{"title":"Totally Real Statistical Submanifolds","authors":"M. Milijević","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.87","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"87-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are synthesized in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) that terminate their axons in the posterior pituitary (PP). Recently, we generated transgenic rats that express AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fusion gene and OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) fusion gene in order to visualize AVP or OXT in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS). Colchicine is known to block axonal transport, resulting in peptide accumulation in the cell body. We investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of colchicine on the expression of AVP-eGFP fusion or OXT-mRFP1 fusion gene products. Icv administration of colchicine caused a marked increase of AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fluorescence in the hypothalamic MNCs, and a decrease in the PP in comparison with control rats. The expected changes of AVPeGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fluorescence in the HNS after icv administration of colchicine indicate that AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fusion protein may be transported by axonal flow and secreted from the PP into the systemic circulation. These transgenic rats are new tools to study the physiological role of AVP and OXT in the HNS.
{"title":"Vasopressin-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein and Oxytocin-Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein 1 in Colchicine Treated Transgenic Rats","authors":"H. Hashimoto, Y. Ueta","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.04","url":null,"abstract":"Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are synthesized in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) that terminate their axons in the posterior pituitary (PP). Recently, we generated transgenic rats that express AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fusion gene and OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) fusion gene in order to visualize AVP or OXT in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS). Colchicine is known to block axonal transport, resulting in peptide accumulation in the cell body. We investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of colchicine on the expression of AVP-eGFP fusion or OXT-mRFP1 fusion gene products. Icv administration of colchicine caused a marked increase of AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fluorescence in the hypothalamic MNCs, and a decrease in the PP in comparison with control rats. The expected changes of AVPeGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fluorescence in the HNS after icv administration of colchicine indicate that AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 fusion protein may be transported by axonal flow and secreted from the PP into the systemic circulation. These transgenic rats are new tools to study the physiological role of AVP and OXT in the HNS.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temporal consistency between visual and auditory presentations is necessary for integration of visual and auditory information. Subjective simultaneity perception is more important than the synchrony of physical inputs for temporal consistency. Our previous studies have shown that audio-visual integration is difficult even if the visual and auditory inputs are physically synchronous when visual processing is slow. In the present study, we examined the effects of visual processing speed on audio-visual integration using a simultaneity judgment task. Visual processing speed was manipulated by varying the spatial frequency of visual stimuli. High spatial frequency stimuli require a longer processing time because visual responses to high spatial frequencies are slow. The results indicated that the difference between subjective and physical synchrony was larger in high spatial frequency than in low spatial frequency. Thus, the spatial frequency of the visual stimulus affected the judgments of simultaneity for visual and auditory stimuli. The effects of visual processing speed on audio-visual integration are believed to occur at a lower-order stage of sensory processing.
{"title":"Low-Level Visual Processing Speed Modulates Judgment of Audio-Visual Simultaneity","authors":"Yasuhiro Takeshima, J. Gyoba","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.01","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal consistency between visual and auditory presentations is necessary for integration of visual and auditory information. Subjective simultaneity perception is more important than the synchrony of physical inputs for temporal consistency. Our previous studies have shown that audio-visual integration is difficult even if the visual and auditory inputs are physically synchronous when visual processing is slow. In the present study, we examined the effects of visual processing speed on audio-visual integration using a simultaneity judgment task. Visual processing speed was manipulated by varying the spatial frequency of visual stimuli. High spatial frequency stimuli require a longer processing time because visual responses to high spatial frequencies are slow. The results indicated that the difference between subjective and physical synchrony was larger in high spatial frequency than in low spatial frequency. Thus, the spatial frequency of the visual stimulus affected the judgments of simultaneity for visual and auditory stimuli. The effects of visual processing speed on audio-visual integration are believed to occur at a lower-order stage of sensory processing.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is expressed in discrete regions of a mammalian brain, and is involved in various physiological functions including the maintenance of body fluid osmolality, regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and formation of the circadian rhythm. Three types of AVP-expressing neurons, among others, have been studied most extensively; these are magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Molecular mechanisms, underlying the regulation of AVP gene expression, are different depending on the neuronal type, and different transcription factors play key roles in mediating activation of AVP gene transcription: for example, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (BMAL1) may be indispensable in AVP gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The activator protein 1 (AP1; Fos/Jun) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB)-related transcription factors are regarded as major transcription factors in the parvocellular and magnocellular hypothalamic neurons, respectively. According to recent studies, CREB3-like protein 1 (CREB3L1), a transcription factor of the CREB/activating transcription factor family, may mediate the osmolality-dependent AVP gene transcription in the magnocellular neurons.
{"title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Vasopressin Gene: Update in 2015","authors":"Y. Iwasaki, K. Itoi","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.12","url":null,"abstract":"Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is expressed in discrete regions of a mammalian brain, and is involved in various physiological functions including the maintenance of body fluid osmolality, regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and formation of the circadian rhythm. Three types of AVP-expressing neurons, among others, have been studied most extensively; these are magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Molecular mechanisms, underlying the regulation of AVP gene expression, are different depending on the neuronal type, and different transcription factors play key roles in mediating activation of AVP gene transcription: for example, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (BMAL1) may be indispensable in AVP gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The activator protein 1 (AP1; Fos/Jun) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB)-related transcription factors are regarded as major transcription factors in the parvocellular and magnocellular hypothalamic neurons, respectively. According to recent studies, CREB3-like protein 1 (CREB3L1), a transcription factor of the CREB/activating transcription factor family, may mediate the osmolality-dependent AVP gene transcription in the magnocellular neurons.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"267-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in Parvocellular Neurons of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus","authors":"G. Aguilera","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"273-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single neuron studies on monkeys provided convincing evidence for the existence of visuotactile peripersonal space. The range of this space was operationally defined as a space where visuotactile interactions occurred at the neuronal level, and the distance between the body part and visual stimuli was a crucial factor. While the functional similarities in humans were mainly evidenced by studies with patients with right brain damage exhibiting extinction, less is known about the same in healthy adults. The present study demonstrated the existence of visuotactile peripersonal space in healthy adults using two psychophysical measurements. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated the location of vibrotactile target stimuli presented on their left or right hand, while trying to ignore visual distractors that were independently presented close to or away from the tactile stimuli, either on the same side as the target stimulus or on the opposite side (visuotactile congruency task). Results showed that crossmodal congruency effects were greater when visual stimuli were in proximity to the hands, rather than away from them. In Experiment 2, redundant target effects were measured by using a go/no-go paradigm where participants produced speeded responses all to randomized sequence of unimodal (visual or tactile) and simultaneous visuotactile targets presented in one hemispace, while ignoring tactile stimuli presented in the other hemispace. Visual targets were presented either close to or away from the hand. Results showed that the statistical facilitation model was violated (i.e., the coactivation model was supported) only when visual stimuli were presented in proximity to the stimulated hand. These results suggest that visuotactile peripersonal space was distinctly and modularly represented in healthy human brains.
{"title":"Visuotactile Peripersonal Space in Healthy Humans: Evidence from Crossmodal Congruency and Redundant Target Effects","authors":"W. Teramoto, Tomoaki Kakuya","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.04","url":null,"abstract":"Single neuron studies on monkeys provided convincing evidence for the existence of visuotactile peripersonal space. The range of this space was operationally defined as a space where visuotactile interactions occurred at the neuronal level, and the distance between the body part and visual stimuli was a crucial factor. While the functional similarities in humans were mainly evidenced by studies with patients with right brain damage exhibiting extinction, less is known about the same in healthy adults. The present study demonstrated the existence of visuotactile peripersonal space in healthy adults using two psychophysical measurements. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated the location of vibrotactile target stimuli presented on their left or right hand, while trying to ignore visual distractors that were independently presented close to or away from the tactile stimuli, either on the same side as the target stimulus or on the opposite side (visuotactile congruency task). Results showed that crossmodal congruency effects were greater when visual stimuli were in proximity to the hands, rather than away from them. In Experiment 2, redundant target effects were measured by using a go/no-go paradigm where participants produced speeded responses all to randomized sequence of unimodal (visual or tactile) and simultaneous visuotactile targets presented in one hemispace, while ignoring tactile stimuli presented in the other hemispace. Visual targets were presented either close to or away from the hand. Results showed that the statistical facilitation model was violated (i.e., the coactivation model was supported) only when visual stimuli were presented in proximity to the stimulated hand. These results suggest that visuotactile peripersonal space was distinctly and modularly represented in healthy human brains.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ogawa, Mumeko C. Tsuda, Kazuhiro Sano, S. Tsukahara, S. Musatov
Expression of social behaviors is regulated by various neuroendocrine and neurochemical factors. Among them, estradiol is known to have a profound influence on female sexual behavior as well as various types of social interactive behaviors, through its binding to two types of estrogen receptors, ER or ER . Since male gonadal hormone, testosterone, is aromatized to estradiol in neuronal cells in the brain, ERs are also essential for the regulation of male-type social behavior and the development of their neural network. In this article, we discuss how each type of ER plays a role in the expression of sex-typical social behavior in males and females by focusing on both organizational and activational action of estradiol. For this purpose we overview behavioral and neuroanatomical studies reported in knockout as well as brain site-specific knockdown models of ER genes. We also discuss how early life experiences may affect subsequent expression of social and socio-emotional behavior.
{"title":"Neural, Hormonal and Experiential Control of Sex-Typical Expression of Social Behavior","authors":"S. Ogawa, Mumeko C. Tsuda, Kazuhiro Sano, S. Tsukahara, S. Musatov","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.02","url":null,"abstract":"Expression of social behaviors is regulated by various neuroendocrine and neurochemical factors. Among them, estradiol is known to have a profound influence on female sexual behavior as well as various types of social interactive behaviors, through its binding to two types of estrogen receptors, ER or ER . Since male gonadal hormone, testosterone, is aromatized to estradiol in neuronal cells in the brain, ERs are also essential for the regulation of male-type social behavior and the development of their neural network. In this article, we discuss how each type of ER plays a role in the expression of sex-typical social behavior in males and females by focusing on both organizational and activational action of estradiol. For this purpose we overview behavioral and neuroanatomical studies reported in knockout as well as brain site-specific knockdown models of ER genes. We also discuss how early life experiences may affect subsequent expression of social and socio-emotional behavior.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nishimori, Keisuke Sato, S. Hidema, Masahide Yoshida, H. Mizukami
We previously generated oxytocin (OXT)-deficient mice and oxytocin receptor (OXTR)-deficient mice. Impaired social behaviors were observed in these mice, so they may be useful as animal models for studying the regulatory mechanism of social behavior by the OXT/OXTR system in the brain. In the present review, we aimed to overview our previous works to unravel the mechanism(s) by which OXTR deficiency leads to the impairment of social behaviors; for example, abnormalities in maternal behavior and/or social memory observed in mice deficient in the OXTR will be presented. By analyzing the brain of the OXTR-modified yellow fluorescent protein knock-in mice histologically, OXTR-expressing neurons were observed conspicuously in brain regions that are related to social behaviors. We focus on the characteristics of the regions containing neurons with prominent Oxtr gene expression in the present manuscript and discuss on the mechanisms through which OXT exerts its effects on social behaviors.
{"title":"Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons and Nuclei in the Regulation of Social Behaviors","authors":"K. Nishimori, Keisuke Sato, S. Hidema, Masahide Yoshida, H. Mizukami","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.14","url":null,"abstract":"We previously generated oxytocin (OXT)-deficient mice and oxytocin receptor (OXTR)-deficient mice. Impaired social behaviors were observed in these mice, so they may be useful as animal models for studying the regulatory mechanism of social behavior by the OXT/OXTR system in the brain. In the present review, we aimed to overview our previous works to unravel the mechanism(s) by which OXTR deficiency leads to the impairment of social behaviors; for example, abnormalities in maternal behavior and/or social memory observed in mice deficient in the OXTR will be presented. By analyzing the brain of the OXTR-modified yellow fluorescent protein knock-in mice histologically, OXTR-expressing neurons were observed conspicuously in brain regions that are related to social behaviors. We focus on the characteristics of the regions containing neurons with prominent Oxtr gene expression in the present manuscript and discuss on the mechanisms through which OXT exerts its effects on social behaviors.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":"283-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the stress response by regulating the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. In order to unravel unsolved issues underlying the regulatory mechanisms for CRF neurons, modified yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) gene was inserted into the CRF gene in frame, and CRF neurons were visualized by the Venus fluorescence. Venus expression is overlapped with CRF expression in most brain regions, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). This mouse is a useful tool especially for conducting electrophysiological recordings from CRF neurons. In the first half of the present review, the backgrounds of the generation of the mouse are described based on the previous literature: first, the anatomical distribution of CRF-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain is overviewed, and then the knowledge on the electrophysiological properties of the parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons that constitute a subpopulation of neurons in the PVH (including PVH-CRF neurons) is described. These sections may help the readers in understanding the purpose of generating the CRF-Venus mouse. In the second half of the manuscript, the distribution of Venus-expressing neurons is characterized in the CRF-Venus mouse, and preliminary results of electrophysiological recordings from the Venus-expressing neurons are shown. CRF driver mouse lines are also referred to as a means for the CRF neuron-selective gene transfer or targeting. Novel mouse lines may serve as tools for disclosing the regulatory mechanisms for CRF neurons in the PVH, as well as other brain regions.
{"title":"Exploring the Regulatory Mechanism of Stress Responses in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Backgrounds and Future Perspectives of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Modified Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Knock-In Mouse","authors":"K. Itoi","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.06","url":null,"abstract":"Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the stress response by regulating the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. In order to unravel unsolved issues underlying the regulatory mechanisms for CRF neurons, modified yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) gene was inserted into the CRF gene in frame, and CRF neurons were visualized by the Venus fluorescence. Venus expression is overlapped with CRF expression in most brain regions, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). This mouse is a useful tool especially for conducting electrophysiological recordings from CRF neurons. In the first half of the present review, the backgrounds of the generation of the mouse are described based on the previous literature: first, the anatomical distribution of CRF-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain is overviewed, and then the knowledge on the electrophysiological properties of the parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons that constitute a subpopulation of neurons in the PVH (including PVH-CRF neurons) is described. These sections may help the readers in understanding the purpose of generating the CRF-Venus mouse. In the second half of the manuscript, the distribution of Venus-expressing neurons is characterized in the CRF-Venus mouse, and preliminary results of electrophysiological recordings from the Venus-expressing neurons are shown. CRF driver mouse lines are also referred to as a means for the CRF neuron-selective gene transfer or targeting. Novel mouse lines may serve as tools for disclosing the regulatory mechanisms for CRF neurons in the PVH, as well as other brain regions.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"213-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, various hypothalamic neurons have been successfully engineered from pluripotent stem cells, including mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Because pluripotent cells need to undergo stepwise changes during organogenesis, developmental analyses on the hypothalamus have been inevitable for numerous transcription factors that determine specification, survival, and migration during the formation of specific neurons. Hypothalamic progenitor cells arise from the retina and anterior neural fold homeobox (Rax)þ ventral part of the ventricular zone at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), and orthopedia (Otp) and steroidgenic factor-1 (SF-1) respectively appear in the dorsal and ventral regions at E13.5, which subsequently produce specific transcription factors required for the final maturation of hypothalamic neurons. In the pluripotent stem cells, rostrodorsal hypothalamus-like progenitors expressing retina and anterior neural fold homeobox are generated from floating aggregates in serum-free conditions with minimized exogenous patterning signaling. A certain population of the Raxþ progenitors generate Otpþ neuronal precursors, which subsequently develop into various dorsal and lateral hypothalamic neurons, including arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin neurons. Alternatively, early exposure to sonic hedgehog (Shh) induces differentiation markers including SF-1, specific for rostral–ventral hypothalamiclike precursors that eventually produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC). In conclusion, it is now possible to induce most types of hypothalamic neurons from pluripotent stem cells. Application of these cells would have advantages for studies on specification, migration, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
{"title":"Induction of Hypothalamic Neurons from Pluripotent Stem Cells","authors":"H. Nagasaki, Y. Kodani, Hidetaka Suga","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.11","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, various hypothalamic neurons have been successfully engineered from pluripotent stem cells, including mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Because pluripotent cells need to undergo stepwise changes during organogenesis, developmental analyses on the hypothalamus have been inevitable for numerous transcription factors that determine specification, survival, and migration during the formation of specific neurons. Hypothalamic progenitor cells arise from the retina and anterior neural fold homeobox (Rax)þ ventral part of the ventricular zone at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), and orthopedia (Otp) and steroidgenic factor-1 (SF-1) respectively appear in the dorsal and ventral regions at E13.5, which subsequently produce specific transcription factors required for the final maturation of hypothalamic neurons. In the pluripotent stem cells, rostrodorsal hypothalamus-like progenitors expressing retina and anterior neural fold homeobox are generated from floating aggregates in serum-free conditions with minimized exogenous patterning signaling. A certain population of the Raxþ progenitors generate Otpþ neuronal precursors, which subsequently develop into various dorsal and lateral hypothalamic neurons, including arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin neurons. Alternatively, early exposure to sonic hedgehog (Shh) induces differentiation markers including SF-1, specific for rostral–ventral hypothalamiclike precursors that eventually produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC). In conclusion, it is now possible to induce most types of hypothalamic neurons from pluripotent stem cells. Application of these cells would have advantages for studies on specification, migration, drug development, and regenerative medicine.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"261-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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