Building regulations set standards that aim to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions, and thereby to support the development of a more sustainable building stock. The Norwegian government uses building regulations to influence the construction industry, and they directly affect how craftspeople from the industry apply their skills. Regulations are converging with understandings about sustainability, energy use, building materials, and comfort requirements that are circulating in society. In this paper, we investigate the negotiations between the meaning and value associated with the requirements for the material structure and the craftsperson’s role. Two houses in Central Norway are the starting point, where qualitative methods, primarily semi-structured interviews and observation, are used to gain insight into the craftsperson’s view of the Norwegian building regulations. The two houses represent two different building standards. A Passive House in Afjord Municipality, completed in 2014, and ZEB Living Lab in Trondheim, a zero emission building (ZEB), completed in 2015. In Norway, the building regulations are reviewed every five years. In 2011, craftspeople were constructing buildings to the low-energy standard. This led to an increased focus on “super insulating” building techniques during period 2013-16 when the case studies took place. Starting with a craftsperson’s (in this case most often a carpenter’s) view of current and future building standards, this paper asks what implications the increasing demands for energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings have on the role of the craftsperson and their application of skill. The paper shows that the construction industry bases much of its activity on Norwegian construction traditions and skill; and that this guides the development of new generations of buildings. The use of established skills and knowledge is both a strength and a challenge when dealing with a new set of building regulations. Skill is a resource to build upon, but it is also influenced by a conservativism that has difficulties getting beyond the extra time and costs associated with new regulations. It can therefore function as a barrier to the use of construction crafts to establish more sustainable building forms within the Norwegian market.
{"title":"Between craft and regulations: experiences with the construction of two “super insulated” buildings in Norway","authors":"R. Woods, M. Korsnes","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I2.2322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I2.2322","url":null,"abstract":"Building regulations set standards that aim to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions, and thereby to support the development of a more sustainable building stock. The Norwegian government uses building regulations to influence the construction industry, and they directly affect how craftspeople from the industry apply their skills. Regulations are converging with understandings about sustainability, energy use, building materials, and comfort requirements that are circulating in society. In this paper, we investigate the negotiations between the meaning and value associated with the requirements for the material structure and the craftsperson’s role. Two houses in Central Norway are the starting point, where qualitative methods, primarily semi-structured interviews and observation, are used to gain insight into the craftsperson’s view of the Norwegian building regulations. The two houses represent two different building standards. A Passive House in Afjord Municipality, completed in 2014, and ZEB Living Lab in Trondheim, a zero emission building (ZEB), completed in 2015. In Norway, the building regulations are reviewed every five years. In 2011, craftspeople were constructing buildings to the low-energy standard. This led to an increased focus on “super insulating” building techniques during period 2013-16 when the case studies took place. Starting with a craftsperson’s (in this case most often a carpenter’s) view of current and future building standards, this paper asks what implications the increasing demands for energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings have on the role of the craftsperson and their application of skill. The paper shows that the construction industry bases much of its activity on Norwegian construction traditions and skill; and that this guides the development of new generations of buildings. The use of established skills and knowledge is both a strength and a challenge when dealing with a new set of building regulations. Skill is a resource to build upon, but it is also influenced by a conservativism that has difficulties getting beyond the extra time and costs associated with new regulations. It can therefore function as a barrier to the use of construction crafts to establish more sustainable building forms within the Norwegian market.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43098504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The building industry is becoming increasingly characterized by automated production, and in line with this, the nature of craftsmanship is transforming. In this article, we look for a sustainable path for this transformation through a case study that follows a team of carpenters building a set of tower blocks at a high-tech building site using “lean” construction techniques and robotic production technology. The builders are organized according to complex schedules of lean construction, making work at the building site resemble that of a large machine. The builders hold multiple roles within this machine: more than simply “living mechanisms” inside the machine, they also take on more parental roles as “machinists,” employing their crafting skills in planning, problem solving, improvising, coordinating and fettling in order to make the building machine run smoothly and to minimize environmental uncertainty. The craftsmanship in action is characterized by what we call workmanship of uncertainty – the ability to produce certain results in uncertain conditions. We identify this as the collective skill of a community of practice. The sustainability of craftsmanship in the machine is analyzed according to three kinds of sustainability: cultural, social and ecological. We suggest that all three forms depend on the building company’s ability to provide working conditions that allow the builders to form stable communities of practice in order to perform, share and develop craftmanship. Finally, we show that working in and with technological production systems does not require fewer skills (of craftsmanship) than traditional building, but a nuanced application of these skills.
{"title":"Craftsmanship in the machine: sustainability through new roles in building craft at the technologized building site","authors":"H. Fyhn, R. Søraa","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I2.2321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I2.2321","url":null,"abstract":"The building industry is becoming increasingly characterized by automated production, and in line with this, the nature of craftsmanship is transforming. In this article, we look for a sustainable path for this transformation through a case study that follows a team of carpenters building a set of tower blocks at a high-tech building site using “lean” construction techniques and robotic production technology. The builders are organized according to complex schedules of lean construction, making work at the building site resemble that of a large machine. The builders hold multiple roles within this machine: more than simply “living mechanisms” inside the machine, they also take on more parental roles as “machinists,” employing their crafting skills in planning, problem solving, improvising, coordinating and fettling in order to make the building machine run smoothly and to minimize environmental uncertainty. The craftsmanship in action is characterized by what we call workmanship of uncertainty – the ability to produce certain results in uncertain conditions. We identify this as the collective skill of a community of practice. The sustainability of craftsmanship in the machine is analyzed according to three kinds of sustainability: cultural, social and ecological. We suggest that all three forms depend on the building company’s ability to provide working conditions that allow the builders to form stable communities of practice in order to perform, share and develop craftmanship. Finally, we show that working in and with technological production systems does not require fewer skills (of craftsmanship) than traditional building, but a nuanced application of these skills.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49311236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The practices of dog training influence the lives of numerous dogs and dog owners, but have not received much academic attention in terms of empirical studies. Both humans and dogs are shaped through these practices, but as the conditions are partly determined by already established networks, it is not simply a matter of the trainer’s personal choice. In order to explore the entanglements of technology, gender, humans, and dogs in dog training practices, this article applies a material semiotic perspective inspired by John Law and Donna Haraway. Taking the changes towards "positive training" and the technology of clicker training as its point of departure, the article explores the emergence and effects of different training practices and the networks that provide their conditions.
{"title":"Training Technologies. Science, Humans and Dogs in the Age of Positive Dog Training","authors":"A. M. Gabrielsen","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2251","url":null,"abstract":"The practices of dog training influence the lives of numerous dogs and dog owners, but have not received much academic attention in terms of empirical studies. Both humans and dogs are shaped through these practices, but as the conditions are partly determined by already established networks, it is not simply a matter of the trainer’s personal choice. In order to explore the entanglements of technology, gender, humans, and dogs in dog training practices, this article applies a material semiotic perspective inspired by John Law and Donna Haraway. Taking the changes towards \"positive training\" and the technology of clicker training as its point of departure, the article explores the emergence and effects of different training practices and the networks that provide their conditions.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44401847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A few weeks ago, the city of Trondheim hosted the Starmus festival, an event celebrating science, the universe, life and rock music. The festival gathered an impressive collection of older white males, in the form of esteemed scientists, Nobel laureates and astronauts, with the goal of celebrating the “true heroes” of enlightened knowledge and exploration. Starmus was draped in rhetoric about brilliance, genius, excellence and courage, cultivating metaphors where scientists emerged as athlete-rockstar-superheroes faced with the messianic challenge of educating the ignorant masses of lay-people through the gospel of capital “S” science in singular form. Stephen Hawking was the festival headliner, but could not attend due to health issues. Nevertheless, the moment of peak-festival for many was when Mr. Hawking over video-link declared that humanity has no more than 100 years left before we need to evacuate the planet and colonize another world to survive.
{"title":"Unsung heroes and multiple practices","authors":"T. Skjølsvold","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2311","url":null,"abstract":"A few weeks ago, the city of Trondheim hosted the Starmus festival, an event celebrating science, the universe, life and rock music. The festival gathered an impressive collection of older white males, in the form of esteemed scientists, Nobel laureates and astronauts, with the goal of celebrating the “true heroes” of enlightened knowledge and exploration. Starmus was draped in rhetoric about brilliance, genius, excellence and courage, cultivating metaphors where scientists emerged as athlete-rockstar-superheroes faced with the messianic challenge of educating the ignorant masses of lay-people through the gospel of capital “S” science in singular form. Stephen Hawking was the festival headliner, but could not attend due to health issues. Nevertheless, the moment of peak-festival for many was when Mr. Hawking over video-link declared that humanity has no more than 100 years left before we need to evacuate the planet and colonize another world to survive.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edited by Kristin Asdal, Tone Druglitro and Steve Hinchliffe (Routledge, 2017) Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics captures the way a decentralized form of governing measures and mobilizes life itself through a number of technologies, such as demographics, surveillance and health initiatives, with the aim to prolong and enhance the lives of a population. According to Foucault, this biopolitical form of governing characteristic of modernity implies a detached and technical stance towards individual lives. In short, biopolitics turns individual lives into life as a mass noun. Interestingly, when human life is treated as a resource, human’s self-proclaimed position as the crown of creation is unsettled and humans find themselves part of the same biopolitical nexus as many other animals. The technologies and consequences of the biopolitization of humans and other animals is the subject of the volume Humans, Animals and Biopolitics , edited by Kristin Asdal, Tone Druglitro and Steve Hinchliffe. It is a book that should be required reading for Foucauldian theorists and human-animal studies scholars alike.
{"title":"Humans, Animals and Biopolitics: The More-than-Human Condition","authors":"David Redmalm","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2312","url":null,"abstract":"Edited by Kristin Asdal, Tone Druglitro and Steve Hinchliffe (Routledge, 2017) Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics captures the way a decentralized form of governing measures and mobilizes life itself through a number of technologies, such as demographics, surveillance and health initiatives, with the aim to prolong and enhance the lives of a population. According to Foucault, this biopolitical form of governing characteristic of modernity implies a detached and technical stance towards individual lives. In short, biopolitics turns individual lives into life as a mass noun. Interestingly, when human life is treated as a resource, human’s self-proclaimed position as the crown of creation is unsettled and humans find themselves part of the same biopolitical nexus as many other animals. The technologies and consequences of the biopolitization of humans and other animals is the subject of the volume Humans, Animals and Biopolitics , edited by Kristin Asdal, Tone Druglitro and Steve Hinchliffe. It is a book that should be required reading for Foucauldian theorists and human-animal studies scholars alike.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"38-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article builds on long-term, ongoing studies of energy efficiency governance, and reports from one recent case study of a multi-use area development combining local heating/cooling and district heating. We approach the subject matter with a particular interest for the heterogeneous substances and processes at play in realising an engineering project. With a particular focus on controversies, we analyse the achievements of energy efficient solutions as processes of transformation, translation and exchange. The study involves exploration of different energy systems. However, while isolation and infinity are natural entities in the laboratories, they are rare in the real world. The real world leaks , and we intentionally allow some leakages but not others. That is the politics of energy efficiency: in the translation processes of energy streams into classification schemes, we isolate some parts of our systems but not others; we include some energy considerations but not others. This pragmatic is a virtue of necessity, since the impossible imperative of following all energy paths in infinity would require us to constantly deal with the whole world. Power being relational, successful energy efficiency lends support from careful exploitation of processes of transformation, translation and exchange, both within and across material-technological and socio-political domains. The conclusion of our studies is twofold: First, in order to understand the phenomenon of energy efficiency one needs to understand the functioning of sociomaterial networks and analyse the sociomaterial controversies and transformation processes that takes place within them, under the imperative of the formal and often highly standardised technical system classifications. We may call this the politics of kilowatt-hours. Second, exploring new scaling philosophies and strategies require parallel, research based exploration of new energy efficiency governance principles.
{"title":"A question of power: the politics of kilowatt-hours","authors":"T. Haavik, J. Røyrvik, C. Lindheim","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2249","url":null,"abstract":"This article builds on long-term, ongoing studies of energy efficiency governance, and reports from one recent case study of a multi-use area development combining local heating/cooling and district heating. We approach the subject matter with a particular interest for the heterogeneous substances and processes at play in realising an engineering project. With a particular focus on controversies, we analyse the achievements of energy efficient solutions as processes of transformation, translation and exchange. The study involves exploration of different energy systems. However, while isolation and infinity are natural entities in the laboratories, they are rare in the real world. The real world leaks , and we intentionally allow some leakages but not others. That is the politics of energy efficiency: in the translation processes of energy streams into classification schemes, we isolate some parts of our systems but not others; we include some energy considerations but not others. This pragmatic is a virtue of necessity, since the impossible imperative of following all energy paths in infinity would require us to constantly deal with the whole world. Power being relational, successful energy efficiency lends support from careful exploitation of processes of transformation, translation and exchange, both within and across material-technological and socio-political domains. The conclusion of our studies is twofold: First, in order to understand the phenomenon of energy efficiency one needs to understand the functioning of sociomaterial networks and analyse the sociomaterial controversies and transformation processes that takes place within them, under the imperative of the formal and often highly standardised technical system classifications. We may call this the politics of kilowatt-hours. Second, exploring new scaling philosophies and strategies require parallel, research based exploration of new energy efficiency governance principles.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44600959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Søraa, Lina Ingeborgrud, Ivana Suboticki, Gisle Solbu
Learning academic writing is important for communicating research and participating in scholarly debates. This learning is traditionally conceptualized through a hierarchical teacher-student relation or individual accomplishment. However, in this paper we ask how we might understand the development of academic writing skills as a collective practice within a writing community. We draw on experiences from our own departmental writing group of PhD candidates and highlight our specific peer community as a tool and the draft texts we deliver as boundary objects through which we develop and broaden our academic skills.
{"title":"Communities of peer practitioners. Experiences from an Academic Writing Group","authors":"R. Søraa, Lina Ingeborgrud, Ivana Suboticki, Gisle Solbu","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V5I1.2243","url":null,"abstract":"Learning academic writing is important for communicating research and participating in scholarly debates. This learning is traditionally conceptualized through a hierarchical teacher-student relation or individual accomplishment. However, in this paper we ask how we might understand the development of academic writing skills as a collective practice within a writing community. We draw on experiences from our own departmental writing group of PhD candidates and highlight our specific peer community as a tool and the draft texts we deliver as boundary objects through which we develop and broaden our academic skills.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46784831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HC Gilje is a Norwegian artist with formal training from the Academy of Fine Arts in Trondheim.
HC Gilje是一位挪威艺术家，在特隆赫姆美术学院接受过正规培训。
{"title":"About the Cover Artist","authors":"Ivana Suboticki","doi":"10.5324/njsts.v4i2.2186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/njsts.v4i2.2186","url":null,"abstract":"HC Gilje is a Norwegian artist with formal training from the Academy of Fine Arts in Trondheim.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"56-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48779172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2016 has been a wild year for democracy in many different locations. The situation gives room for reflection also from an STS perspective.
2016年是许多不同地区民主的疯狂之年。这种情况也为从STS的角度进行反思提供了空间。
{"title":"Make the weird (worlds) great again","authors":"T. Skjølsvold","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V4I2.2187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V4I2.2187","url":null,"abstract":"2016 has been a wild year for democracy in many different locations. The situation gives room for reflection also from an STS perspective.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70788530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a case study of a vehicle route problem solver in the context of homecare work. Vehicle route problem solvers are technologies that calculate geographically rational driving routes. Primarily framed as tools for financial control, they have been tested in homecare services with good results under controlled circumstances. However, they have not been studied as part of users’ everyday work after implementation. The case study shows how, through processes of domestication, the vehicle route problem solver becomes unable to provide homecare workers with ‘optimal’ driving routes. Additionally, it shows how this ‘malfunction’ renders it understood as inconsequential to the very activities it was designed to support which ultimately leads to its removal from driving route production processes. The results highlight the importance of carefully studying how vehicle route problem solvers and other technologies interact with the everyday lives of those who are meant to benefit from them.
{"title":"Domesticating Homecare Services; Vehicle Route Problem Solver Displaced","authors":"Jenny M. Bergschöld","doi":"10.5324/NJSTS.V4I2.2184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/NJSTS.V4I2.2184","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a case study of a vehicle route problem solver in the context of homecare work. Vehicle route problem solvers are technologies that calculate geographically rational driving routes. Primarily framed as tools for financial control, they have been tested in homecare services with good results under controlled circumstances. However, they have not been studied as part of users’ everyday work after implementation. The case study shows how, through processes of domestication, the vehicle route problem solver becomes unable to provide homecare workers with ‘optimal’ driving routes. Additionally, it shows how this ‘malfunction’ renders it understood as inconsequential to the very activities it was designed to support which ultimately leads to its removal from driving route production processes. The results highlight the importance of carefully studying how vehicle route problem solvers and other technologies interact with the everyday lives of those who are meant to benefit from them.","PeriodicalId":91145,"journal":{"name":"Nordic journal of science and technology studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"41-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70788502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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