Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.398
Tanina Maximiliano
Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease involves central nervous system. It occurs with sudden due to the burst of cerebral arteries, haemorrhage, or other particles which leads to ischemia and to focal brain dysfunction [1]. Nerve cells depleted oxygen in the involved vascular territory will be functionally disturbed and die if the circulation is not promptly restored. Two main mechanisms leads to ischemic stroke are occlusion and haemodynamic impairment. These two situations reduce the cerebral perfusion pressure and leads to cellular death. The blood flow in the brain can be maintained by auto-regulation of cerebral arteries and collateral circulation within certain limits. When occlusion of an artery develops, blood flow in the periphery of the infarct core is reduced but still it remains sufficient to avoid structural damage, so that the functional modifications of cells may be reversible if circulation is restored. This ringlike area of reduced blood flow around the ischaemic centre of infarct has been termed penumbra as an analogy of the half-shaded part around the centre of a solar eclipse. It explained the functional improvement occurring after stroke. The neurons which are surviving in this critical area of infarct are reduced at blood flow and may function again as soon as the blood flow and oxygen delivery is restored.
{"title":"Cerebrovascular Pathophysiology and its Diagnosis","authors":"Tanina Maximiliano","doi":"10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.398","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease involves central nervous system. It occurs with sudden due to the burst of cerebral arteries, haemorrhage, or other particles which leads to ischemia and to focal brain dysfunction [1]. Nerve cells depleted oxygen in the involved vascular territory will be functionally disturbed and die if the circulation is not promptly restored. Two main mechanisms leads to ischemic stroke are occlusion and haemodynamic impairment. These two situations reduce the cerebral perfusion pressure and leads to cellular death. The blood flow in the brain can be maintained by auto-regulation of cerebral arteries and collateral circulation within certain limits. When occlusion of an artery develops, blood flow in the periphery of the infarct core is reduced but still it remains sufficient to avoid structural damage, so that the functional modifications of cells may be reversible if circulation is restored. This ringlike area of reduced blood flow around the ischaemic centre of infarct has been termed penumbra as an analogy of the half-shaded part around the centre of a solar eclipse. It explained the functional improvement occurring after stroke. The neurons which are surviving in this critical area of infarct are reduced at blood flow and may function again as soon as the blood flow and oxygen delivery is restored.","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70052086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.400
Maria Teresa
Neurotrauma is a life-threatening public health issue that deserves the attention of the world's health community. The brain and spinal cord injury occurrence estimation indicates that these injuries cause enormous losses to individuals, families, and communities. Neurotrauma result in a large number of deaths and impairments which leads to permanent disabilities. Researchers has also shown that TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) requires long-term care and may incurs economic cost to health systems. For this reason, several countries need to develop surveillance systems and conduct studies to measure the impact of neurotrauma among their people to guide the development of more effective preventive methods. of has effective, of motorcycle in on sports
{"title":"An Overview of Neurotrauma","authors":"Maria Teresa","doi":"10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.400","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotrauma is a life-threatening public health issue that deserves the attention of the world's health community. The brain and spinal cord injury occurrence estimation indicates that these injuries cause enormous losses to individuals, families, and communities. Neurotrauma result in a large number of deaths and impairments which leads to permanent disabilities. Researchers has also shown that TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) requires long-term care and may incurs economic cost to health systems. For this reason, several countries need to develop surveillance systems and conduct studies to measure the impact of neurotrauma among their people to guide the development of more effective preventive methods. of has effective, of motorcycle in on sports","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70052157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.E005
Zhang Tong
{"title":"About International Journal of Neurorehabilitation","authors":"Zhang Tong","doi":"10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.E005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2376-0281.2021.8.E005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70052653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/IJN.2021.08.405
C. Wood
Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of therapeutic conditions they influence the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries providing oxygen and supplements to the brain are frequently harmed or distorted in these disorders. The most common introduction of cerebrovascular infection is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension is the most vital contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases because it can alter the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis contracts blood vessels within the brain, resulting in diminished cerebral perfusion. Other risk components that are stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to ischemic stroke, but persistently elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leads to a hemorrhagic stroke.
{"title":"Artery Disease Caused by Dysfunction of the Blood Vessels Supplying to the Brain","authors":"C. Wood","doi":"10.37421/IJN.2021.08.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/IJN.2021.08.405","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of therapeutic conditions they influence the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries providing oxygen and supplements to the brain are frequently harmed or distorted in these disorders. The most common introduction of cerebrovascular infection is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension is the most vital contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases because it can alter the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis contracts blood vessels within the brain, resulting in diminished cerebral perfusion. Other risk components that are stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to ischemic stroke, but persistently elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leads to a hemorrhagic stroke.","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70053240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/IJN.2021.08.408
Laura Whitaker, Victoria Campbell, Miguel Montenegro, H. Jackson
Research has indicated structure and a client’s ability to self-structure is integral to post-acute brain injury rehabilitation. Self-structuring has previously been theorised to include components referred to as Anchors, Scaffolding, and Strategies. A reliable and validated measure of self-structuring – The Behavioural Assessment of SelfStructuring (BASS) – was used in the current study aimed to identify possible sub-groups of the scale and further explore construct validity. 197 consecutive admissions to the Transitional Rehabilitation Units (TRU) were assessed using the BASS and the results were subjected to a varimax rotation factor analysis. Four factors were revealed, all of which could be related to the theoretical model of self-structuring including Systems (Scaffolding), Routines (Anchors), Awareness and Self-Regulation (both emerging as two sub-divisions of Strategies). Despite orthogonality, all four factors were highly correlated. Only age at brain injury and cause of brain injury showed a significant relationship with Awareness (Strategies), Routines (Anchors), and Systems (Scaffolding). No significant relationship was found for gender, age at admission or length of admission. In conclusion, the findings are consistent with previous research and confirm theoretical models of self-structuring. Further insight has been gained into the complexities of self-structuring as the results propose compelling evidence that the 26-items of the BASS can now be sub-divided into four distinct sub-categories: Awareness, Systems, Routines, and Self-Regulation. Sub-categories can now be utilised to identify individual strengths and areas of weakness within self-structuring. This can inform the adaptation of neurorehabilitation programmes or approaches dependent on client need, and change in scores could be evaluated over time.
{"title":"The Behavioural Assessment of Self-Structuring (BASS): A Factor Analysis in a Post-Acute Brain Injury Rehabilitation Programme","authors":"Laura Whitaker, Victoria Campbell, Miguel Montenegro, H. Jackson","doi":"10.37421/IJN.2021.08.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/IJN.2021.08.408","url":null,"abstract":"Research has indicated structure and a client’s ability to self-structure is integral to post-acute brain injury rehabilitation. Self-structuring has previously been theorised to include components referred to as Anchors, Scaffolding, and Strategies. A reliable and validated measure of self-structuring – The Behavioural Assessment of SelfStructuring (BASS) – was used in the current study aimed to identify possible sub-groups of the scale and further explore construct validity. 197 consecutive admissions to the Transitional Rehabilitation Units (TRU) were assessed using the BASS and the results were subjected to a varimax rotation factor analysis. Four factors were revealed, all of which could be related to the theoretical model of self-structuring including Systems (Scaffolding), Routines (Anchors), Awareness and Self-Regulation (both emerging as two sub-divisions of Strategies). Despite orthogonality, all four factors were highly correlated. Only age at brain injury and cause of brain injury showed a significant relationship with Awareness (Strategies), Routines (Anchors), and Systems (Scaffolding). No significant relationship was found for gender, age at admission or length of admission. In conclusion, the findings are consistent with previous research and confirm theoretical models of self-structuring. Further insight has been gained into the complexities of self-structuring as the results propose compelling evidence that the 26-items of the BASS can now be sub-divided into four distinct sub-categories: Awareness, Systems, Routines, and Self-Regulation. Sub-categories can now be utilised to identify individual strengths and areas of weakness within self-structuring. This can inform the adaptation of neurorehabilitation programmes or approaches dependent on client need, and change in scores could be evaluated over time.","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70053859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.380
G. Himabindhu
{"title":"A Short Commentary on Biofeedback","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.381
Kazumasa Yamada, K. Furukawa, Shinya Yokoyama, Daisuke Kimura, Kazuko Watanabe
This study aimed to obtain basic data necessary for elucidating the mechanisms underlying falling in elderly people during walking. The participants, who were healthy young women (n=19; mean age, 23.1 ± 1.9 years), performed pseudo-walking foot-stepping motions according to the following three conditions: (1) foot-stepping at their usual walking speed (single task), (2) performing a foot-stepping motion at their usual walking speed while solving a mathematical problem (dual task), and (3) performing foot-stepping at their usual walking speed while looking carefully at an image in front of them (control task). Participants’ eyeball movements, number of steps, and blood flow rates in the frontal lobe were measured. We found that participants’ eyeball movements were significantly larger and faster during the dual task than during the single or control task (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the number of footsteps among the single, dual, and control tasks. Blood flow rates in the frontal lobe were lower for the dual task than for the single task. Collectively, these findings imply that an increase in eye movements during thinking in young adults may suppress the input of visual information, and this may be more pronounced in older people with relatively poor frontal lobe function. The results of this study provide a baseline to compare the results of a similar study performed in older individuals.
{"title":"Eye Movements and Frontal Cerebral Blood Flow during Dual-Task Performance in Young Adults: Basic Data to Identify the Mechanisms Underlying Falling in Older Adults","authors":"Kazumasa Yamada, K. Furukawa, Shinya Yokoyama, Daisuke Kimura, Kazuko Watanabe","doi":"10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2376-0281.2020.7.381","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to obtain basic data necessary for elucidating the mechanisms underlying falling in elderly people during walking. The participants, who were healthy young women (n=19; mean age, 23.1 ± 1.9 years), performed pseudo-walking foot-stepping motions according to the following three conditions: (1) foot-stepping at their usual walking speed (single task), (2) performing a foot-stepping motion at their usual walking speed while solving a mathematical problem (dual task), and (3) performing foot-stepping at their usual walking speed while looking carefully at an image in front of them (control task). Participants’ eyeball movements, number of steps, and blood flow rates in the frontal lobe were measured. We found that participants’ eyeball movements were significantly larger and faster during the dual task than during the single or control task (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the number of footsteps among the single, dual, and control tasks. Blood flow rates in the frontal lobe were lower for the dual task than for the single task. Collectively, these findings imply that an increase in eye movements during thinking in young adults may suppress the input of visual information, and this may be more pronounced in older people with relatively poor frontal lobe function. The results of this study provide a baseline to compare the results of a similar study performed in older individuals.","PeriodicalId":91292,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neurorehabilitation","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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