigid rules, but instead to raise awareness about key issues in motor learning. We believe that addressing these issues can increase the robustness of work in the field and its relevance to the real-world.
{"title":"Ten guidelines for designing motor learning studies.","authors":"Rajiv Ranganathan, Mei-Hua Lee, Chandramouli Krishnan","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motor learning is a central focus of several disciplines including kinesiology, neuroscience and rehabilitation. However, given the different traditions of these fields, this interdisciplinarity can be a challenge when trying to interpret evidence and claims from motor learning experiments. To address this issue, we offer a set of ten guidelines for designing motor learning experiments starting from task selection to data analysis, primarily from the viewpoint of running lab-based experiments. The guidelines are not intended to serve as rigid rules, but instead to raise awareness about key issues in motor learning. We believe that addressing these issues can increase the robustness of work in the field and its relevance to the real-world.</p>","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"16 2","pages":"112-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/29/5a/nihms-1829976.PMC9406239.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33442048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ilha, Mayara B. Récchia, C. C. do Espírito Santo, M. Pereira, N. Pereira
BACKGROUND: Performing everyday standing tasks is relevant to the individuals independence. It is a challenging postural action that requires upper extremity (UE) movements to interact with objects of the environment. Postural movement variability is a strategy of the postural system for exploring postural boundaries during the action. The distance to the target to be reached may affect the variability in postural control parameters. AIM: To test if the variability in postural control parameters is enhanced by reaching beyond the UE-length during a goal-directed standing task. METHOD: Twelve non-disabled adult individuals performed reaching to turn on a light switch (target) while standing, which was placed at 100% and 130% of the UE-length distance. The kinetic data were recorded using a force plate during the UE movement, and the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement variability index was calculated. RESULTS: The variability index of the CoP displacement for reaching was greater at the distance of 130% of UE-length compared to 100% in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions (p = 0.019). No differences in time to complete the task were observed. CONCLUSION: Postural system increases the variability in postural controlling variable CoP displacement for reaching beyond the UE-length while standing. This movement variability helps individuals explore the boundaries of this standing action and may be useful for learning processes and counterbalancing postural disturbances.
{"title":"The influence of goal-directed reaching distance on standing postural control variability in non-disabled individuals","authors":"J. Ilha, Mayara B. Récchia, C. C. do Espírito Santo, M. Pereira, N. Pereira","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.272","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Performing everyday standing tasks is relevant to the individuals independence. It is a challenging postural action that requires upper extremity (UE) movements to interact with objects of the environment. Postural movement variability is a strategy of the postural system for exploring postural boundaries during the action. The distance to the target to be reached may affect the variability in postural control parameters.\u0000AIM: To test if the variability in postural control parameters is enhanced by reaching beyond the UE-length during a goal-directed standing task.\u0000METHOD: Twelve non-disabled adult individuals performed reaching to turn on a light switch (target) while standing, which was placed at 100% and 130% of the UE-length distance. The kinetic data were recorded using a force plate during the UE movement, and the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement variability index was calculated.\u0000RESULTS: The variability index of the CoP displacement for reaching was greater at the distance of 130% of UE-length compared to 100% in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions (p = 0.019). No differences in time to complete the task were observed.\u0000CONCLUSION: Postural system increases the variability in postural controlling variable CoP displacement for reaching beyond the UE-length while standing. This movement variability helps individuals explore the boundaries of this standing action and may be useful for learning processes and counterbalancing postural disturbances.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77275755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: In its majority, the literature supports the superiority of distributed practice compared to massed practice on motor learning outcomes. However, inconsistencies in some findings claim for more efforts on this topic. AIM: We aimed to elucidate potential mechanisms that would support the distinct results between the different distributed practice regimes (among days and within-one-day). METHOD: Ninety participants, aged 18-25 years (45 men, 45 women) were randomly divided into 3 groups: Massed practice group (MASSED) - 30 minutes of practice without rest/ one day; Within-one-day distributed practice group (WITHIN) – 6 blocks of 5 minutes of practice interspersed by 3 minutes of rest/ one day; and, Among days distributed practice group (AMONG) – 3 blocks of 10 minutes of practice divided into 3 consecutive days. They practiced the three-ball cascade juggling task. The number of catches was the dependent variable. There was a retention test (absolute retention and savings analyses) after 24 hours from the acquisition phase. RESULTS: We identified that AMONG demonstrated higher absolute retention than WITHIN and MASSED. Both distributed practice regimes demonstrated better savings than MASSED. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that distributed practice regimes enhance consolidation processes and information processing that benefit motor learning.
{"title":"Effects of the different distributed practice regimes on the learning of three-ball cascade juggling task","authors":"José E. M. Luz, Henrique D. Santos, G. Bonuzzi","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.268","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: In its majority, the literature supports the superiority of distributed practice compared to massed practice on motor learning outcomes. However, inconsistencies in some findings claim for more efforts on this topic.\u0000AIM: We aimed to elucidate potential mechanisms that would support the distinct results between the different distributed practice regimes (among days and within-one-day).\u0000METHOD: Ninety participants, aged 18-25 years (45 men, 45 women) were randomly divided into 3 groups: Massed practice group (MASSED) - 30 minutes of practice without rest/ one day; Within-one-day distributed practice group (WITHIN) – 6 blocks of 5 minutes of practice interspersed by 3 minutes of rest/ one day; and, Among days distributed practice group (AMONG) – 3 blocks of 10 minutes of practice divided into 3 consecutive days. They practiced the three-ball cascade juggling task. The number of catches was the dependent variable. There was a retention test (absolute retention and savings analyses) after 24 hours from the acquisition phase.\u0000RESULTS: We identified that AMONG demonstrated higher absolute retention than WITHIN and MASSED. Both distributed practice regimes demonstrated better savings than MASSED.\u0000CONCLUSION: Our results showed that distributed practice regimes enhance consolidation processes and information processing that benefit motor learning.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"270 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76781443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Corrêa, Ulysses A. Okada, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, R. N. Benda
BACKGROUND: A theoretical background of hierarchical open systems has emerged as an alternative for explaining consistency and adaptability as complementary in the same motor skill related-structure at different levels of analysis. AIM: Based on original supporting evidence, this paper presents and discusses how an adoption of such background allows theoretical and methodological insights on the role of practice schedule on performance. METHOD: Sixteen unexperienced individuals of both sexes performed 240 trials of the golf putting task over three days. They were randomly divided into four experimental groups: CO3 (performed trials at a distance of 3.0 m from the target); CO3i (performed all trials at a distance of 3.0 m from the target with a 9º incline on the last meter of the mini-golf putting); CO4 (performed all trials at a distance of 4.0 m from the target); and, VAR (performed all trials under these conditions in a counterbalanced order). RESULTS: All groups improved the performances related to the task goal, but in a different way by considering the frequencies of golf putting in different performance zones. Results also showed that the constant groups (CO3, CO3i and CO4) modified the macrostructures in different dimensions over practice, while VAR group only altered the microstructure. CONCLUSION: The distinct effects of the practice schedules on motor skill structure formation were only inferred because of adopting the hierarchical system view. Based on this background, it was possible to speculate that each practice schedule drives differently the formation of a motor control structure.
{"title":"Insights on the practice schedule role on performance under a hierarchical system view","authors":"U. Corrêa, Ulysses A. Okada, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, R. N. Benda","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i1.274","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: A theoretical background of hierarchical open systems has emerged as an alternative for explaining consistency and adaptability as complementary in the same motor skill related-structure at different levels of analysis.\u0000AIM: Based on original supporting evidence, this paper presents and discusses how an adoption of such background allows theoretical and methodological insights on the role of practice schedule on performance.\u0000METHOD: Sixteen unexperienced individuals of both sexes performed 240 trials of the golf putting task over three days. They were randomly divided into four experimental groups: CO3 (performed trials at a distance of 3.0 m from the target); CO3i (performed all trials at a distance of 3.0 m from the target with a 9º incline on the last meter of the mini-golf putting); CO4 (performed all trials at a distance of 4.0 m from the target); and, VAR (performed all trials under these conditions in a counterbalanced order).\u0000RESULTS: All groups improved the performances related to the task goal, but in a different way by considering the frequencies of golf putting in different performance zones. Results also showed that the constant groups (CO3, CO3i and CO4) modified the macrostructures in different dimensions over practice, while VAR group only altered the microstructure.\u0000CONCLUSION: The distinct effects of the practice schedules on motor skill structure formation were only inferred because of adopting the hierarchical system view. Based on this background, it was possible to speculate that each practice schedule drives differently the formation of a motor control structure. ","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89387459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Practice is necessary but not sufficient for learning. Why is that the case? In this editorial, I invite the readers to consider what is the role of practice in motor skill acquisition and to read the contributions of well-known researchers in the area to this special issue. Through a summary of the diverse offered opinions, I provide a potential heuristic view that demonstrates what are the new venues on the theme. As it seems, the question remains unanswered and challenges to answer it abound. This special issue sets the starting point for a needed research agenda on the theme.
{"title":"Editorial: The Role of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: New Issues, the Same Question","authors":"M. Pacheco","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.314","url":null,"abstract":"Practice is necessary but not sufficient for learning. Why is that the case? In this editorial, I invite the readers to consider what is the role of practice in motor skill acquisition and to read the contributions of well-known researchers in the area to this special issue. Through a summary of the diverse offered opinions, I provide a potential heuristic view that demonstrates what are the new venues on the theme. As it seems, the question remains unanswered and challenges to answer it abound. This special issue sets the starting point for a needed research agenda on the theme.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90956004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extensive practice is observed when performance reaches a plateau despite practice continuation. Although extensive practice promotes better results in retention tests, its status regarding transfer tests is not clear. The Adaptive Process Approach states that transfer will benefit from extensive practice. In turn, the Specificity of Practice Hypothesis states that transfer may be harmed after extensive practice. Each perspective has been around for 30 years, accumulating enough information to support its claims. However, they have not been directly contrasted, and each perspective has independently developed its methodological strategy to understand the role of extensive practice in motor learning. Therefore, it is possible that results supporting the perspectives are by-products of their methodological strategies, providing narrow validation limits to both perspectives. In order to better understand the effects of extensive practice on transfer, it is necessary to contrast the Adaptive Process Approach with the Specificity of Practice Hypothesis in a single and unifying methodological framework.
{"title":"Extensive practice in motor learning: An overview and future directions","authors":"V. L. S. Profeta, Herbert Ugrinowitsch","doi":"10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.279","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive practice is observed when performance reaches a plateau despite practice continuation. Although extensive practice promotes better results in retention tests, its status regarding transfer tests is not clear. The Adaptive Process Approach states that transfer will benefit from extensive practice. In turn, the Specificity of Practice Hypothesis states that transfer may be harmed after extensive practice. Each perspective has been around for 30 years, accumulating enough information to support its claims. However, they have not been directly contrasted, and each perspective has independently developed its methodological strategy to understand the role of extensive practice in motor learning. Therefore, it is possible that results supporting the perspectives are by-products of their methodological strategies, providing narrow validation limits to both perspectives. In order to better understand the effects of extensive practice on transfer, it is necessary to contrast the Adaptive Process Approach with the Specificity of Practice Hypothesis in a single and unifying methodological framework.","PeriodicalId":91007,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian journal of motor behavior","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79083242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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