Neural circuits underlying male sexual function comprise several nuclei located in the brain and spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated in rats that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) system influences spinal centers promoting penile reflexes. Moreover, a group of oxytocin (OXT) neurons, situated in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, project into the spinal cord and control penile reflexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that OXT is transported by long descending paraventriculospinal pathways and activates proerectile spinal centers. Consequently, we have shown that in rats, axonal distribution of OXT in the lumbar spinal cord exhibits a male-dominant sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, OXT binding is observed in the spinal GRP neurons. Thus, OXT axons may secrete OXT from spinal axonal terminals and regulate male sexual function via an OXT receptor-mediated mechanism in spinal GRP neurons. Future studies should address the relationship between the hypothalamic OXT and spinal GRP systems. Identification of the male-specific brain-spinal cord neural circuit that regulates male sexual behavior may provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches to masculine reproductive dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction and/or ejaculation disorder.
{"title":"Oxytocin and the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide System in the Spinal Cord: Implications for Male Sexual Problems","authors":"H. Sakamoto, Takumi Oti","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.08","url":null,"abstract":"Neural circuits underlying male sexual function comprise several nuclei located in the brain and spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated in rats that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) system influences spinal centers promoting penile reflexes. Moreover, a group of oxytocin (OXT) neurons, situated in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, project into the spinal cord and control penile reflexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that OXT is transported by long descending paraventriculospinal pathways and activates proerectile spinal centers. Consequently, we have shown that in rats, axonal distribution of OXT in the lumbar spinal cord exhibits a male-dominant sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, OXT binding is observed in the spinal GRP neurons. Thus, OXT axons may secrete OXT from spinal axonal terminals and regulate male sexual function via an OXT receptor-mediated mechanism in spinal GRP neurons. Future studies should address the relationship between the hypothalamic OXT and spinal GRP systems. Identification of the male-specific brain-spinal cord neural circuit that regulates male sexual behavior may provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches to masculine reproductive dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction and/or ejaculation disorder.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Onaka, Shota Okabe, Y. Takayanagi, Masahide Yoshida
Oxytocin plays an essential role in milk ejection and parturition in mammals. Oxytocin has also been shown to be involved in the control of various behaviors, including anxiety-related behaviors, food intake and affiliative behaviors. We previously showed that noxious stimuli or stimuli previously paired with noxious stimuli (conditioned fear stimuli) activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons via activation of brainstem catecholaminergic/prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP)-positive neurons. Oxytocin neurons are activated not only by noxious stimuli but also by nonnoxious touch stimuli. Social contact has been suggested to activate oxytocin neurons. Non-noxious tactile stimuli induce 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalization, an index of positive states in rats, and activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons, suggesting that pleasant tactile stimuli activate oxytocin neurons. Physiological roles of oxytocin released during noxious or non-noxious tactile stimuli remain to be clarified. Noxious stimuli increase anxiety-related behavior, while pleasant sensory stimuli have pro-social actions. We have shown that endogenous oxytocin reduces anxiety-related behaviors, induces a decrease in amounts of food intake per meal, and facilitates social recognition via distinct neural pathways. Roles of oxytocin released during sensory stimuli may be dependent upon the sensory stimuli used, and oxytocin may contribute to the prevention of overreactions to noxious stimuli or mediate pro-social or anxiolytic actions of pleasant tactile stimuli.
{"title":"Noxious or Non-noxious Inputs to Oxytocin Neurons: Possible Roles in the Control of Behaviors","authors":"T. Onaka, Shota Okabe, Y. Takayanagi, Masahide Yoshida","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.03","url":null,"abstract":"Oxytocin plays an essential role in milk ejection and parturition in mammals. Oxytocin has also been shown to be involved in the control of various behaviors, including anxiety-related behaviors, food intake and affiliative behaviors. We previously showed that noxious stimuli or stimuli previously paired with noxious stimuli (conditioned fear stimuli) activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons via activation of brainstem catecholaminergic/prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP)-positive neurons. Oxytocin neurons are activated not only by noxious stimuli but also by nonnoxious touch stimuli. Social contact has been suggested to activate oxytocin neurons. Non-noxious tactile stimuli induce 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalization, an index of positive states in rats, and activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons, suggesting that pleasant tactile stimuli activate oxytocin neurons. Physiological roles of oxytocin released during noxious or non-noxious tactile stimuli remain to be clarified. Noxious stimuli increase anxiety-related behavior, while pleasant sensory stimuli have pro-social actions. We have shown that endogenous oxytocin reduces anxiety-related behaviors, induces a decrease in amounts of food intake per meal, and facilitates social recognition via distinct neural pathways. Roles of oxytocin released during sensory stimuli may be dependent upon the sensory stimuli used, and oxytocin may contribute to the prevention of overreactions to noxious stimuli or mediate pro-social or anxiolytic actions of pleasant tactile stimuli.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"189-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compared the horizontal and median plane sound localization performances of binaural signals provided using a pinna-less dummy head or a stereo microphone that turns in synchronization with a listener’s head yaw rotation in the head-still and head-movement tasks. Results show that the sound localization performances in the head-movement tasks are significantly higher than those in the head-still tasks in both the horizontal and median plane. The dynamic binaural cues synchronized with a listener’s head yaw rotation dissolve the distance ambiguities, front-to-back ambiguities and elevation ambiguities, yielding better sound localization performances.
{"title":"Sound Localization of Dynamic Binaural Signals Provided Using a Pinna-Less Dummy Head or a Stereo Microphone","authors":"T. Hirahara, Yuki Sawada, D. Morikawa","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.07","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the horizontal and median plane sound localization performances of binaural signals provided using a pinna-less dummy head or a stereo microphone that turns in synchronization with a listener’s head yaw rotation in the head-still and head-movement tasks. Results show that the sound localization performances in the head-movement tasks are significantly higher than those in the head-still tasks in both the horizontal and median plane. The dynamic binaural cues synchronized with a listener’s head yaw rotation dissolve the distance ambiguities, front-to-back ambiguities and elevation ambiguities, yielding better sound localization performances.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"159-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sakamoto, W. Teramoto, Hideaki Terashima, J. Gyoba
This study investigated how auditory space is represented during linear self-motion. Results of several studies suggest that whether the listener’s motion is active or passive affects sound localization. Therefore, we investigated whether the style of the self-motion affects the perceived auditory space. As the passive condition, observers were transported automatically forward by a robotic wheelchair. In contrast, observers controlled the movement of the robotic wheelchair or walked straight ahead in active conditions. The observers indicated the direction in which the sound was perceived relative to their coronal plane (i.e., a two-alternative forced-choice task). The results of experiments demonstrated that the sound position aligned with the subjective coronal plane was displaced backward relative to the observers’ physical coronal plane both in active and passive motion conditions. These results suggest that perceived self-motion itself affects auditory space representation irrespective of the intention of the movement.
{"title":"Effect of Active Self-Motion on Auditory Space Perception","authors":"S. Sakamoto, W. Teramoto, Hideaki Terashima, J. Gyoba","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.08","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated how auditory space is represented during linear self-motion. Results of several studies suggest that whether the listener’s motion is active or passive affects sound localization. Therefore, we investigated whether the style of the self-motion affects the perceived auditory space. As the passive condition, observers were transported automatically forward by a robotic wheelchair. In contrast, observers controlled the movement of the robotic wheelchair or walked straight ahead in active conditions. The observers indicated the direction in which the sound was perceived relative to their coronal plane (i.e., a two-alternative forced-choice task). The results of experiments demonstrated that the sound position aligned with the subjective coronal plane was displaced backward relative to the observers’ physical coronal plane both in active and passive motion conditions. These results suggest that perceived self-motion itself affects auditory space representation irrespective of the intention of the movement.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"167-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the influence of visual motion information on perceived tactile position. In Experiment 1, tactile stimuli were presented on participants’ left and right index fingers together with visual motion stimuli projected onto a semi-silvered mirror, which allowed participants to view their hands. Participants were asked to discriminate the positional relationships of tactile stimuli. Discrimination performance differed depending on the relationship between the positions of the tactile stimuli and direction of the visual stimuli. In Experiment 2, a normal mirror was used which eliminated the view of the hands and the effects observed in Experiment 1 disappeared. These results suggest that the perceived spatial position of touch is displaced in the direction of visual motion, but this effect is dependent on vision of the stimulated body part.
{"title":"Visual Motion Information Influences the Perceived Position of Touch","authors":"H. Ushioda, Y. Wada","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the influence of visual motion information on perceived tactile position. In Experiment 1, tactile stimuli were presented on participants’ left and right index fingers together with visual motion stimuli projected onto a semi-silvered mirror, which allowed participants to view their hands. Participants were asked to discriminate the positional relationships of tactile stimuli. Discrimination performance differed depending on the relationship between the positions of the tactile stimuli and direction of the visual stimuli. In Experiment 2, a normal mirror was used which eliminated the view of the hands and the effects observed in Experiment 1 disappeared. These results suggest that the perceived spatial position of touch is displaced in the direction of visual motion, but this effect is dependent on vision of the stimulated body part.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the hypothalamus is now classified into more than ten compartments, uncharacterized areas remain. In this study, we show a new area in the anterior hypothalamus (AH) of mice, a triangular-shaped area between the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and the fornix, which is enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We designated this region perifornical area of the AH (PeFAH) based on its anatomical location. In Nissl staining, the PeFAH was distinguishable as an area of relatively low density. Immunohistochemical and DNA microarray analyses indicated that PeFAH contains sparsely distributed calretinin-positive neurons and densely clustered enkephalin-positive neurons. Furthermore, the PeFAH was shown to have bidirectional neural connections with the lateral septum (LS). We confirmed enkephalinergic projections from PeFAH neurons to the LS, and inversely, calbindin-positive LS neurons as afferents to the PeFAH. Finally, c-Fos expression analysis revealed that the activity of PeFAH neurons tended to be increased by psychological stressors but not by homeostatic stressors. These findings of neuronal subtypes and projections suggest that the region of the densely clustered encephalin-positive neurons in the PeFAH is comparable with the perifornical nucleus previously identified in rats.
{"title":"A New Area of the Mouse Anterior Hypothalamus Involved in Septohypothalamic Circuit","authors":"N. Horii‐Hayashi, T. Sasagawa, M. Nishi","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.09","url":null,"abstract":"While the hypothalamus is now classified into more than ten compartments, uncharacterized areas remain. In this study, we show a new area in the anterior hypothalamus (AH) of mice, a triangular-shaped area between the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and the fornix, which is enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We designated this region perifornical area of the AH (PeFAH) based on its anatomical location. In Nissl staining, the PeFAH was distinguishable as an area of relatively low density. Immunohistochemical and DNA microarray analyses indicated that PeFAH contains sparsely distributed calretinin-positive neurons and densely clustered enkephalin-positive neurons. Furthermore, the PeFAH was shown to have bidirectional neural connections with the lateral septum (LS). We confirmed enkephalinergic projections from PeFAH neurons to the LS, and inversely, calbindin-positive LS neurons as afferents to the PeFAH. Finally, c-Fos expression analysis revealed that the activity of PeFAH neurons tended to be increased by psychological stressors but not by homeostatic stressors. These findings of neuronal subtypes and projections suggest that the region of the densely clustered encephalin-positive neurons in the PeFAH is comparable with the perifornical nucleus previously identified in rats.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70252050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akio Honda, T. Kanda, H. Shibata, S. Sakamoto, Y. Iwaya, J. Gyoba, Yôiti Suzuki
Faculty of Humanities, Yamanashi Eiwa College, Kofu 400-8555, Japan Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai 981-0943, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Gakuin University, Tagajo 985-8537, Japan Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
{"title":"Sense of Presence and Verisimilitude of Audio–Visual Contents: Effects of Sounds and Playback Speeds on Sports Video","authors":"Akio Honda, T. Kanda, H. Shibata, S. Sakamoto, Y. Iwaya, J. Gyoba, Yôiti Suzuki","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.05","url":null,"abstract":"Faculty of Humanities, Yamanashi Eiwa College, Kofu 400-8555, Japan Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai 981-0943, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Gakuin University, Tagajo 985-8537, Japan Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazumichi Matsumiya, Mitsumasa Takahashi, I. Kuriki, S. Shioiri
It has been reported that there are separate representations of visual and haptic movements, and that the haptic process has a rotation-independent representation for movements. This finding suggests that movement representations are formed in a different manner from object representations through visual and haptic signals because signals from visual and haptic modalities are processed in a common multimodal representation for object perception. Here, we investigated how the rotation-independent representation specific to haptic movements is generated. Our results show that rotation-independent representations of haptic movements do not appear when haptic movements passively occur. We also confirmed that active haptic movements generate rotation-independent representations. These results suggest that active movements are required to generate rotation-independent representations for haptic movements.
{"title":"Active Movements Generate Rotation-Independent Representations for Haptic Movements","authors":"Kazumichi Matsumiya, Mitsumasa Takahashi, I. Kuriki, S. Shioiri","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.A.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.A.02","url":null,"abstract":"It has been reported that there are separate representations of visual and haptic movements, and that the haptic process has a rotation-independent representation for movements. This finding suggests that movement representations are formed in a different manner from object representations through visual and haptic signals because signals from visual and haptic modalities are processed in a common multimodal representation for object perception. Here, we investigated how the rotation-independent representation specific to haptic movements is generated. Our results show that rotation-independent representations of haptic movements do not appear when haptic movements passively occur. We also confirmed that active haptic movements generate rotation-independent representations. These results suggest that active movements are required to generate rotation-independent representations for haptic movements.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"115-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70250914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vasopressin and oxytocin are well-known neurohypophysial and posterior pituitary hormones that are synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and are secreted from the posterior pituitary into the systemic circulation. It is known that vasopressin plays an important role in maintaining body fluid homeostasis, and that oxytocin plays an essential role in mammalian labor and lactation through its peripheral action. In addition to these classic physiological actions, vasopressin and oxytocin have been attracting considerable attention in recent years because of their effects in their involvement in social recognition, and in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system and stress responses. Their analgesic effects have also been mentioned among these newly-recognized physiological actions. This review focuses on pain modulation by vasopressin and oxytocin.
{"title":"Posterior Pituitary Hormones and Pain","authors":"T. Matsuura, M. Kawasaki, A. Sakai, Y. Ueta","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.05","url":null,"abstract":"Vasopressin and oxytocin are well-known neurohypophysial and posterior pituitary hormones that are synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and are secreted from the posterior pituitary into the systemic circulation. It is known that vasopressin plays an important role in maintaining body fluid homeostasis, and that oxytocin plays an essential role in mammalian labor and lactation through its peripheral action. In addition to these classic physiological actions, vasopressin and oxytocin have been attracting considerable attention in recent years because of their effects in their involvement in social recognition, and in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system and stress responses. Their analgesic effects have also been mentioned among these newly-recognized physiological actions. This review focuses on pain modulation by vasopressin and oxytocin.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"207-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Arima, Yoshinori Azuma, Yoshiaki Morishita, Masayuki Hayashi, Daisuke Hagiwara
Analyses of a mouse model for familial neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus (FNDI), a disease characterized by progressive polyuria due to progressive decreases in arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, revealed that mutant proteins are accumulated in a sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of AVP neurons. By forming such a structure called ER-associated compartment (ERAC), AVP neurons are likely to reduce ER stress. However, the formation of ERAC is hampered in FNDI mice which are relatively old or subjected to chronic dehydration. Failure of ERAC formation induces autophagy in AVP neurons, which are finally lost through autophagy-associated cell death. It is also worthwhile that enlargement of a sub-compartment of ER, a structure similar to ERAC, was observed in the AVP neurons in wild-type mice subjected to dehydration. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6 ), one of three ER stress sensors, contributes to the formation of ERAC, as the ER was dilated diffusely in AVP neurons of dehydrated ATF6 knockout mice. Thus, our data suggest that misfolded proteins are sensed via ER stress sensors including ATF6 , and confined to the ERAC in AVP neurons. This mechanism seems to apply to the AVP neurons of not only FNDI but also wild-type mice.
{"title":"Formation of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Compartment in Vasopressin Neurons: A Mechanism by Which Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress is Reduced","authors":"H. Arima, Yoshinori Azuma, Yoshiaki Morishita, Masayuki Hayashi, Daisuke Hagiwara","doi":"10.4036/IIS.2015.B.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4036/IIS.2015.B.01","url":null,"abstract":"Analyses of a mouse model for familial neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus (FNDI), a disease characterized by progressive polyuria due to progressive decreases in arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, revealed that mutant proteins are accumulated in a sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of AVP neurons. By forming such a structure called ER-associated compartment (ERAC), AVP neurons are likely to reduce ER stress. However, the formation of ERAC is hampered in FNDI mice which are relatively old or subjected to chronic dehydration. Failure of ERAC formation induces autophagy in AVP neurons, which are finally lost through autophagy-associated cell death. It is also worthwhile that enlargement of a sub-compartment of ER, a structure similar to ERAC, was observed in the AVP neurons in wild-type mice subjected to dehydration. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6 ), one of three ER stress sensors, contributes to the formation of ERAC, as the ER was dilated diffusely in AVP neurons of dehydrated ATF6 knockout mice. Thus, our data suggest that misfolded proteins are sensed via ER stress sensors including ATF6 , and confined to the ERAC in AVP neurons. This mechanism seems to apply to the AVP neurons of not only FNDI but also wild-type mice.","PeriodicalId":91087,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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