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With microbes 微生物
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v11i1.5867
Ivana Suboticki
With Microbes offers an analysis of the multiple, complex and dynamic relationships between humans and microbes and their entanglement in everyday life. Microbes have gained much attention from scientists, in popular culture, and by various actors looking to economize and regulate microbes, discussing questions such as the relationship  between gut microbes and brain activity, the best ways to nurture kombuchas and sourdough starters, or use and understanding of microbes as medicine. I was intrigued to read the book both due to my own interest in nurturing a good microbiome and wanting to review how one can approach the subject through an  innovative science and  technology studies (STS) approach.
与微生物在一起》分析了人类与微生物之间多重、复杂和动态的关系,以及它们在日常生活中的纠葛。微生物受到了科学家、大众文化以及希望节约和调节微生物的各方人士的广泛关注,讨论的问题包括肠道微生物与大脑活动之间的关系、培育昆布和酸包粉的最佳方法,以及将微生物作为药物来使用和理解。我之所以有兴趣阅读这本书,一方面是因为我自己对培育良好的微生物群感兴趣,另一方面也是想回顾一下如何通过创新的科学和技术研究(STS)方法来处理这个问题。
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引用次数: 0
No rose on this one? 没有玫瑰?
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v12i1.5860
Björn Ekström
This study explores how material qualities of tools contribute to shape information practices of observing, documenting, identifying and reporting species in biodiversity citizen science. Through participant observation and trace ethnography, information practices enacted during a field excursion at a World Heritage Site in south-eastern Sweden are investigated in relation to reported data submitted to the species observation system Artportalen. The study, which adopts a theoretical lens comprising the analytical concepts of epistemic objects and inscriptions, finds that the participants’ situated questioning, discussion, documenting and comparison of species through tool use establishes the observations as projections of knowledge claims. These projections are subsequently constrained but also appended as they are reported as data via Artportalen. As material qualities are generally made invisible, the reported data are augmented by the observation system when merged with other reports to aggregated data. The study extends knowledge concerning how biodiversity citizen science field excursions are conducted by understanding information practices and their outcomes as entangled activities characterised by negotiations in relation to material tools rather than as streamlined processes. Consequently, the results expand knowledge of the messy practices carried out to produce biodiversity citizen science data.Keywords: Botany, biodiversity, citizen science, information practices, materiality
本研究探讨了在生物多样性公民科学中,工具的物质特性如何有助于形成观察、记录、识别和报告物种的信息实践。通过参与观察和痕迹人种学,研究了在瑞典东南部一处世界遗产地进行实地考察期间的信息实践与提交给物种观察系统 Artportalen 的报告数据之间的关系。研究采用的理论视角包括认识对象和铭文的分析概念,发现参与者通过使用工具对物种进行现场提问、讨论、记录和比较,从而将观察结果确立为知识主张的投射。这些投射随后受到限制,但在通过 Artportalen 作为数据报告时也得到了补充。由于物质质量通常是不可见的,因此报告的数据在与其他报告合并为综合数据时,观察系统会对其进行扩充。这项研究扩展了有关生物多样性公民科学实地考察如何进行的知识,将信息实践及其结果理解为纠缠不清的活动,其特点是与物质工具相关的协商,而不是简化的过程。因此,研究结果扩展了有关为生成生物多样性公民科学数据而开展的混乱实践的知识:植物学、生物多样性、公民科学、信息实践、物质性
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引用次数: 0
construction of matches in dating platforms 交友平台中的匹配构建
Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v11i1.4948
Lene Pettersen, Runar Døving
Dating platforms play the role of the traditional village matchmaker when they suggest potential partners that would be a good fit (‘match’). This paper reports from an in-depth study of the matching machinery of four dating platforms using a recommendation system based on a matchmaker model to suggest matches. While content-based recommendation systems form suggestions based on the users’ behaviour and interaction patterns, a matchmaker model uses information about the user to form recommendations. In the matchmaker model, what the IT system characterises as the ideal formation and a ‘good match’ is revealed. By using the reverse-engineering method, we find that of the four platforms investigated, three construct and form matches based on the couple’s degree of similarities along psychological and personal aspects, while one platform is based on a ‘the more similar along all kinds of axes, the better’-model. None of the platforms employs the anthropological hypergamy principle, which refers to the tendency of women to choose partners of similar or higher social status, while men do the opposite, into its matching account. Match value, which we conceptualise as the match score assigned by the platforms to couples, is a key component in the platforms’ matching machinery. Match value is a numeric value presented as an objective and scientific score, representing the degree of how well two persons ‘fit’ together. The platforms reduce individuals and relationships to a numeric value based on a psychological personality model, which ignores the person’s wider social network, class and context. The ranked order of matches does not consequently correspond with the match value, which suggests that the platforms provide benefits for paying members. 
约会平台扮演着传统乡村媒人的角色,当他们推荐合适的潜在伴侣时(“匹配”)。本文对四个约会平台的匹配机制进行了深入研究,使用基于媒人模型的推荐系统来建议匹配。基于内容的推荐系统根据用户的行为和交互模式形成建议,而匹配器模型则使用关于用户的信息来形成推荐。在媒人模型中,IT系统所描述的理想形式和“良好匹配”被揭示出来。通过使用逆向工程方法,我们发现在所调查的四个平台中,三个平台的结构和形式是基于情侣在心理和个人方面的相似程度,而一个平台是基于“在各种轴上越相似越好”的模型。没有一个平台采用人类学的超婚原则,即女性倾向于选择社会地位相似或更高的伴侣,而男性则相反。匹配值是平台匹配机制中的一个关键组成部分,我们将其概念化为平台为情侣分配的匹配分数。匹配值是一个以客观科学的分数表示的数值,代表两个人“适合”在一起的程度。这些平台基于心理人格模型将个人和关系简化为数值,忽略了个人更广泛的社交网络、阶级和背景。因此,匹配的排名顺序与匹配值不一致,这表明平台为付费会员提供了好处。
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引用次数: 0
Incorporation work 公司工作
Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v10i1.4020
Gisle Solbu, Knut Holtan Sørensen
In this paper, we analyse how the socialisation of new science and technology (technoscience) is performed through newspapers. Newspapers remain an important source of information about emerging technosciences, such as bio- and nanotechnology, even in the age of new social media. This includes communication about scientific and technological developments but also about sense-making and imaginaries related to expectations about future effects. We analyse articles about bio- and nanotechnology to map who participates in such socialisation work and what kind of sense-making processes that are carried out. In this way, we provide insight into the mechanisms that may facilitate, curb or hinder the incorporation of these emerging technosciences into society.  We observed four modes of socialisation work, which co-existed in the articles: (1) Auspicious, (2)  anxious, (3) ambiguous, and (4) trivialisation. In the conclusion, we discuss the benefits of applying such a perspective to understand current policy instruments aimed at managing science-society  relations and in particular to change their temporal focus to be more concerned with research and innovation that are closer to an application stage where work to incorporate new technoscience into society would be more effective.
在本文中,我们分析了新科学技术(技术科学)的社会化是如何通过报纸进行的。即使在新的社交媒体时代,报纸仍然是新兴技术科学(如生物和纳米技术)的重要信息来源。这包括关于科学和技术发展的交流,也包括与对未来影响的预期相关的意义和想象。我们分析了关于生物和纳米技术的文章,以绘制谁参与了这种社会化工作,以及进行了什么样的意义创造过程。通过这种方式,我们可以深入了解可能促进、遏制或阻碍这些新兴技术科学融入社会的机制。我们观察到四种社交工作模式,它们在文章中共存:(1)吉祥,(2)焦虑,(3)模棱两可,和(4)琐碎。在结论中,我们讨论了应用这种观点来理解当前旨在管理科学与社会关系的政策工具的好处,特别是改变其时间重点,更加关注更接近应用阶段的研究和创新,在应用阶段,将新的技术科学融入社会的工作将更加有效。
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引用次数: 1
Money, time, or saving the world 金钱,时间,还是拯救世界
Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v10i1.4305
Laura Lamberg, Essi Ryymin, L. Vetoshkina
This paper analyses valuations of ‘good’ interdisciplinary research that manifest in research planning workshops. We use ethnographic case data from an interdisciplinary research project on vertical farming to build insight on how differing registers in the valuing of ‘good’ interdisciplinary research are balanced. The vertical farming project we use as a case includes researchers from sub-disciplines of the life sciences, technology, data science, and human sciences in a Finnish university of applied science (UAS). We use thematic content analysis to identify four core registers of valuing the ‘goodness’ of research and tensions between the following registers: money, sustainability,  scientific value, and academic identity. These registers largely conform to a statistical-economical regime of academic evaluation, while sustainability draws on RRI principles and the interdisciplinary emphasis on societal problem-solving. The registers are balanced mainly through temporal and conceptual compartmentalisations. Throughout three workshop encounters over the course of a six-month period, a perpetual negotiation of the different registers of valuing ‘good’ research was taking place, with attempts to avoid exclusionary choices between “money, time, or saving the world”.
本文分析了在研究规划研讨会上表现出来的“好”跨学科研究的评价。我们使用来自垂直农业跨学科研究项目的人种学案例数据,来深入了解“良好”跨学科研究的不同价值是如何平衡的。我们使用的垂直农业项目包括来自芬兰应用科学大学生命科学、技术、数据科学和人文科学子学科的研究人员。我们使用主题内容分析来确定评估研究“善”的四个核心寄存器,以及以下寄存器之间的紧张关系:金钱、可持续性、科学价值和学术身份。这些登记册在很大程度上符合学术评估的统计经济制度,而可持续性则借鉴了RRI原则和对社会问题解决的跨学科强调。寄存器主要通过时间和概念划分来平衡。在六个月的时间里,在三次研讨会上,对“好”研究的不同价值进行了永久性的谈判,试图避免在“金钱、时间或拯救世界”之间做出排斥性的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Göde Both (2020) Keeping Autonomous Driving Alive. An Ethnography of Visions, Masculinity and Fragility 书评:Göde Both(2020)《保持自动驾驶的活力》。视觉、男子气概和脆弱性的民族志
Pub Date : 2022-04-06 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v10i1.3951
B. T. Haugland
The review critiques Göde Both’s book Keeping Autonomous Driving Alive (2020). This book is an ethnographic exploration of a project in which roboticists and computer scientists attempt to make a technologically enhanced Volkswagen Passat drive without a human driver. Through an account grounded in actor-network theory, Both seeks to understand the actual work necessary to make the vehicle drive on its own, as well as the manner in which masculinity and futures are assembled and re-assembled around this emerging technology. The review assesses the merit of Both’s book as a self-contained account of a research project centred on self-driving vehicles, as well as the book’s contribution to the nascent social scientific literature on such vehicles.
该评论批评了Göde Both的《保持自动驾驶活力》(2020)一书。这本书是对一个项目的民族志探索,在这个项目中,机器人学家和计算机科学家试图在没有人类驾驶员的情况下制造一款技术增强的大众帕萨特汽车。通过一个基于行动者网络理论的叙述,Both试图了解让汽车自行行驶所需的实际工作,以及围绕这一新兴技术组装和重新组装男性气质和未来的方式。该评论评估了两人的书作为一个以自动驾驶汽车为中心的研究项目的独立描述的优点,以及该书对新兴的关于自动驾驶汽车的社会科学文献的贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Ethical boundary work in citizen science 公民科学中的伦理边界工作
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.5324/njsts.v10i1.4318
Dick Kasperowski, N. Hagen, Frauke Rohden
The concept of boundary work (Gieryn 1983, 1999) has been developed to capture theways in which scientists collectively defend and demarcate their intellectual territories.This article applies the concept of boundary work to the ethical realm and investigates theethical boundary work performed by researchers in the field of citizen science (CS) througha literature review and by analysing accounts of ethics presented in CS literature.Results show that ethical boundary work in the CS literature is, to a large extent, a matterof managing ambiguities and paradoxes without any clear boundaries drawn between theunethical and ethical. Scientists are negotiating ethical positions, which might, occasionally,enhance the ethical authority of ‘non-science’ and non-scientists, as well as maintainalready established research ethics. The main ethical boundary work in CS displaysvariations towards perceived insufficiencies of conventional research ethics to accommodate“outsiders”, addressing issues of distribution, relevance, and expulsion as science includevolunteer contributors in the scientific process.
边界工作的概念(Gieryn 1983,1999)已经发展到捕捉科学家集体捍卫和划定其知识领域的方式。本文将边界工作的概念应用于伦理领域,并通过文献综述和分析公民科学文献中提出的伦理说明,调查公民科学(CS)领域研究人员所进行的伦理边界工作。结果表明,CS文献中的伦理边界工作在很大程度上是管理歧义和悖论的问题,在不道德和伦理之间没有明确的界限。科学家正在协商伦理立场,这可能偶尔会增强“非科学”和非科学家的伦理权威,并维持已经建立的研究伦理。计算机科学中的主要伦理边界工作显示了传统研究伦理在适应“局外人”方面的明显不足,解决了分配、相关性和驱逐问题,因为科学在科学过程中包括了志愿者贡献者。
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引用次数: 3
Contradictory cares in community-led planning 社区主导规划中的矛盾关怀
Pub Date : 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.5324/NJSTS.V9I1.3527
A. Yuille
The affective, practical and political dimensions of care are conventionally marginalised in spatial planning in the UK, in which technical evidence and certified expert judgements are privileged. Citizens are encouraged to participate in the planning system to influence how the places where they live will change. But to make the kind of arguments that are influential, their care for place must be silenced. Then in 2011, the Localism Act introduced neighbourhood planning to the UK, enabling community groups to write their own statutory planning policies. This initiative explicitly valorized care and affective connection with place, and associated care with knowledge of place (rather than opposing it to objective evidence). Through long-term ethnographic studies of two neighbourhood planning groups I trace the contours of care in this innovative space. I show how the groups’ legitimacy relies on their enactment of three distinct identities and associated sources of authority. Each identity embodies different objects, methods, exclusions and ideals of care, which are in tension and sometimes outright conflict with each other. Neighbourhood planning groups have to find ways to hold these tensions and ambivalences together, and how they do so determines what gets cared for and how. I describe the relations of care embodied by each identity and discuss the (ontological) politics of care that arise from the particular ways in which different modes of care are made to hang together: how patterns of exclusion and marginalisation are reproduced through a policy which explicitly seeks to undo them, and how reconfiguring relations between these identities can enable different cares to be realised. This analysis reveals care in practices that tend to be seen as antithetical to caring, and enables speculation about how silenced relations could be made visible and how policy could do care better.
在英国的空间规划中,护理的情感、实践和政治层面通常被边缘化,在英国,技术证据和经认证的专家判断享有特权。鼓励公民参与规划系统,以影响他们居住的地方将如何变化。但要提出有影响力的论点,他们对地方的关心必须被噤声。2011年,《地方主义法案》将邻里规划引入英国,使社区团体能够制定自己的法定规划政策。这一举措明确强调了护理和与地点的情感联系,并将护理与地点知识联系起来(而不是将其与客观证据对立起来)。通过对两个社区规划小组的长期民族志研究,我追踪了这个创新空间中的护理轮廓。我展示了这些团体的合法性如何依赖于他们三种不同身份和相关权威来源的确立。每一种身份都体现了不同的对象、方法、排斥和关怀理想,它们之间存在着紧张关系,有时甚至直接冲突。社区规划小组必须找到将这些紧张和矛盾情绪结合在一起的方法,而他们如何做到这一点决定了什么和如何得到照顾。我描述了每个身份所体现的关怀关系,并讨论了由不同的关怀模式结合在一起的特定方式所产生的关怀的(本体论)政治:排斥和边缘化模式是如何通过明确寻求消除它们的政策来复制的,以及如何重新配置这些身份之间的关系可以实现不同的关怀。这一分析揭示了往往被视为与关爱对立的做法中的关爱,并使人们能够猜测如何让沉默的关系变得明显,以及政策如何更好地关爱。
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引用次数: 3
About the cover artist 关于封面艺术家
Pub Date : 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.5324/NJSTS.V9I1.3979
H. Cleeve
The front cover features an illustration made by Helena Cleeve. The illustration, which was created particularly for this special issue seeks to outline how care practices may simultaneously enact diverging and contradictory realities. Care may be reparative, creative and transformative but also constricting, selective, and derivative.
封面是海伦娜·克利夫(Helena Cleeve)的插图。这张插图是专门为本期特刊制作的,旨在概述护理实践如何同时制定分歧和矛盾的现实。护理可能是修复性的、创造性的和变革性的,但也可能是限制性的、选择性的和衍生性的。
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引用次数: 0
‘Not in our Name’ “不是以我们的名义”
Pub Date : 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.5324/NJSTS.V9I1.3549
Emily Jay Nicholls, J. V. Henry, Fay Dennis
In this paper, we draw on our collaborative work running a salon for thinking about care in STS research, which quickly became more about fostering an ethico-politics for thinking with care as a mode of academic intervention. Not dissimilar to the origins of the salon in nineteenth-century France, the salon provided a provocative and disruptive space for early career researchers (ECRs) to think together.As attention and critique increasingly point towards the unequal distribution of harms arising from marketization and the vulnerability of ECRs in the ‘neoliberal university,’ we have witnessed a surge in activities that promise a supportive space, such as pre-conference conferences, seminar series, discussion forums and self-care workshops. In this paper, we ask not only what these modes of care might make possible, but also what exclusionary practices and patterns they mask or render more palatable (Ahmed, 2004; Duclos & Criado, 2020; Martin et al., 2015; Murphy, 2015).Reflecting on our experiences of organizing and participating in the salon, with the stated purpose to explore ‘ecologies of care’ as an embodied socio-material practice (Puig de la Bellacasa, 2017), we move from care ‘out there’ in STS research to care ‘in here’. We follow threads spun by and out from the group to rethink our own academic care practices and how to do the academy otherwise.
在本文中,我们借鉴了我们的合作工作,举办了一个沙龙,以思考STS研究中的护理,这很快就变成了培养一种伦理政治,以思考护理作为一种学术干预模式。与19世纪法国沙龙的起源没有什么不同,沙龙为早期职业研究人员(ecr)提供了一个具有挑衅性和破坏性的空间,让他们一起思考。随着越来越多的关注和批评指向市场化和“新自由主义大学”中ecr的脆弱性所带来的危害的不平等分配,我们目睹了承诺提供支持空间的活动激增,例如会前会议,研讨会系列,讨论论坛和自我保健讲习班。在本文中,我们不仅询问这些护理模式可能使什么成为可能,而且还询问它们掩盖或使其更容易接受的排他性实践和模式(Ahmed, 2004;Duclos & Criado, 2020;Martin et al., 2015;墨菲,2015)。反思我们组织和参与沙龙的经验,以明确的目的探索“护理生态”作为体现社会物质实践(Puig de la Bellacasa, 2017),我们从STS研究中的“外面”护理转向“这里”护理。我们跟随小组的线索,重新思考我们自己的学术护理实践,以及如何做学院。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Nordic journal of science and technology studies
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