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Efficient Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung: An Optimization Approach 牛粪厌氧消化高效产甲烷的优化方法
Pub Date : 2022-10-22 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020053
Kechrist Obileke, G. Makaka, N. Nwokolo
In the context of addressing the global challenge of facilitating a decision-making process based on methane production using a predictive model, the study seeks to evaluate the performance of a biogas digester in varying operating conditions for optimization purposes. One of the techniques for doing this is the application of constrained linear least-square optimization. This has been employed to optimize the input parameter with the corresponding measured desired response. The developed model was built from 430 measured data set points of all the predictors over an 18-day monitoring period with an interval of 30 min. The result showed that the difference between the optimized model and the general model output for methane production in the biogas digester was less than 4%. Hence, the performance of the model demonstrated a strong validity as the determination coefficient (R2) between the modeled, and optimized output was 0.968 for the volume of methane produced in the biogas digester. The obtained determination coefficient of the developed and optimized model suggests that the modeled value of the methane fits well with the measured value of methane for validation. Thus, from the test dataset, the optimized and modeled methane volume was reported as 28%. In this scenario, under the various operational parameters, an increase of 26.5% in methane was obtained when comparing the maximum volume of methane from the optimization process with the maximum methane volume (54.5%) produced in the real biogas digester. Interestingly, the biogas digester produced a maximum methane yield of 0.24 m3 and a methane composition of 60%. Evidently, methane yield was influenced by temperature as well as other meteorological factors in the developed model hence, these factors should be widely considered for sustainable biogas production.
为了解决基于预测模型的甲烷产量决策过程的全球挑战,本研究旨在评估沼气池在不同运行条件下的性能,以达到优化目的。其中一种方法就是应用约束线性最小二乘优化。这已被用来优化输入参数与相应的测量期望响应。利用所有预测因子的430个实测数据集点,在18天的监测周期(间隔30 min)中建立了优化模型。结果表明,优化模型与一般模型的沼气池产甲烷产量差异小于4%。因此,模型之间的决定系数(R2)表明,模型的性能具有较强的有效性,沼气池产甲烷量的优化产量为0.968。所建立的优化模型的确定系数表明,模型值与甲烷实测值拟合良好,可用于验证。因此,从测试数据集来看,优化和模拟的甲烷体积为28%。在该场景下,在各种运行参数下,优化工艺的最大甲烷产生量与实际沼气池最大甲烷产生量(54.5%)相比,甲烷产生量增加了26.5%。有趣的是,沼气池产生的最大甲烷产量为0.24 m3,甲烷成分为60%。显然,模型中甲烷产量受到温度和其他气象因素的影响,因此,为了实现可持续的沼气生产,应广泛考虑这些因素。
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引用次数: 1
SARS-CoV-2 in Soil: A Microbial Perspective 土壤中的SARS-CoV-2:微生物视角
Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020052
S. Iqbal, Jian-chu Xu, Sehroon Khan, S. Nadir, Y. Kuzyakov
SARS-CoV-2 has been found in soil and aquatic environments in addition to aerosols. SARS-CoV-2 enters the soil from various sources, including organic amendments and waste irrigation water. The virus counts and virulence in soil depend on spillover routes and soil properties. Organic matter (OM) and clay minerals protect and enable SARS-CoV-2 to survive for longer periods in soil. Therefore, life forms residing in soil may be at risk, but there is a paucity of scientific interest in such interactions. With this perspective, we aim to provide a new viewpoint on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on soil microbes. In particular, we present a conceptual model showing how successive mutations within soil animals having the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may change its characteristics and, thus, enable it to infect micro- and macroorganisms and be transferred by them. SARS-CoV-2 particles could be adsorbed on mineral or OM surfaces, and these surfaces could serve as encounter sites for infectious attacks. SARS-CoV-2 accumulation in soil over time can perturb bacteria and other microbes, leading to imbalances in microbial diversity and activities. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 and its interactions with biotic and abiotic soil components should be a future research priority.
除了气溶胶外,还在土壤和水生环境中发现了SARS-CoV-2。SARS-CoV-2从各种来源进入土壤,包括有机改良剂和废弃的灌溉用水。土壤中的病毒数量和毒力取决于外溢途径和土壤性质。有机物(OM)和粘土矿物保护并使SARS-CoV-2在土壤中存活更长时间。因此,生活在土壤中的生命形式可能处于危险之中,但对这种相互作用缺乏科学兴趣。从这个角度出发,我们旨在为SARS-CoV-2对土壤微生物的影响提供一个新的视角。特别是,我们提出了一个概念模型,展示了具有SARS-CoV-2受体血管紧张素转换酶2 (ACE2)的土壤动物体内的连续突变如何改变其特性,从而使其能够感染微生物和微生物并通过它们进行转移。SARS-CoV-2颗粒可以吸附在矿物或OM表面,这些表面可以作为感染攻击的相遇点。随着时间的推移,SARS-CoV-2在土壤中的积累会扰乱细菌和其他微生物,导致微生物多样性和活动的不平衡。因此,SARS-CoV-2及其与生物和非生物土壤成分的相互作用应成为未来研究的重点。
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引用次数: 0
Spotlight: An Interview with Dr. Christopher A. Lowry, on the Convergence of Microbes, Nature, and Mental Health 聚焦:采访克里斯托弗·a·劳瑞博士,关于微生物、自然和心理健康的融合
Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020051
A. Logan, C. Lowry
In the ongoing series of spotlight interviews, Challenges Advisory Board member and Nova Institute for Health Fellow, Alan C. Logan, meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans, and visionaries concerned about health at scales of persons, places, and the planet. Here in this interview, Dr. Christopher A. Lowry of the University of Colorado Boulder, responds to a set of questions posed by Challenges. For nearly twenty years, Dr. Lowry has been at the forefront of the research connecting the microbiome to mental health. Ten years ago, Dr. Lowry and his colleagues wrote a provocative article under the title ‘Can we vaccinate against depression?’; Dr. Lowry updates Challenges on where the field has moved, with its promises and possibilities. Dr. Lowry reflects on the early influences that shaped his interest in the field and discusses the ways in which microbiome sciences are casting light on the many interconnected challenges of our time.
在正在进行的一系列焦点访谈中,挑战咨询委员会成员和新星健康研究所研究员Alan C. Logan会见了思想领袖、科学家、学者、医疗保健专业人员、工匠和有远见的人,他们关注人、地方和地球的健康。在这次采访中,科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的克里斯托弗·a·洛瑞博士回答了《挑战》提出的一系列问题。近二十年来,洛瑞博士一直站在将微生物群与心理健康联系起来的研究前沿。十年前,洛瑞博士和他的同事们写了一篇挑衅性的文章,题目是《我们能接种疫苗预防抑郁症吗?》Lowry博士更新了挑战,介绍了该领域的进展,以及它的前景和可能性。Lowry博士回顾了早期影响他对该领域产生兴趣的因素,并讨论了微生物组科学如何揭示我们这个时代许多相互关联的挑战。
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引用次数: 1
Childcare Center Evacuation to Vertical Shelters in a Nankai Trough Tsunami: Models to Predict and Mitigate Risk 南开海槽海啸中托儿中心向垂直避难所的疏散:预测和降低风险的模型
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020048
Hisao Nakai, Ryo Horiike, Tomoya Itatani, Yukari Matsumoto
Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, vertical evacuation shelters (VES) were constructed to reduce tsunami risk. Childcare centers (CCs) in the inundation area are required to evacuate to the nearest VES in the event of a tsunami. The study aim was to identify CCs and VES predicted to be inundated by a Nankai Trough earthquake-generated tsunami, and to clarify CC inundation risk. We identified 52 (45.6%) CCs in the tsunami inundation area and found that 14 (25.9%) would evacuate toward the tsunami. If the walking speed was 2.24 km/h and a 0.3 m tsunami arrived in 10 min, nine (17.3%) CCs would be late to safe evacuation. If the tsunami arrival time was 20 min, four (7.7%) CCs would have late evacuation. At a walking speed of 1.00 km/h, 38 (73.1%) and 20 (38.5%) CCs would have late evacuation, with tsunami arrival times of 10 min and 20 min, respectively. Evacuation direction is important in avoiding tsunami damage. An evacuation strategy is needed that evacuates people away from the tsunami, and takes into account children’s age, walking speed, and evacuation method. The evaluation of tsunami risk in this study may support the development of tsunami countermeasures in other coastal areas with latent tsunami risks.
东日本大地震后,人们建造了垂直疏散避难所(VES)来降低海啸风险。如果发生海啸,被淹没地区的托儿中心(cc)必须撤离到最近的VES。本研究的目的是确定预计将被南开海槽地震海啸淹没的CC和VES,并阐明CC被淹没的风险。我们在海啸淹没区确定了52个(45.6%)cc,发现14个(25.9%)cc将向海啸方向疏散。如果步行速度为2.24公里/小时,海啸在10分钟内到达0.3米,则9个(17.3%)cc将晚于安全疏散。如果海啸到达时间为20分钟,4个(7.7%)CCs将会延迟疏散。在步行速度为1.00 km/h时,38个(73.1%)和20个(38.5%)cc会出现延迟疏散,海啸到达时间分别为10 min和20 min。疏散方向对避免海啸破坏很重要。需要一种疏散策略,使人们远离海啸,并考虑到儿童的年龄、步行速度和疏散方法。本研究的海啸风险评估可为其他海啸潜在风险沿海地区制定海啸对策提供支持。
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引用次数: 0
Local Governance Capacity Needs for Implementing Climate Change Adaptation in Seychelles: An Assessment Based on the Capital Approach 塞舌尔实施气候变化适应的地方治理能力需求:基于资本方法的评估
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020049
D. Etongo, Kelsy Gill
As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is disproportionately affected by climate change, and enhancing her adaptive capacity is a national priority. Identifying and integrating local capacity needs into policy measures can improve multilevel governance and the effective implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), given that local governments have contextual knowledge about their territories and the climate change challenges affecting them. Based on the Capital Approach Framework (CAF), this study carries out an analysis of local governance capacity needs for implementing climate change adaptation in Seychelles. Data were collected using two methods: (i) questionnaire-led interviews among twenty-four district administrators (DAs), and (ii) an interactive workshop involving thirty-one participants, of which twenty-six were DAs and five were members of the National Climate Change Committee. The CAF was measured in two ways: (i) through descriptive statistics such as frequencies based on interview data, and (ii) through the ranking of types of capital to assess their weightings across four categories using a consensus approach during the participatory workshop. The findings of this study indicate significant political, financial, and human resource capacity gaps, which collectively hinder local adaptation. The critical shortcomings identified include the low participation in national-level decision-making processes, the inability to access external funding sources, and the lack of technical know-how. Through a participatory approach involving the local government representatives and the National Climate Change Committee, ten recommendations for policy measures that can enhance the effectiveness of local governance in climate change adaptation were co-developed. Seven of these recommendations partly address issues related to political capital. These recommendations highlight that a siloed approach cannot effectively address the impacts of climate change. For example, one of the recommendations stated that land-use planning should be guided by location-specific vulnerabilities, as these differ across districts.
作为一个小岛屿发展中国家,塞舌尔受到气候变化的严重影响,提高其适应能力是该国的一项优先事项。鉴于地方政府对其领土和影响其的气候变化挑战具有背景知识,确定并将地方能力需求纳入政策措施可以改善多层次治理,并有效实施国家适应计划(nap)。本研究基于资本方法框架(CAF),对塞舌尔实施气候变化适应的地方治理能力需求进行了分析。数据收集采用两种方法:(i)对24位地区行政人员(DAs)进行问卷访谈;(ii)有31位参与者参与的互动研讨会,其中26位是地区行政人员,5位是国家气候变化委员会成员。CAF以两种方式衡量:(i)通过描述性统计,如基于访谈数据的频率,以及(ii)通过参与性研讨会期间使用共识方法对资本类型进行排名,以评估其在四个类别中的权重。本研究的结果表明,严重的政治、财政和人力资源能力差距共同阻碍了地方适应。查明的关键缺点包括对国家一级决策进程的参与程度低、无法获得外部资金来源以及缺乏技术专门知识。通过地方政府代表和国家气候变化委员会参与的方式,共同制定了十项政策措施建议,以提高地方治理在适应气候变化方面的有效性。其中7项建议部分涉及与政治资本有关的问题。这些建议强调,孤立的方法不能有效地应对气候变化的影响。例如,其中一项建议指出,土地使用规划应以具体地点的脆弱性为指导,因为这些脆弱性因地区而异。
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引用次数: 1
Preventing the Next Pandemic through a Planetary Health Approach: A Focus on Key Drivers of Zoonosis 通过全球卫生方法预防下一次大流行:关注人畜共患病的主要驱动因素
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020050
Y. Tajudeen, H. Oladipo, I. Oladunjoye, Mutiat Oluwakemi Mustapha, Sheriff Taye Mustapha, Adam Aberi Abdullahi, Rashidat Onyinoyi Yusuf, S. Abimbola, A. Adebayo, Joy Ginika Ikebuaso, D. Adesuyi, Blessed Okereke, Abass Olawale Omotosho, Abdulhakeem Funsho Ahmed, M. El-Sherbini
The ever-increasing global health impact of SARS-CoV-2—the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—coupled with its socio-economic burden, has not only revealed the vulnerability of humanity to zoonotic pathogens of pandemic potential but also serves as a wake-up call for global health communities to rethink sustainable approaches towards preventing future pandemics. However, since the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) convened experts have declared that future pandemics are likely to be zoonotic in origin, it is imperative that we understand the key drivers of zoonosis such as biodiversity loss, climate change, wildlife consumption, and population mobility, as well as the scientific evidence underpinning them. In this article, we underscore the correlations of these drivers with the emergence and re-emergence of zoonosis. Consequently, we highlighted the need for multidisciplinary collaboration under the planetary health approach between researchers across the fields of environmental and human health to fill the knowledge and research gaps on key drivers of zoonosis. This is to prevent or limit future pandemics by protecting the natural systems of the Earth and its resources and safeguarding human and animal health.
2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的病原sars - cov -2对全球健康的影响不断增加,加上其社会经济负担,不仅揭示了人类对具有大流行潜力的人畜共患病原体的脆弱性,而且也为全球卫生界敲响了警钟,要求他们重新思考预防未来大流行的可持续方法。然而,由于生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)召集的专家们宣布,未来的流行病很可能源于人畜共患病,因此我们必须了解人畜共患病的主要驱动因素,如生物多样性丧失、气候变化、野生动物消耗和人口流动,以及支撑这些因素的科学证据。在本文中,我们强调了这些驱动因素与人畜共患病的出现和再次出现的相关性。因此,我们强调需要在地球健康方法下,在环境和人类健康领域的研究人员之间进行多学科合作,以填补关于人畜共患病主要驱动因素的知识和研究空白。这是为了通过保护地球的自然系统及其资源以及保障人类和动物健康来预防或限制未来的流行病。
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引用次数: 3
Safe from Harm? Massive Attack Nuclear Worst-Case Scenario for Civil Protection in Germany Regarding High-Risk Zones of Exposure, Vulnerability, and Safe Havens 安全不受伤害?大规模核攻击:德国关于高风险暴露区、脆弱性和安全避难所的最坏情况
Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020047
Alexander Fekete
New risk geographies are emerging with war and conflict resurfacing, including nuclear threats. This poses challenges to civil protection for conducting risk-informed preparedness planning. A spatial assessment of Germany and Europe is conducted using a geographic information system. Buffer circles of nuclear explosion effects and fallout buffers show potentially exposed areas around major cities. Different scenarios indicate shrinking areas safe from exposure. However, even in a densely populated country, rural areas and smaller cities can be identified that could provide sites for evacuation shelters. Changing wind directions poses a challenge for civil protection planning because fallout risk covers most German territory even when few cities are attacked. However, wind speeds and topography can help identify suitable shelter areas. More knowledge about the temporal development of a nuclear explosion and its specific forms of harm can also help to improve risk knowledge and planning. While nuclear warfare at first seems to render useless any option for safe areas and survival, the spatial risk assessment shows that exposure does not occur at all places at all times. Being safe from harm will be difficult in such a worst-case scenario, but avoiding large city perimeters and being informed can also help reduce risk.
随着包括核威胁在内的战争和冲突重新浮出水面,新的风险地区正在出现。这对民防部门开展风险知情准备规划提出了挑战。利用地理信息系统对德国和欧洲进行了空间评估。核爆炸效应缓冲圈和沉降物缓冲圈显示了主要城市周围潜在的暴露区域。不同的场景表明,安全区域在不断缩小。然而,即使在人口密集的国家,也可以确定农村地区和较小的城市可以提供疏散避难所的地点。风向的改变给民防规划带来了挑战,因为即使很少有城市受到攻击,辐射尘的风险也覆盖了大部分德国领土。然而,风速和地形可以帮助确定合适的避风处。更多地了解核爆炸的时间发展及其具体危害形式也有助于提高对风险的认识和规划。虽然核战争一开始似乎使安全区和生存的任何选择都变得无用,但空间风险评估表明,并非所有地点在任何时候都发生暴露。在这种最坏的情况下,要做到安全不受伤害是很困难的,但避开大城市周边并了解情况也有助于降低风险。
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引用次数: 0
Self-Direction in Physics Graduate Education: Insights for STEM from David J. Rowe’s Career-Long Methods 物理学研究生教育的自我导向:来自David J. Rowe职业生涯方法的STEM见解
Pub Date : 2022-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020045
Carol Nash
The ability to self-direct a research program determines graduate degree completion. Yet, research on incompletion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate programs assumes students’ present level of self-direction adequate and neglects to recognize a lack of self-directed learning (SDL) as key. This essay explores SDL for STEM, presenting the work of theoretical nuclear physicist David J. Rowe as a key example of applying a process of SDL in practice. Rowe focused on this challenge of physics graduate education by promoting SDL through the type of research flow that has been found to bring the greatest satisfaction to researchers regarding their insights. Strategies he explored involved his space, time, open mindedness and theoretical contributions with students and in collaboration with colleagues. A self-directed learner himself, Rowe developed methods of mentoring for encouraging physics graduate students to recognize symmetry as valuable in identifying solutions to problems quickly—helping students take the lead in finding insightful resolutions to complex, multidimensional, mathematical physics uncertainties. These strategies for supporting SDL in this context are examined here, with the use of narrative research to interpret the texts and conversations exchanged with the author. The process of SDL developed by Rowe is presented with recommendations on how Rowe’s methods may be modeled to improve self-direction in STEM graduate education more widely.
自主指导研究项目的能力决定了研究生学位的完成程度。然而,关于科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)研究生课程不完成的研究假设学生目前的自我指导水平是足够的,而忽视了自我指导学习(SDL)的缺乏是关键。本文探讨了SDL在STEM中的应用,提出了理论核物理学家David J. Rowe的工作,作为在实践中应用SDL过程的一个关键例子。Rowe专注于物理研究生教育的这一挑战,通过研究流程的类型来促进SDL,这种研究流程已经被发现为研究人员带来了最大的满足感。他探索的策略包括他的空间、时间、开放的思想以及与学生和同事合作的理论贡献。作为一名自我指导的学习者,Rowe开发了指导方法,鼓励物理学研究生认识到对称在快速确定问题解决方案方面是有价值的——帮助学生率先找到复杂的、多维的、数学物理不确定性的深刻解决方案。在这种背景下,这些支持SDL的策略在这里进行了检查,并使用叙事研究来解释与作者交换的文本和对话。Rowe开发的SDL过程提出了关于如何对Rowe的方法进行建模以更广泛地改善STEM研究生教育中的自我指导的建议。
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引用次数: 2
Learning from the Past: Lessons from the First United Nations Report on Problems of the Human-Environment 从过去吸取教训:从第一份联合国人与环境问题报告吸取的教训
Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020044
F. Amiraslani, Andrew Cooper
The 1969 UN Report “Problems of the Human Environment” was a seminal work that first highlighted environmental problems at a global scale. This report underpinned a series of subsequent international summits and conventions of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the subsequent three global conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification. We assessed the report half a century after its publication to track changes in vocabulary and highlight critical lessons that could have been learned. The assessment contains several strengths and weaknesses that are pertinent to modern global-scale analyses. Many issues of that day have declined in importance or been superseded, and several major environmental problems (including climate change and plastic pollution) were not foreseen. Most of the report’s predictions proved to be much more conservative than proved by reality (a criticism that has also been levelled at contemporary IPCC reports). The report, however, did forewarn of global pandemics and stimulated thinking on a global scale that led to identification of the current climate crisis.
1969年的联合国报告《人类环境问题》是一份开创性的工作,它首次强调了全球范围内的环境问题。这份报告为随后的一系列国际首脑会议和1992年里约地球首脑会议公约以及随后关于生物多样性、气候变化和荒漠化的三项全球公约奠定了基础。我们在报告发表半个世纪后对其进行了评估,以跟踪词汇的变化,并强调可以学到的关键教训。该评估包含与现代全球尺度分析相关的若干优点和缺点。当时的许多问题的重要性已经下降或被取代,几个主要的环境问题(包括气候变化和塑料污染)没有预见到。该报告的大多数预测被证明比事实证明的要保守得多(这也是对IPCC当代报告的批评)。然而,该报告确实对全球流行病提出了预警,并激发了全球范围内的思考,导致人们认识到当前的气候危机。
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引用次数: 0
Agrivoltaic Engineering and Layout Optimization Approaches in the Transition to Renewable Energy Technologies: A Review 可再生能源技术转型中的光伏工程与布局优化方法综述
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.3390/challe13020043
Meagan Reasoner, Aritra Ghosh
As more nations move towards net-zero emission goals by 2050, research into the coupling of photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture has increased into a new sector of agrivoltaics (AV). Measurement of the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has allowed researchers to develop methods for optimizing the agrivoltaic system. Studies on innovative engineering technologies related to photovoltaic tracking along with new generation PV cells were reviewed to determine the factors that influence optimization. This review also considered AV farm layouts and how different spacing, height, and density impact the shading under the panels. As panels block the light from hitting the plants, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) changes and alters plant growth. The shading, however, also creates micro-climates that have beneficial qualities in terms of water usage and PV efficiency. The overall review investigated the research of the last five years into AV optimization and the implications for future AV developments.
随着越来越多的国家向2050年的净零排放目标迈进,对光伏(PV)和农业耦合的研究已经增加到一个新的农业光伏(AV)领域。土地等效比(LER)的测量使研究人员能够开发优化农业光伏系统的方法。综述了光伏跟踪与新一代光伏电池相关的创新工程技术的研究,确定了影响优化的因素。本综述还考虑了AV农场布局以及不同的间距、高度和密度如何影响面板下的遮阳。由于面板阻挡了照射到植物上的光,光合有效辐射(PAR)改变并改变了植物的生长。然而,遮阳也创造了微气候,在用水和光伏效率方面具有有益的品质。本文综述了近五年来在自动驾驶汽车优化方面的研究以及对未来自动驾驶汽车发展的影响。
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引用次数: 11
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